No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

Thesis. 1975. Ph.D.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Earth and Planetary Sciences. / Vita. / Bibliography: leaves 123-135. / Ph.D.

Thesis. 1977. Ph.D.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Earth and Planetary Sciences. / Microfiche copy available in Archives and Science. / Vita. / Bibliography : leaves 223-233. / Ph.D.

No description available.

The assemblage of ca. 6–4 Ma volcanic rocks exposed at the Sagehen Research station in the Truckee-Tahoe region of the northern Sierra Nevada, United States, is interpreted to be, within the Ancestral Cascades volcanic arc, a Lassen-type stratovolcano complex. Sagehen is of particular importance because it is one of the few Tertiary arc volcanic centres in California which has not been heavily glaciated during the Pleistocene. The volcanic rocks are variably porphyritic or aphanitic, including abundant plagioclase with clinopyroxene and amphibole. The rocks range from basalt to basaltic-andesite to andesite in composition. Basalts are olivineand clinopyroxene-bearing with minor phenocrysts of plagioclase. The basaltic-andesites are primarily pyroxene bearing while the andesites contain pyroxene-, plagioclase- and hornblende porphyritic phases. Sagehen arc lavas are calc-alkaline and enriched in the large ion lithophile elements and depleted in High Field Strength Elements. The basalts are depleted in Zr and Hf while the andesites are enriched with Zr and Hf relative to the middle rare earth elements. Compared to previously studied Ancestral Cascade arc samples, Sagehen region basalts have lower 143Nd/144Nd isotopic values that do not correspond to proposed mantle-lithosphere mixing lines, while the andesite samples appear to represent the interplay of these two components on a 87Sr/86Sr vs. 143Nd/144Nd. The trace element data and isotopic plots suggest that the melts that produced the basalts are from subduction modified mantle wedge peridotites that ponded near the base of the lithosphere similar to the generation of other subduction related calc-alkaline lavas along convergent continental margins. The andesitic samples appear to be the result of further modification through crustal assimilation as seen in the higher isotopic Sr contents in the andesites and Ce/Smpmn vs. Tb/Ybpmn plots. Finally, the proposed map units from Sylvester & Raines (2007) were found to contain various geochemical facies based on the samples collected indicating that some map units may have to be redefined or sub-divided.

An investigation on the application of basalt fibre reinforced polymer (BFRP) and carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) bars as longitudinal reinforcement for simple and continuous concrete slabs is presented. Eight continuously and four simply concrete slabs were constructed and tested to failure. Two continuously supported steel reinforced concrete slabs were also tested for comparison purposes. The slabs were classified into two groups according to the type of FRP bars. All slabs tested were 500 mm in width and 150 mm in depth. The simply supported slabs had a span of 2000 mm, whereas the continuous slabs had two equal spans, each of 2000 mm. Different combinations of under and over FRP (BFRP/CFRP) reinforcement at the top and bottom layers of slabs were investigated. The continuously supported BFRP and CFRP reinforced concrete slabs exhibited larger deflections and wider cracks than the counterpart reinforced with steel. The experimental results showed that increasing the bottom mid-span FRP reinforcement of continuous slabs is more effective than the top over middle support FRP reinforcement in improving the load capacity and reducing mid-span deflections. Design guidelines have been validated against experimental results of FRP reinforced concrete slabs tested. ISIS-M03-07 and CSA S806-06 equations reasonably predicted the deflections of the slabs tested. However, ACI 440-1R-06 underestimated the deflections, overestimated the moment capacities at mid-span and over support sections, and reasonably predicted the load capacity of the continuous slabs tested. On the analytical side, a numerical technique consisting of sectional and longitudinal analyses has been developed to predict the moment-curvature relationship, moment capacity and load-deflection of FRP reinforced concrete members. The numerical technique has been validated against the experimental test results obtained from the current research and those reported in the literature. A parametric study using the numerical technique developed has also been conducted to examine the influence of FRP reinforcement ratio, concrete compressive strength and type of reinforcement on the performance of continuous FRP reinforced concrete slabs. Increasing the concrete compressive strength decreased the curvature of the reinforced section with FRP bars. Moreover, in the simple and continuous FRP reinforced concrete slabs, increasing the FRP reinforcement at the bottom layer fairly reduced and controlled deflections.

