Islamic veiling has been the subject of many theological, social and legal debates, which are fluid and their intensity has been further influenced by its contextualised meanings such as religiosity, modesty, identity, resistance, protest, choice and subjugation. Literature on Muslim veiling has either examined its treatment by legal or socio-feminist perspectives, whereas this thesis critiques the religious, socio-feministic and the legal discourses. The contemporary discourse is dominated by competing binaries that label it as a tool of oppression or one of empowerment. Many of the assertions are based not on the veil’s multiple meanings or the wearer’s true motivations but on misplaced assumptions of moral authority by those who oppose or defend the practice, as well as native informants professing to represent veiled Muslim women, leaving Muslim veiled women’s voices muted. Having examined the religious imperative that has a patriarchal basis, the thesis constructs a critique of the two dominant discourses central to the contemporary debates on veiling. One discourse defends the practice as empowering whilst the other calls for prohibitions on the practice using liberation from oppression as a justification, particularly with issues surrounding the wearing of the full face veil. This is followed by a critique of the key cases generated under Article 9 ECHR, which attempts to balance the religious rights of those who veil with the rights of others. The case law highlights that the ECtHR not only falls short in disclosing satisfactorily how it has struck a balance between these competing rights, but also fails to adopt a neutral stance to religious expression through symbols, its reasoning being based on contradictory stereotypes of Muslim women as passive and victims of gender oppression in need of liberation. The influence of such stereotypes and an inadequate application of the margin of appreciation doctrine have led the ECtHR in validating state prohibitions on the hijab and the full face veil, thereby failing to acknowledge the voices of the veiled women at the centre of a human rights claim, delivering a further blow to them. Post the case of S.A.S. v. France the ECtHR has exasperated this even further by allowing an abstract principle of ‘living together’ as a justification for the full face veil’s prohibition in public spaces, resulting in Article 9 rights of Muslim women who veil being endangered even further by the introduction of such an open-ended ground.

Bartonella bacilliformis is a facultative, intracellular, aerobic, Gram-negative coccobacillus causing the so-called Carrión's disease, a human infection endemic to specific areas mainly inhabited by low-income communities of Peru but also present in other Andean communities. It is considered a truly neglected tropical disease and is transmitted through the bite of female sandflies of the genus Lutzomyia [1]. Carrión's disease has two different clinical presentations; an initial febrile and haemolytic anaemia phase, known as Oroya fever, which has a mortality rate ranging from 44% to 88% in untreated patients; and a second phase characterised by the development of dermal eruptions known as Peruvian wart [1,2]. / The study was supported by internal funds from the Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (Lima, Peru); by a grant from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain [PI11/00983], which included FEDER funds; by the UBS Optimus Foundation; and by Generalitat de Catalunya, Departament d’Universitats, Recerca i Societat de la Informació [2014 SGR 26]. MJP has received a postdoctoral fellowship from CONCYTEC/FONDECYT. JR has received a fellowship from the program I3 of the ISCIII [grant no. CES11/012]. / Revisión por pares

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Human trafficking affects every country in the world regardless of a country's history, laws, economic status, anti-trafficking efforts, or religious beliefs. Trafficking in persons has largely resulted from mass globalization during the 20th century. Human trafficking is a violation of the most fundamental human rights and must be addressed in a critical way in order to protect and prevent further trafficking. Child trafficking is one aspect of the trafficking of persons which fundamentally violates the rights of children. Child trafficking and exploitation is currently plaguing many countries including The Republic of Cameroon. Both the practices to combat trafficking and progress trafficking are evident with reference to the government of Cameroon and Cameroonian society. The objective of this project is to identify and explain how the government of Cameroon and its citizens are both combating and progressing child trafficking and exploitation.

