There is a great interest in experiments in the contemporary city. Many diverse initiatives use the term to describe their efforts of questioning existing configurations or proposing new ideas. In the wider literature on urban change, experimentation is frequently suggested as a method for bringing into being the uncertain and hopeful alternatives of critical or insurgent utopias. Yet there is little explicit discussion of what experimentation actually means in these contexts, which fuels concerns over an empty buzzword. Some useful ideas have started to emerge from discussions of grassroots innovations and urban laboratories, which highlight local relevance and strategic visibility as important markers of experimentation. Yet they also show the need for wider conceptual and empirical work on experiments that are explicitly urban and alternative in their outlook. This research takes up this challenge by interrogating the underlying notion of experimentation, tracing its development from a scientific method towards an adaptive and action-oriented social practice of knowledge-making. This extension highlights the importance of place and the involvement of heterogeneous, more-than-human collectives in this process. It also reveals collective experiments as relational practices of negotiation that create knowledge through surprise and adjustment, and which can best be conceptualised as socio-material assemblages. To understand how urban grassroots alternatives assemble their experimentality, the research works with three case studies that describe themselves as experiments: the autonomous town of Christiania in Copenhagen, the eco-squat of Can Masdeu in Barcelona, and the Prinzessinnengarten, an urban garden in Berlin. Using specific constructions, routines and projects for each site, the discussion traces their experimental dimensions through material practices, social dynamics and underlying approaches. It highlights their assembling as processes of balancing, integration and cultivation respectively. Despite these different modes of emergence, the cases indicate some shared experimental features: a focus on learning as knowing-in-practice, an ambiguous relationship of separation from and interconnection with the city, and a clear commitment to publicness. This casts experimental alternatives as distinctive sites of urban learning that make visible alternative modes of dwelling and enable translation through situated adaptation. It also presents them as sources of an urban innovation that is incremental and improvised rather than based on radical novelty. Experimental alternatives extend the promises of urban grassroots interventions by opening up wider avenues of engagement and participation, which suggests experimentation as a useful approach in the work of such initiatives.

Si en transcriptomique le dogme accepté par la communauté veut qu’un ARNm code pour une protéine unique, la protéomique vient de montrer l’inverse. Force de constater que les ARNm peuvent traduire plusieurs protéines. Celles ne suivant pas le cadre de référence sont appelées protéines alternatives (AltProts) et forme le protéome caché ou fantôme. Ces AltProts nécessitent la mise en place de stratégies adaptées pour leur mise en évidence. Leurs caractéristiques physicochimiques spécifiques, telles que leur petite taille permet d’adapter les méthodes classiques de protéomique à leur étude. Dans cet objectif la mise en évidence des AltProts par différentes méthodes d’extraction, notamment adaptées des méthodes de peptidomique, a permis de mettre en évidence les conditions d’enrichissement avant une analyse bottom-up. Ces AltProts sont une nouvelle classe de protéines pour laquelle très peu d’informations fonctionnelle sont connues. Les prédictions de fonction avancées lors des premières constructions de base de données, annonçaient des fonctions dans la régulation des ARN, de la synthèse de protéines et de la régulation d’expression des gènes par association avec des facteurs de transcriptions. Ces prédictions étaient basées sur les homologies de séquences entre les AltProts et les protéines de références (RefProts). Cependant très peu d’études montrent le rôle de ces protéines de manière expérimentale. Afin de mettre en évidence les fonctions de ces AltProts, nous avons choisi de retrouver leurs partenaires d’interaction. À l’heure actuelle, plusieurs méthodes existent permettant d’étudier l’interactome des protéines, toutefois la majorité est dirigée vers une cible, nécessitant parfois des constructions biochimiques ou l’utilisation d’anticorps dirigés, rendant ces méthodes difficiles à mettre en place pour les AltProts. Seule la méthode de Crosslink couplée à la spectrométrie de masse (XL-MS) permet d’observer des interactions cellulaires de manière non ciblée. Cette méthode de pontage chimique, bien que connaissant ses propres limitations, est applicable à la recherche des partenaires d’interaction des AltProts. Cet outil, associé aux logiciels de traitement des réseaux d’interaction, enrichi par les interactions connues entre RefProts dans la littérature, permet de replacer les AltProts dans ces réseaux. Ces réseaux, peuvent ensuite être traités afin de mettre en évidence les voies de signalisation impliquant les RefProts et ainsi déduire les différentes voies de signalisation associées aux AltProts observées crosslinkées aux RefProts. / In transcriptomics the dogma accepted by the community is that a single mRNA codes for a single protein, proteomics has just shown the opposite. It must be said that mRNAs can translate several proteins. These not following the reference framework are called alternative proteins (AltProts) and form the hidden or ghost proteome. These AltProts require the implementation of appropriate strategies to highlight them. Their specific physicochemical characteristics, such as their small size, make it possible to adapt classical proteomic methods to their study. With this objective in mind, the identification of AltProts by different extraction methods, particularly adapted to peptidomic methods, made it possible to highlight the enrichment conditions before a bottom-up analysis. These AltProts are a new class of proteins for which very little functional information is known. Advanced function predictions in the early database constructions announced functions in RNA regulation, protein synthesis and gene expression regulation by association with transcriptional factors. These predictions were based on sequence homologies between AltProts and reference proteins (RefProts). However, very few studies show the role of these proteins in an experimental way. In order to highlight the functions of these AltProts, we have chosen to find their interaction partners. At present, several methods exist to study the protein interactome, however the majority are directed towards a target, sometimes requiring biochemical constructs or the use of directed antibodies, making these methods difficult to implement for AltProts. Only the Crosslink method coupled with mass spectrometry (XL-MS) allows to observe cellular interactions in a non-targeted way. This chemical bridging method, although aware of its own limitations, is applicable to the search for AltProts interaction partners. This tool, combined with the software for processing interaction networks, enriched by the known interactions between RefProts in the literature, makes it possible to replace AltProts in these networks. These networks can then be processed to highlight the signaling pathways involving RefProts and thus deduce the different signaling pathways associated with the observed AltProts crosslinked to the RefProts.