The Velay oriental (Massif Central, France) is a basaltic plateau with abundant viscous phonolite extrusions. The plateau lavas grade from alkali basalt to mugearite, but intermediate compositions are volumetrically scarce. Pyroclastics are absent. The most complete plateau sections are in the south, while in the north intermediate lavas appear only as viscous, phenocryst-rich extrusions. The plateau lavas were erupted between 11.7Ma and 7.6Ma, the southern phonolites 8.5Ma- 6.5Ma and new data show that the northern phonolites were erupted between 13.3Ma and 10.5Ma. Basement uplift occurred during the plateau-building stage, due to the emplacement of magma chambers. Intermediate lavas are scarce because they remained in the magma chambers due to their density, whereas phonolite was able to rise hydrostatically. The magma chambers were within 5km of the surface. Phonolites are divided into miaskitic and agpaiitic types on the basis of their chemistry and petrography. They evolved from the basalt by crystal settling in the magma chambers, whereas the aphyric plateau lavas evolved by plating crystals onto their conduit walls as they flowed towards the surface. Sr-isotopes show that the basalt-phonolite series is uncontaminated, whereas the northern intermediate lavas evolved by assimilation-fractional-crystallisation. A suite of cumulate nodules was recovered from a pyroclastic unit, which is probably younger than the Velay Miocene lavas. They are related to the northern intermediate lavas, and belong to the "Group II" class of nodules. Geothermobarometry suggests that both the cumulates and the northern intermediate lavas crystallised at a depth of 15-20km and probably became contaminated due to the smaller temperature difference between the geotherm and granite solidus at that depth. The vast majority of the Velay lavas are identical to alkalic ocean-island lavas, geochemically unaffected by their passage through the lithosphere, but with their relative proportions at the surface controlled by the density contrast between the basalt and basement granite.

Desde o início dos anos 70, novos conceitos de mecânica da fratura foram desenvolvidos para explicar o comportamento das rochas. A tenacidade à fratura foi medida e considerada como uma propriedade intrínseca importante da rocha, a qual indica a magnitude da resistência à fratura ou sua habilidade para resistir à propagação da trinca. A mecânica da fratura foi amplamente aplicada em operações de desmonte por explosivos, fraturamento hidráulico, fragmentação mecânica, análise da estabilidade de taludes, geofísica, mecânica de terremotos, na energia de extração geotermal e em outros problemas práticos. Salienta-se que ela é também relevante em tectônica, na tecnologia de recuperação e armazenamento de energia e na engenharia de rochas. Nas últimas três décadas, diversos métodos para estudar a propagação da fratura no modo I foram desenvolvidos e uma série de artigos foi escrita para aumentar o conhecimento da tenacidade à fratura das rochas no modo I. Um grande número de metodologias de ensaio da tenacidade à fratura tem aparecido na literatura. Alguns procedimentos de ensaio para a determinação da tenacidade à fratura em rochas no modo I foram padronizados pela ISRM em 1988 e em 1995. Entretanto, estes métodos de ensaio apresentam algumas dificuldades relacionadas à preparação do corpo de prova, à complexidade da instalação e à interpretação e validade dos resultados. O objetivo deste estudo é o de comparar os métodos sugeridos pela ISRM com outros métodos sugeridos por outros pesquisadores. Alguns ensaios não padronizados podem ser úteis se conduzirem a resultados confiáveis e se seus procedimentos forem mais simples do que aqueles sugeridos pela ISRM / Since early 1970's new fracture mechanics concepts have been developed to explain rock fracture behavior. Fracture toughness has been measured and considered as an important intrinsic property of rock indicating the magnitude of fracture strength or its ability to resist crack propagation. Rock fracture mechanics has been widely applied to tectonics, energy recovery and storage technology and rock engineering. It is relevant in blasting, hydraulic fracturing, mechanical fragmentation, rock slope analysis, geophysics, earthquake mechanics, geothermal energy extraction and many other practical problems. Over the last three decades, several methods for studying the mode I fracture propagation have been developed and a series of papers have been written to increase the knowledge of the mode I fracture toughness in rocks. A great number of fracture toughness testing methodologies have appeared in the literature. Some related mode I rock fracture toughness test procedures have been standardized by ISRM in 1988 and in 1995. However, these testing methods present some relative difficulties in sample preparation, set-up complexity, interpretation and results trustworthiness. The aim of this study is to compare the fracture toughness ISRM suggested testing methods with other suggested methodologies for other researchers. Some of the non-standardized tests may be useful, if they lead to reliable results, and if their procedures are simpler than those suggested by ISRM