The role of mathematical models and simulators in describing the performance of mineral processing applications have had a large impact in optimising existing industrial plants and designing new plants over recent years. Before the development of sophisticated computer simulators, the design engineer used industrial “rules of thumb” to estimate the size and layout of plants. However, newly designed plants after commissioning, often do not meet the design product specification requirements and quite often years of “trial and error” optimisation is required. This process can be very costly especially with froth flotation processes where the complexity of the various stages of treatment makes “trial and error” optimisation very difficult to quantify and assess the benefits. Over the past 10 years, advances in the modelling of the flotation process have been conducted by many authors. The most significant flotation modelling advances in recent years have been provided by the AMIRA (Australian Mineral Industry Research Association) P9 project, whereby a new modelling methodology has been proposed. Within this methodology, the flotation response can be represented by a number of sub-processes including parameters describing the hydrodynamic, froth and ore characteristics. Although these parameters have been proposed, methods for measuring these parameters in large flotation cells are still developing, especially in the areas of the froth zone recovery and entrainment. In the light of this it was felt that the literature on froth recovery determination should be investigated to determine the most appropriate method for measuring froth recovery in large industrial flotation cells. It was found after the investigation of the literature that three techniques for measuring the froth recovery parameter stood out as potential methods for measurement within a large scale flotation cell. These were the methods decribed by Gorain et al (1998), Vera et al (1999) and Savassi et al (1997). It was decided that all three methods should be assessed on a quantitative and qualitative basis from data collected at the Mount Isa Mines (now Xstrata) Copper flotation circuit. In this assessment, all three methods were extensively trialed in a 2.8 m3 flotation cell which was operated in parallel to the main copper rougher flotation circuit. The cell could be operated at numerous operating conditions which allowed sufficient data to be collected. The conclusions from this work were that although the method proposed by Vera et al (1999) required significant amounts of data, the method appeared to be reliable in this scale of cell. The main recommendation from this work was to further test the Vera methodology in larger industrial flotation cells. A 100 m3 Outukumpu tank cell at the Mount Keith Nickel Concentrator was chosen for the further assessment of the Vera et al (1999) methodology and its applicability to large scale cells. This flotation cell was one of the largest flotation cells operating on a production scale at the time of the testwork. Numerous tests were conducted and data collected from this investigation showed that the Vera et al (1999) technique was applicable to this scale of flotation cell. Since the work at Mount Keith was conducted in a rougher flotation cell, it was decided to test the methodology with numerous cells of various sizes and duties at the Kambalda Nickel Concentrator. As with the previous investigation at Mount Keith, it was observed that the Vera method was able to measure froth recoveries in all cells measured at Kambalda (within typical operating ranges). However, the technique was not applicable at shallow froth depths since it does not take into account the effect of the pulp-froth interface within the froth recovery parameter estimation. The pulp froth interface and close to it is where a significant proportion of dropback occurs within the froth zone. In addition to this problem, the methodology required large numbers of samples and disturbed downstream processes which made the technique unpractical for operating industrial flotation plants. Hence, a new technique for measuring froth recovery in large flotation cells was required. For the technique to be successful on an industrial scale it required the following: • minimum disturbance on the process, • take into account the pulp froth interface within the froth recovery parameter, and • require a minimum amount of samples. To meet these needs a new technique was developed based on the Savassi et al (1997) technique and combining it with recent work by authors including Vera et al (2003). The methodology involves taking samples of the feed, concentrate and tail as per a typical flotation survey and combining them with two new samples: the air hold-up sample and the top of froth sample. With the addition of these samples, a mass balance across the pulp and froth phase could be conducted and the froth recovery parameter derived. In addition, the new method provided measurements of the pulp zone average bubble load and the amount recovered by the entrainment mechanism. The proposed method has a simple procedure which allows the technique to be used by academics and mill operators alike. The proposed froth recovery measurement technique was tested in numerous cells of various types (i.e. Wemco, Outokumpu, Dorr-Oliver etc), various sizes (up to 150 m3 in size), various duties (rougher, scavenger, cleaner, recleaner, etc) and various plants. In most cases the methodology proved to be a reliable measure of the froth recovery parameter. In addition, at the Century Zinc Operation, the methodology was compared directly with the original Vera et al (1999) technique and the results showed that there was a good comparison between the results with the off-set of the pulp-froth interface. A number of contributions to both the research and industrial areas have been provided from the outcomes of the thesis. The main contributions include: • A full assessment of the three current methods for measuring the froth recovery parameter within large flotation cells. With recommendations of developing a new technique. • The development of a froth recovery measurement technique which can be used in large cells to understand the impact of the froth zone in an individual cell, use within the AMIRA P9 modelling methodology and plant diagnostics. • The new method also allows the estimation of the average bubble load and quantifies the amount of material recovered by the entrainment mechanism which is invaluable to metallurgists in assessing the performance of a flotation circuit (plant diagnostics). Finally, the results of this thesis will provide practising metallurgists both within the research and operating fields, techniques to improve the profitability of flotation circuits worldwide. Metallurgists can quickly assess the performance of large flotation cells in terms of froth performance, bubble load and entrainment which has not been available before. In addition, the results from this thesis will also allow metallurgists to mathematically represent their plant through flotation models better and improve their understanding of their flotation circuits.