The purpose of this paper is to apply the work of Richard Rorty to questions of ethics in International Relations. Beginning with discussion of Pragmatism in this chapter, and Rorty's political beliefs in the second, the paper moves in Chapter Three to the means by which Rorty has come to hold his ethical beliefs. This takes the reader through discussions of the contingency of language, self and community to the notions of irony and liberal ironism. Chapter Four contrasts the (neo)Pragmatist conception of progressive, piecemeal social change to traditions which eschew such a notion in favor of immanent critique. Discussion in chapter five moves to the application of this neopragmatist line of thought to the discussion of solidarity and human rights, bringing all of the various strands of this paper together. In the conclusion, two apparent inconsistencies in Rorty's thought are clarified.

2v. : / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (D.Sc.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Entomology, 1979

Across boreal forests and resource rich areas, human-induced change is rapidly occurring at various spatial scales. In the past, satellite remote sensing has provided a cost effective, reliable method of monitoring these changes over time and over relatively small areas. Those instruments offering high spatial detail, such as Landsat Thematic Mapper or Enhanced Thematic Mapper (TM or ETM+), typically have small swath widths and long repeat times that result in compositing intervals that are too large to resolve accurate time scales for many of these changes. Obtaining multiple scenes and producing maps over very large, forested areas is further restricted by high processing costs and the small window of acquisition opportunity. Coarse spatial resolution instruments such as the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) or the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) typically have short revisit times (days rather than weeks), large swath widths (hundreds of kilometres), and in some cases, hyperspectral resolutions, making them prime candidates for multiple-scale change detection research initiatives. <p>In this thesis, the effectiveness of 250m spatial resolution MODIS data for the purpose of updating existing large-area, 30m spatial resolution Landsat TM land cover map product is tested. A land cover polygon layer was derived by segmentation of Landsat TM data using eCognition 4.0. This polygon layer was used to create a polygon-based MODIS NDVI time series consisting of imagery acquired in 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 and 2005. These MODIS images were then differenced to produce six multiple-scale layers of change. Accuracy assessment, based on available GIS data in a subregion of the larger map area, showed an overall accuracy as high as 59% with the largest error associated with change omission (0.51). The Cramers V correlation coefficient (0.38) was calculated using the GIS data. This was compared to the results of an index-based Landsat change detection, Cramers V=0.67. This thesis research showed that areas greater than 15 hectares are adequately represented (approximately 75% accuracy) with the MODIS-based change detection technique. The resulting change information offers potential to identify areas that have been burned or extensively logged, and provides general information on those areas that have experienced greater change and are likely suitable for analysis with higher spatial resolution data.

Across boreal forests and resource rich areas, human-induced change is rapidly occurring at various spatial scales. In the past, satellite remote sensing has provided a cost effective, reliable method of monitoring these changes over time and over relatively small areas. Those instruments offering high spatial detail, such as Landsat Thematic Mapper or Enhanced Thematic Mapper (TM or ETM+), typically have small swath widths and long repeat times that result in compositing intervals that are too large to resolve accurate time scales for many of these changes. Obtaining multiple scenes and producing maps over very large, forested areas is further restricted by high processing costs and the small window of acquisition opportunity. Coarse spatial resolution instruments such as the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) or the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) typically have short revisit times (days rather than weeks), large swath widths (hundreds of kilometres), and in some cases, hyperspectral resolutions, making them prime candidates for multiple-scale change detection research initiatives. <p>In this thesis, the effectiveness of 250m spatial resolution MODIS data for the purpose of updating existing large-area, 30m spatial resolution Landsat TM land cover map product is tested. A land cover polygon layer was derived by segmentation of Landsat TM data using eCognition 4.0. This polygon layer was used to create a polygon-based MODIS NDVI time series consisting of imagery acquired in 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 and 2005. These MODIS images were then differenced to produce six multiple-scale layers of change. Accuracy assessment, based on available GIS data in a subregion of the larger map area, showed an overall accuracy as high as 59% with the largest error associated with change omission (0.51). The Cramers V correlation coefficient (0.38) was calculated using the GIS data. This was compared to the results of an index-based Landsat change detection, Cramers V=0.67. This thesis research showed that areas greater than 15 hectares are adequately represented (approximately 75% accuracy) with the MODIS-based change detection technique. The resulting change information offers potential to identify areas that have been burned or extensively logged, and provides general information on those areas that have experienced greater change and are likely suitable for analysis with higher spatial resolution data.