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Les réformes pénales en matière d’alternatives à l’emprisonnement ont connu un essor fulgurant un peu partout dans le monde (à l’exception de certains pays comme le Mali, qui ne connaît qu’une seule peine alternative à l’emprisonnement stricto sensu « la peine de travail d’intérêt général »), en particulier en France et au Québec entre les années soixante-dix et deux mille. Ces réformes ont notamment mené à la création de diverses peines ou mesures qualifiées d’alternatives à l’emprisonnement ou d’alternatives à l’incarcération ou de peines de substitution à l’emprisonnement, etc. À titre d’exemple, en France et au Québec, nous pouvons mentionner la création de diverses peines de substitution à l’emprisonnement telles que les peines affectant le permis de conduire, le jour-amende, la confiscation, la peine de probation, etc. Cela dit, les différentes réformes pénales en matière d’alternatives à l’emprisonnement menées par les autorités des pays susmentionnés ont-elles permis de lutter contre la surpopulation carcérale et la récidive ? La recherche est scindée en deux parties : la première est consacrée à la relative efficacité des réformes pénales en matière d’alternatives à l’emprisonnement, due principalement à l’ambivalence des politiques pénales des autorités françaises, maliennes et québécoises, mais aussi à une surpopulation carcérale explosive et à l’augmentation du taux de récidive des condamnés à des alternatives à l’emprisonnement ; la seconde partie est axée sur l’exigence d’autonomisation des alternatives à l’emprisonnement pour lutter efficacement contre la récidive et la surpopulation carcérale / Criminal reforms in alternatives to imprisonment have boomed around the world (with the exception of some countries like Mali, which has only one alternative sentence to imprisonment in the strict sense of the term "The sentence of community service"), particularly in France and Quebec between the 1970s and 2000s. These reforms have led to the creation of various punishments or measures classified as alternatives to imprisonment or alternatives to incarceration, etc. For example, in France and Quebec, we can mention the creation of various alternatives to imprisonment such as the penalties affecting the driving license, the day-fine, the confiscation, the sentence of probation, etc. That said, have the various penal reforms in the field of alternatives to imprisonment carried out by the authorities of the above-mentioned countries helped to combat prison overcrowding and recidivism? The research is divided into two parts: the first is devoted to the relative effectiveness of penal reforms in terms of alternatives to imprisonment, mainly due to the ambivalence of the penal policies of the French, Malian and Quebec authorities, but also to a explosive prison overcrowding and the increase in the recidivism rate of those sentenced to alternatives to imprisonment; the second part focuses on the need to empower alternatives to imprisonment to effectively combat recidivism and prison overcrowding

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archives@tulane.edu / U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement’s “alternatives to detention” program, known as the Intensive Supervisory Appearance Program (ISAP) is promoted as a “humane” immigration enforcement method for Central American women with children. In addition to frequent reporting requirements, ISAP enrollees are required to wear an electronic ankle bracelet monitor, typically referred to as “grilletes” or “shackles” by the persons who wear them. This thesis uses historical and media analysis methods to first demonstrate how mainstream media uses neoliberal gender ideologies that simultaneously domesticate and criminalize immigrant parents to justify the practice of assigning ankle shackles to Central American women with children. The second part is based on six in-depth interviews with men and women in ISAP. Drawing on these interviews as well as feminist theories of the body, labor, and space, this thesis develops the concept of “embodied illegality” as a way to demonstrate the punitive and detention-like effects of the “grilletes” on its wearers’ lives. It also discusses how gender shapes men and women’s experiences of embodied illegality and suggest that—because of prevailing gender ideologies about women, motherhood, and domesticity—women may have more punitive experiences from the “grillete.” / 1 / Karla Daniela Rosas Rosas

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Louisville, 2005. Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Kentucky, 2005. / University of Louisville, Kent School of Social Work. University of Kentucky, College of Social Work. Vita. "May 2005." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 97-122).