The role of mathematical models and simulators in describing the performance of mineral processing applications have had a large impact in optimising existing industrial plants and designing new plants over recent years. Before the development of sophisticated computer simulators, the design engineer used industrial “rules of thumb” to estimate the size and layout of plants. However, newly designed plants after commissioning, often do not meet the design product specification requirements and quite often years of “trial and error” optimisation is required. This process can be very costly especially with froth flotation processes where the complexity of the various stages of treatment makes “trial and error” optimisation very difficult to quantify and assess the benefits. Over the past 10 years, advances in the modelling of the flotation process have been conducted by many authors. The most significant flotation modelling advances in recent years have been provided by the AMIRA (Australian Mineral Industry Research Association) P9 project, whereby a new modelling methodology has been proposed. Within this methodology, the flotation response can be represented by a number of sub-processes including parameters describing the hydrodynamic, froth and ore characteristics. Although these parameters have been proposed, methods for measuring these parameters in large flotation cells are still developing, especially in the areas of the froth zone recovery and entrainment. In the light of this it was felt that the literature on froth recovery determination should be investigated to determine the most appropriate method for measuring froth recovery in large industrial flotation cells. It was found after the investigation of the literature that three techniques for measuring the froth recovery parameter stood out as potential methods for measurement within a large scale flotation cell. These were the methods decribed by Gorain et al (1998), Vera et al (1999) and Savassi et al (1997). It was decided that all three methods should be assessed on a quantitative and qualitative basis from data collected at the Mount Isa Mines (now Xstrata) Copper flotation circuit. In this assessment, all three methods were extensively trialed in a 2.8 m3 flotation cell which was operated in parallel to the main copper rougher flotation circuit. The cell could be operated at numerous operating conditions which allowed sufficient data to be collected. The conclusions from this work were that although the method proposed by Vera et al (1999) required significant amounts of data, the method appeared to be reliable in this scale of cell. The main recommendation from this work was to further test the Vera methodology in larger industrial flotation cells. A 100 m3 Outukumpu tank cell at the Mount Keith Nickel Concentrator was chosen for the further assessment of the Vera et al (1999) methodology and its applicability to large scale cells. This flotation cell was one of the largest flotation cells operating on a production scale at the time of the testwork. Numerous tests were conducted and data collected from this investigation showed that the Vera et al (1999) technique was applicable to this scale of flotation cell. Since the work at Mount Keith was conducted in a rougher flotation cell, it was decided to test the methodology with numerous cells of various sizes and duties at the Kambalda Nickel Concentrator. As with the previous investigation at Mount Keith, it was observed that the Vera method was able to measure froth recoveries in all cells measured at Kambalda (within typical operating ranges). However, the technique was not applicable at shallow froth depths since it does not take into account the effect of the pulp-froth interface within the froth recovery parameter estimation. The pulp froth interface and close to it is where a significant proportion of dropback occurs within the froth zone. In addition to this problem, the methodology required large numbers of samples and disturbed downstream processes which made the technique unpractical for operating industrial flotation plants. Hence, a new technique for measuring froth recovery in large flotation cells was required. For the technique to be successful on an industrial scale it required the following: • minimum disturbance on the process, • take into account the pulp froth interface within the froth