The purposes of this research were to understand the views of the teachers on the area of social studies in junior high school in Kaohsiung City about the present status and influence factors on textbook selection, and to offer feasible suggestions according to the results. This research adopted questionnaire method to collect information about the present status and influence factors on textbook selection from 381 teachers of 41 junior high schools .The major instrument , i.e. The Questionnaire for Investigation the View about Present Status and Influence Factors on textbooks selection from the teachers on social studies area in junior high school in Kaohsiung City ,was designed to collect quantitative data ,which was later analyzed by means of percentage frequently distribution ,standard deviation ,one-way ANOVA ,Scheff¡¦e method ,and t-test ,etc .Otherwise ,the questionnaires can also offered the teachers to state other opinions about the present status and influence factors on textbook selection .The qualitative data can be used to support the statistic results or to offer other opinions about the present status and influence factors on textbook selection to this research. The major results were summarized as follows¡G 1.Teachers were mainly people selecting textbook. Parents, students, and scholars weren¡¦t average people to select textbook . 2.The average teachers have positive comments on the textbooks selecting procedure .But studies and professional evaluations on textbook selection were lacking. 3.A majority of the teachers agree that textbook selection criterions were important, but the most important criterions were content criterions. 4.The problems of textbooks selection were not serious, but it¡¦s difficult for the teachers who teach different kinds of subjects to choose the best textbooks. 5.The main correct factors for teachers and students textbook using have more influence on textbook selection than second correct factors for teachers and students textbook using. 6.The teachers with different school and individual backgrounds have significantly different views about textbook selection on people, procedure, and criterions, but haven¡¦t significantly different views about textbook selection on problems. 7.The teachers with different school backgrounds have significantly different views on main and second textbook using factors. The teachers with different individual backgrounds haven¡¦t significantly different views on second textbook using factors, but the teachers with different titles have significantly different views on main textbook using factors. In accordance with the results of this research, suggest concerning aspects of the education administrative, school¡¦s administrative staff, teachers and publishers, respectively. Follow-up studies were also proposed.

Abstract The experimental tests and analysis of single fuel cell unit are performance in this research, and the electrolyte in MEA(membrane and electrode assembly) we used Nafion 112.Accroding to change several design factors and operation conditions, we can find out how important the factors affect the PEMFC power output. The experimental conditions in this study are various of type of fasten torque, flow channels, oxidizers, catalyst type and loading in cathode side, materials of electron collector, inlet gas pressure and humidification of membrane. The results can provide us references to assemble a fuel cell stack in future. PEMFC can start quickly at low temperature and achieves stable output voltage. When the 4 N-m torque is applied to fasten the reaction chamber, the contact resistance between the electrode and electron collector reaches a minimum value. The results show that when the area ratio(Af /At)is 58.41%, we can have better ratio between channel areas and contact area, and the output can be larger. We found that increasing the loading of catalyst in the cathode, the power output rises up clearly, but the loading also has a limitation. By using gold to be the electron collector, the result shows that it has better performance than using graphite, but the price is also much higher. Our experiments display that use oxygen to be oxidizer can have better performance than use air. When we heated membrane in the water at 80¢J, it can resupply the water in the membrane, remain enough humidification of membrane can be clearly helpful to the PEMFC power output, because humidification can keep the proton conductivity of the membrane in good condition. And we also found while the hot press pressure at 160atm, the performance can be better than using other pressure. Key words : PEMFC¡BMEA¡BFlow area ratio