La vision traditionnelle de la synthèse protéique chez les eucaryotes comprend un ARN messager (ARNm) qui porte un seul cadre de lecture ouvert (ORF). Chaque gène codant eucaryote produit généralement une protéine canonique et éventuellement une ou plusieurs isoformes. Cependant, de nombreuses évidences expérimentales récentes démontrent que le protéome des eucaryotes a été sous-estimé, et que les cellules sont capables de synthétiser des protéines qui n’étaient jusqu’alors pas prédites. Ces nouvelles protéines « alternatives » (altProts) peuvent être issues de la traduction d’ORFs non annotés contenus sur des ARNms, ou des ARNs non codants. Ces découvertes ont été possibles grâce aux progrès techniques réalisés en biochimie analytique en protéomique par spectrométrie de masse. Dans le cadre de ces analyses, deux approches sont privilégiées. La première, ou bottom-up se base sur les produits peptidiques issus d’une digestion enzymatique des protéines quand la seconde ou top-down est basée sur la mesure des protéines entières. Les travaux réalisés dans cette thèse s’articulent autour du développement de stratégies pour la découverte et la caractérisation des altProts par approches protéomiques bottom-up et top-down. Ces aspects sont décrits dans plusieurs publications scientifiques qui seront présentées dans ce manuscrit. Elles comprennent une revue de bibliographie, deux publications relatives à l’application de l’approche top-down par micro-extractions de tissus de cerveau de rat et de biopsie tumorale ovarienne et une publication relative à la détermination de la stœchiométrie de deux protéines, l’une alternative et l’autre canonique toutes deux issues du même gène. / The traditional view of protein synthesis in eukaryotic species involves one messenger RNA (mRNA) bearing a single open reading frame (ORF). Thus, each eukaryotic coding gene may produce one canonical protein and possibly one or more of its isoforms. However, numerous experimental evidence report that eukaryotic proteomes may have been under-estimated and that cells are capable of synthetizing proteins which had not been predicted thus far. These novel proteins, termed “alternative proteins” (altProts) may be translated from non-canonical ORFs localized in mRNAs or from RNAs annotated as non-coding. These discoveries were made possible thanks to technical progresses in analytical chemistry in mass spectrometry-based proteomics. These analyses are based on two main strategies; the “bottom-up” approach is based on the peptidic products of enzymatic digestion of native proteins whereas the second and more recent approach, termed “top-down”, is based on the analysis of intact protein by mass spectrometry. The work described in this thesis is focused on the development of experimental strategies helping the discovery and characterization of altProts using bottom-up and top-down approaches. The findings are described in scientific publications which are included in the thesis. These publications include a review, two publications on the application of the top-down approach using micro-extractions on rat brain tissue and ovarian tumor biopsy and one publication related to the stoichiometry elucidation of a canonical and an alternative protein both encoded within the same gene.

The purposes of the present study are to attempt to discover if there is a predictable relationship between conflict and an increase in the number of choice alternatives, to specifically determine if this hypothesized relationship exists in a predictable order in children, to endeavor to show that this hypothesized relationship is such that generalization of application to a natural environment is credible, and to attempt to discover if there are sex differences that may influence this relationship.

Detecting change points in epidemic models has been studied by many scholars. Yao (1993) summarized five existing test statistics in the literature. Out of those test statistics, it was observed that the likelihood ratio statistic showed its standout power. However, all of the existing test statistics are based on an assumption that population variance is known, which is an unrealistic assumption in practice. To avoid assuming known population variance, a new test statistic for detecting epidemic models is studied in this thesis. The new test statistic is a parameter-free test statistic which is more powerful compared to the existing test statistics. Different sample sizes and lengths of epidemic durations are used for the power comparison purpose. Monte Carlo simulation is used to find the critical values of the new test statistic and to perform the power comparison. Based on the Monte Carlo simulation result, it can be concluded that the sample size and the length of the duration have some effect on the power of the tests. It can also be observed that the new test statistic studied in this thesis has higher power than the existing test statistics do in all of cases.