recovery parameter, and • require a minimum amount of samples. To meet these needs a new technique was developed based on the Savassi et al (1997) technique and combining it with recent work by authors including Vera et al (2003). The methodology involves taking samples of the feed, concentrate and tail as per a typical flotation survey and combining them with two new samples: the air hold-up sample and the top of froth sample. With the addition of these samples, a mass balance across the pulp and froth phase could be conducted and the froth recovery parameter derived. In addition, the new method provided measurements of the pulp zone average bubble load and the amount recovered by the entrainment mechanism. The proposed method has a simple procedure which allows the technique to be used by academics and mill operators alike. The proposed froth recovery measurement technique was tested in numerous cells of various types (i.e. Wemco, Outokumpu, Dorr-Oliver etc), various sizes (up to 150 m3 in size), various duties (rougher, scavenger, cleaner, recleaner, etc) and various plants. In most cases the methodology proved to be a reliable measure of the froth recovery parameter. In addition, at the Century Zinc Operation, the methodology was compared directly with the original Vera et al (1999) technique and the results showed that there was a good comparison between the results with the off-set of the pulp-froth interface. A number of contributions to both the research and industrial areas have been provided from the outcomes of the thesis. The main contributions include: • A full assessment of the three current methods for measuring the froth recovery parameter within large flotation cells. With recommendations of developing a new technique. • The development of a froth recovery measurement technique which can be used in large cells to understand the impact of the froth zone in an individual cell, use within the AMIRA P9 modelling methodology and plant diagnostics. • The new method also allows the estimation of the average bubble load and quantifies the amount of material recovered by the entrainment mechanism which is invaluable to metallurgists in assessing the performance of a flotation circuit (plant diagnostics). Finally, the results of this thesis will provide practising metallurgists both within the research and operating fields, techniques to improve the profitability of flotation circuits worldwide. Metallurgists can quickly assess the performance of large flotation cells in terms of froth performance, bubble load and entrainment which has not been available before. In addition, the results from this thesis will also allow metallurgists to mathematically represent their plant through flotation models better and improve their understanding of their flotation circuits.

O carvão da camada Barro Branco, situado na região sul do estado de Santa Catarina, tem sido amplamente estudado e utilizado, apresentando por esta razão reduzidas reservas. O carvão remanescente da camada Bonito na mesma região é menos conhecido e caracteriza-se pelo alto teor de cinzas e pela alta percentagem de partículas com densidade próxima a do concentrado. Esta peculiaridade torna difícil o seu tratamento nas usinas de beneficiamento atuais, que utilizam jigues para esta finalidade. Os requisitos técnicos do combustível (carvão) exigidos pelas usinas do Complexo Termelétrico Jorge Lacerda, seu maior cliente, são teores de cinzas e enxofre total <43% e ≤2,3%, respectivamente. Algumas Carboníferas locais estão estudando outros processos de beneficiamento para o carvão, embora a maioria das que ainda mantêm jigue como o principal equipamento de tratamento não produza o carvão com as características exigidas pelo mercado. Este trabalho pesquisa outras rotas e melhorias para o tratamento do carvão em questão. Processamentos a seco e testes hidráulicos (jigagem) foram conduzidos na Alemanha para este objetivo. Na seqüência, testes utilizando dois intervalos granulométricos foram realizados em jigue processado por batelada para estudo da influência da freqüência de pulsação, amplitude e espessura do leito na segregação das frações de carvão, a fim de otimizar a operação de jigagem. Ao final, confirma-se que os resultados do processamento do carvão ROM nas freqüências específicas de 88 min-1 e 64 min-1 para as frações 16 mm x 6,3 mm e 6,3 mm x 2 mm, nesta ordem e com a espessura de leito em torno de 125 mm produz carvão com teores de cinzas e enxofre em torno de 43% e 2%, respectivamente e rendimento mássico de 28%. Se somados à fração 2 mm x 0,1 mm, tratada em espirais, o teor médio de enxofre mantém-se em 2% e o teor de cinzas e rendimento mássico do produto final alcançam os respectivos valores de 43,3% e 34%, embora os testes tenham sido conduzidos em laboratório. / The coal from Barro Branco seam, which is widely used, is situated in the southern Brazil, State of Santa Catarina, and it is reaching depletion. The remaining coal from Bonito seam in the same region is less known and is characterized by the high percentage of near-gravity material and ash content. This peculiarity makes it difficult to treat in the current processing plants, which use jigs for this purpose. This product should have <43% of ash content and ≤2.3% of sulfur content for supplying Jorge Lacerda‟s thermal electric power plant, which uses coal as combustible. A few local coal companies are testing the dense medium process for coal beneficiation, although most of them that still maintain jigs as the main cleaning equipment do not produce the coal required by the market. This study was carried out to investigate other routes and improvements for coal cleaning. Dry processing and jigging tests were conducted in Germany for this purpose. Dry processing was done using an X-ray sorter. Tests were also performed using a batch jig to study the influence of jig frequency, amplitude and bed thickness on the separation of two coal fractions. It was found that the processing of the ROM coal in the specific frequencies of 88 min-1 and 64 min-1 to respective intervals 16 mm x 6.3 mm and 6.3 mm x 2 mm, in a bed thickness around 125 mm, produces a coal with ash content and sulfur content about 43% and 2%, respectively and 28% mass yield. If added to size fraction 2 mm x 0.1 mm, treated in spirals, the average sulfur content remains at 2%, ash content and mass yield of the final product reach the respective values of 43.3% and 34%, although the tests have been handled in laboratory.

Estima-se que 60 a 70% do carvão ROM (run of mine) de Santa Catarina é descartado em módulos de rejeitos. Para mitigar o impacto ambiental decorrente deste armazenamento, cabe o manejo do rejeito integrando-o à paisagem através da implantação de cobertura vegetal. Neste sentido, este trabalho teve por objetivo propor a produção de solo a partir de rejeito de carvão mineral. Esse solo é passível de ser empregado na própria recuperação de áreas degradadas, evitando a extração de solo em áreas de empréstimo. O método consistiu na coleta e caracterização de rejeito de carvão (substrato), escórias e calcário (materiais alcalinos) e de lodo de estação de tratamento de esgoto (fonte de carbono orgânico, nitrogênio e fósforo). O rejeito foi beneficiado em meio denso para retirada de material carbonoso como flutuado na densidade de 2,2 e de material pirítico como afundado na densidade de 2,6; seguido de britagem e moagem para granulometria inferior a 2,0 mm. Escórias de aciaria, decorrentes da produção de aços especiais e aço ao carbono, foram britadas, moídas para granulometria inferior a 2,0 mm e utilizadas separadamente. O calcário já é comercializado abaixo de 2,0 mm não necessitando processamento extra. Lodo de ETE foi submetido a processo térmico, para desinfecção e secagem, destorroado também abaixo de 2,0 mm constituindo um biossólido. Adotou-se solo de área de empréstimo como material de controle. Estudos de crescimento vegetal foram conduzidos em um modelo experimental fatorial (dezesseis tratamentos implantados em triplicata): substrato principal (rejeito de carvão ou solo de área de empréstimo), misturado ou não a lodo de ETE, misturados ou não, separadamente, a três fontes de alcalinidade (escória de aço especial, escória de aços carbono e carbonato de cálcio). Os tratamentos com rejeito receberam cinzas de casca de arroz como condicionador físico. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em vasos, semeados com Avena strigosa (Aveia Preta), caracterizados e monitorados considerando-se parâmetros químicos (pH, macro e micro nutrientes), físicos (porosidade, densidade, capacidade de campo e condutividade elétrica) e ambientais (metais ambientalmente disponíveis). A Aveia Preta foi colhida próximo ao encerramento de seu ciclo. O material vegetal produzido foi pesado e analisado em termos de nutrientes e metais. Os resultados mostram que a mistura de rejeito da mineração de carvão (0,8% enxofre total) com a cinza de casca de arroz, concomitantemente a fonte de alcalinidade (escória ou calcário) e material orgânico (biossólido), resultou em um solo com propriedades químicas adequadas ao crescimento da Aveia Preta. Análises de tecido vegetal mostraram valores de macro e micronutrientes dentro dos padrões estabelecidos para esta espécie. A combinação rejeito de carvão dessulfurizado/cinza de casca de arroz/escória de aciaria/lodo configura-se como uma alternativa à disposição dos mesmos em módulos de rejeito e aterros. O uso de escórias de aciaria mostra-se uma alternativa viável ao calcário para neutralização de rejeito de carvão nas condições do experimento. Ainda que as escórias de aciaria, e em especial a escória de aço especial, tenham incluído cromo ao sistema solo-planta, as condições edáficas favoreceram o crescimento da Aveia Preta, denotando pouco efeito do mesmo no crescimento vegetal. / It is estimated that 60 to 70% of South Brazilian run of mine (ROM) coal is discharged into refuse piles as coal waste. In order to mitigate the environmental impact caused by storage, coal waste management is necessary through its integration into the landscape by the establishment of a vegetational cover. Because of this, the objective of this study was to propose the production of a soil from coal waste. This soil could be used in restoration itself, avoiding the extraction of soil from borrow areas. Methodology included sample collection and characterization of coal waste (main material), steel slag and agricultural lime (alkaline materials), and sewage sludge from a waste water treatment plant (organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous sources). Coal waste beneficiation used dense medium gravity separation to remove carbonaceous material that was floated at a density of 2.2 and pyritic material that sank at a density of 2.6, followed by blasting and milling to a particle size smaller than 2.0 mm. Steel slag derived, from special and carbon steel mills, were blasted, milled to particle size smaller than 2.0 mm and used separately. Commercial agricultural lime has a particle size smaller than 2.0 mm and did not need further processing. Sewage sludge from an urban waste water treatment plant was submitted to a thermal process for disinfection and drying, clods were broken to less than 2.0 mm rendering it into a biosolid. Soil from a borrow area was used as a control. Growth vegetation studies were conducted in a factorial delineation (sixteen treatments, all in triplicate): main substrate (coal waste or borrow area soil), main substrate mixed or unmixed with sewage sludge, than each combined with three sources of alkalinity (special steel slag, carbon steel slag and agricultural lime), or a non-alkaline treatment. Treatments composed of coal waste were mixed with rice husk ash to act as a physical soil amendment. All treatments were put in vessels and sown with Avena strigosa (Black Oat), characterized and monitored by chemical (pH, macro and micronutrients), physical (porosity, density, field capacity and electric conductivity), and environmental (readily available metals) parameters. Black Oat was harvested close to the end of its biological cycle. Plant tissue produced was weighed and analyzed for nutrients and metals. Results show that a mixture of coal waste (0.8% total sulfur) with rice husk ash combined concomitantly with a source of alkalinity (steel slag or agricultural lime) and organic material (biosolid) produced a fabricated soil with chemical properties adequate for the growth of Black Oat. Plant material showed that macro and micronutrient values were in agreement with standards established for this species. The combination - dessulfurized coal waste/rice husk ash/steel slag/sewage sludge could serve as an alternative to their disposal in refuse piles and landfills. The use of steel slag was shown to be a feasible alternative to agricultural lime to neutralize coal waste under these experimental conditions. Even though steel slag, especially special slag, added chromium to the soil-plant system, edafic conditions favored Black Oat growth which indicates a minor effect of the chromium present in the soils.

O presente estudo tem como objetivo à caracterização do carvão de Candiota visando seu beneficiamento. A caracterização do carvão para o seu beneficiamento tem sido de grande importância hoje, uma vez que este recurso mineral representa uma alternativa energética em todo o mundo. Entretanto, a previsão de um bom aproveitamento deste recurso mineral, não passa da necessidade da sua caracterização efetiva. O beneficiamento do carvão tem por objetivo promover a redução do teor de cinza, o aumento do teor da matéria carbonosa e conseqüentemente, do poder calorífico. Além disso, promove a redução do teor de enxofre e a obtenção de granulometrias adequadas às especificações industriais, visando a sua utilização em função das necessidades do mercado consumidor. Para a caracterização do carvão de Candiota para este estudo foram elaboradas tabelas comparativas de todas as camadas divididas em dois grupos: camadas inferiores e superiores nos furos 364, 365, 366, 368, 369, 670, 371 e 372. Devido às exigências mínimas no conteúdo de teor de cinzas no carvão mineral para o seu uso no mercado consumidor, foram pré-definidos três cortes de cinzas em 35, 42 e 48 %. Para alcançar o objetivo proposto, foi calculado para todas as camadas presentes nos furos anteriormente referidos, o concentrado e o respectivo rejeito. Também foi calculada para cada camada a recuperação mássica teórica, média ponderada nas frações -25,4 +2,0 mm e -2,0 +0,1mm respectivamente. A fração fina de -0,1 mm foi considerada para descarte. Igualmente foram elaborados os fluxogramas de beneficiamento para todas as camadas do carvão nos furos anteriormente referidos, assim como as suas respectivas curvas médias de blendagem. Não foram usados métodos estatísticos para este estudo, nem a previsão de maior recuperação usando as curvas tromp ou de erro, em contra partida foram elaboradas as curvas médias nas blendagens das camadas inferiores e superiores incluindo neste último a camada Banco Louco. / This study aims to characterize the Candiota coal processing your order. The characterization of coal to its processing has been of great impotrance today, since this non-renewable mineral resource represents an alternative energy source worldwide. However, the forecast of a good use of this mineral resource is but need for effective characterization. The beneficiation of coal aims to promote the reduction of ash content, the increase in content of carbonaceuos matter and therefore, the calorific value.It also promotes the reduction of surfur content and particle size appropriate for obtaining industrial specification for their application to the needs of the consumer market. For the characterization of coal Candiota for this study were prepared comparative tables of all seams divided in two groups: lower and upper seams in the holes 364, 365, 366, 368, 369, 370, 371 and 372. Due to the specification, the minimumm content of ash content in coal for use in the market, were pre-defined three of ash 35, 42 and 48%. To achive the proposed objective, was calculated for all seams in the holes previously mentioned, its concentrate and their waste. Was also calculated for each seams theoretical mass recovery ash content, calculate the weighted average fractions -25,4 +2,0 mm and -2,0 +0,1 mm respectively. The fine fraction of -0,1 mm was considered for disposal. Also were prepared flowcharts of processing for all seams of coal holes mentioned above, as well as their respective average curves blending. No statiscal methods were used for this study, neithet the higher recovery prediction curves using tromp or error, starting from the average curves were prepared in blends of lower and upper seams including the discontinue seam.

[pt] No Brasil os mecanismos de reciclagem dos resíduos sólidos gerados pelas obras de construção civil e demolições ainda são incipientes. Entretanto esses resíduos crescem em larga escala enquanto os agregados naturais se tornam mais escassos. Com intuito de preservar os recursos naturais; contribuir com a limpeza das cidades; poupar os rios, represas, terrenos incultos e o esgotamento sanitário; e aliviar o impacto nos aterros e lixões, tem-se como a melhor opção a reciclagem e beneficiamento desses resíduos. O programa pioneiro no Brasil, na cidade de Belo Horizonte em reciclagem, foi usado como referência na elaboração da resolução do Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente (CONOMA) número 307 de 5 de julho de 2002, que estabeleceu critérios e procedimentos a serem adotados para gestão dos resíduos da construção civil em território nacional. O CONAMA além de classificar os resíduos em A, B, C e D, determinou como responsabilidade dos municípios a elaboração do Plano Municipal de Gestão Integrada de Resíduos (PMGIRS) e do Plano Municipal de Gestão de Resíduos da Construção Civil (PMGRCC), além de determinar os pequenos e grandes geradores de RCD. Nestes aspectos estes últimos elaboram seus Planos de Gerenciamento de Resíduos. O RCD ou entulho como é popularmente chamado, é todo material proveniente de construções, reformas, reparos e demolições de obras de construção civil e os resultantes da preparação e escavação de terrenos. Esses resíduos após triagem podem ser beneficiados sofrendo alterações físicas, passando a possuir granulometrias diferenciadas. Cada granulometria tem utilidade dentro da construção civil, então os produtos gerados após a cominuição podem ser utilizados, em geral como sub-bases e concretos não estruturais de acordo com as normas técnicas vigentes. O intuito deste estudo foi caracterizar tecnologicamente os resíduos minerais reciclados através de ensaios granulométricos onde o RCD apresentou curva granulométrica dentro das normas técnicas, difração de Raios–X para conhecer os componentes minerais, que foram semelhantes aos presentes nos agregados naturais com exceção da presença marcante de gesso que prejudica na resistência a compressão e módulos de elasticidade, a composição mineral diversificada das amostras demonstraram que os resíduos possuem alto ter de argila e materiais friáveis, alto índice de teor de absorção de água, além de textura superficial áspera, mesmo apresentando características de agregado natural médio. Após a caracterização tecnológica foi essencial o desenvolvimento de fluxogramas de beneficiamento de RCD com intuito de elevar a qualidade dos produtos gerados, além de desenvolver uma padronização para o beneficiamento de RCD. As amostras foram utilizadas para confecção de corpos de prova com frações de RCD diferenciadas no traço do concreto, como resultados dos ensaios mecânicos foi observado que as frações com até 30 por cento de agregado reciclado obtiveram boa resistência a compressão e módulos de elasticidade, mas o mesmo resultado não foi possível para as frações que possuíam acima de 50 por cento de agregado reciclado no traço do concreto. / [en] In Brazil the system of recycling of solid waste generated by the works of construction and demolition are still incipient. However such residues grow on a large scale while natural aggregates become scarcer. In order to preserve natural resources; contribute to the cleanliness of the cities; save the rivers, dams, uncultivated land and sewage; and alleviate the impact on landfills and dumps, we have the best option for recycling and processing of the waste. The pioneering program in Brazil, in the city of Belo Horizonte in recycling, was used as reference in drafting the resolution of the National Environmental Council (CONAMA), number 307 of July 5, 2002, which established rules and procedures to be adopted for the management of civil construction waste in national territory. The according to CONAMAS s classification the debris, may belong to classes A, B, C and D, the council decided the municipalities are responsible for drawing up plans of the Integrated Management of Waste and the Integrated Management of Civil Construction. The CDW or rubble as it is popularly called is all waste from the construction, renovations, repairs and demolition of building works and resulting from the excavation and ground preparation. This debris after sorting can be benefited suffering physical changes, amendments shape and size of the rubble, producing differentiated grain size. Each grain size has specific use within in building construction, and then the generated products after the community can be used overall as subfloor and not structural concrete in accordance with the technical standards. The purpose of this study was to characterize technologically recycled mineral waste through particle size distribution, where the CDW presented grading curve within the technical standards, the DRX test was essential to know the mineralogical composition this rubble, which were similar to those present in natural aggregates except for the strong presence gypsum that affect the compressive strength and modulus of elasticity, the diversified mineral composition of the samples showed that residues have high concentration of clay content and friable materials, high rate of water absorption content, and rough surface texture, even with characteristics medium natural aggregate. After the technological characterization was essential develop objective beneficiation flowcharts to CDW, with goal to raise the quality of the products generated, and develop a standard for the processing of CDW. The samples were used for preparation of specimens with CDW fractions different in the concrete mix, as results of the mechanical tests it was observed that the fractions of up to 30 per cent of recycled aggregate had good resistance to compression and elastic modulus, but the same result was not possible for the fractions that had over 50 per cent of recycled aggregate in the concrete mix.

O carvão da camada Barro Branco, situado na região sul do estado de Santa Catarina, tem sido amplamente estudado e utilizado, apresentando por esta razão reduzidas reservas. O carvão remanescente da camada Bonito na mesma região é menos conhecido e caracteriza-se pelo alto teor de cinzas e pela alta percentagem de partículas com densidade próxima a do concentrado. Esta peculiaridade torna difícil o seu tratamento nas usinas de beneficiamento atuais, que utilizam jigues para esta finalidade. Os requisitos técnicos do combustível (carvão) exigidos pelas usinas do Complexo Termelétrico Jorge Lacerda, seu maior cliente, são teores de cinzas e enxofre total <43% e ≤2,3%, respectivamente. Algumas Carboníferas locais estão estudando outros processos de beneficiamento para o carvão, embora a maioria das que ainda mantêm jigue como o principal equipamento de tratamento não produza o carvão com as características exigidas pelo mercado. Este trabalho pesquisa outras rotas e melhorias para o tratamento do carvão em questão. Processamentos a seco e testes hidráulicos (jigagem) foram conduzidos na Alemanha para este objetivo. Na seqüência, testes utilizando dois intervalos granulométricos foram realizados em jigue processado por batelada para estudo da influência da freqüência de pulsação, amplitude e espessura do leito na segregação das frações de carvão, a fim de otimizar a operação de jigagem. Ao final, confirma-se que os resultados do processamento do carvão ROM nas freqüências específicas de 88 min-1 e 64 min-1 para as frações 16 mm x 6,3 mm e 6,3 mm x 2 mm, nesta ordem e com a espessura de leito em torno de 125 mm produz carvão com teores de cinzas e enxofre em torno de 43% e 2%, respectivamente e rendimento mássico de 28%. Se somados à fração 2 mm x 0,1 mm, tratada em espirais, o teor médio de enxofre mantém-se em 2% e o teor de cinzas e rendimento mássico do produto final alcançam os respectivos valores de 43,3% e 34%, embora os testes tenham sido conduzidos em laboratório. / The coal from Barro Branco seam, which is widely used, is situated in the southern Brazil, State of Santa Catarina, and it is reaching depletion. The remaining coal from Bonito seam in the same region is less known and is characterized by the high percentage of near-gravity material and ash content. This peculiarity makes it difficult to treat in the current processing plants, which use jigs for this purpose. This product should have <43% of ash content and ≤2.3% of sulfur content for supplying Jorge Lacerda‟s thermal electric power plant, which uses coal as combustible. A few local coal companies are testing the dense medium process for coal beneficiation, although most of them that still maintain jigs as the main cleaning equipment do not produce the coal required by the market. This study was carried out to investigate other routes and improvements for coal cleaning. Dry processing and jigging tests were conducted in Germany for this purpose. Dry processing was done using an X-ray sorter. Tests were also performed using a batch jig to study the influence of jig frequency, amplitude and bed thickness on the separation of two coal fractions. It was found that the processing of the ROM coal in the specific frequencies of 88 min-1 and 64 min-1 to respective intervals 16 mm x 6.3 mm and 6.3 mm x 2 mm, in a bed thickness around 125 mm, produces a coal with ash content and sulfur content about 43% and 2%, respectively and 28% mass yield. If added to size fraction 2 mm x 0.1 mm, treated in spirals, the average sulfur content remains at 2%, ash content and mass yield of the final product reach the respective values of 43.3% and 34%, although the tests have been handled in laboratory.

Estima-se que 60 a 70% do carvão ROM (run of mine) de Santa Catarina é descartado em módulos de rejeitos. Para mitigar o impacto ambiental decorrente deste armazenamento, cabe o manejo do rejeito integrando-o à paisagem através da implantação de cobertura vegetal. Neste sentido, este trabalho teve por objetivo propor a produção de solo a partir de rejeito de carvão mineral. Esse solo é passível de ser empregado na própria recuperação de áreas degradadas, evitando a extração de solo em áreas de empréstimo. O método consistiu na coleta e caracterização de rejeito de carvão (substrato), escórias e calcário (materiais alcalinos) e de lodo de estação de tratamento de esgoto (fonte de carbono orgânico, nitrogênio e fósforo). O rejeito foi beneficiado em meio denso para retirada de material carbonoso como flutuado na densidade de 2,2 e de material pirítico como afundado na densidade de 2,6; seguido de britagem e moagem para granulometria inferior a 2,0 mm. Escórias de aciaria, decorrentes da produção de aços especiais e aço ao carbono, foram britadas, moídas para granulometria inferior a 2,0 mm e utilizadas separadamente. O calcário já é comercializado abaixo de 2,0 mm não necessitando processamento extra. Lodo de ETE foi submetido a processo térmico, para desinfecção e secagem, destorroado também abaixo de 2,0 mm constituindo um biossólido. Adotou-se solo de área de empréstimo como material de controle. Estudos de crescimento vegetal foram conduzidos em um modelo experimental fatorial (dezesseis tratamentos implantados em triplicata): substrato principal (rejeito de carvão ou solo de área de empréstimo), misturado ou não a lodo de ETE, misturados ou não, separadamente, a três fontes de alcalinidade (escória de aço especial, escória de aços carbono e carbonato de cálcio). Os tratamentos com rejeito receberam cinzas de casca de arroz como condicionador físico. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em vasos, semeados com Avena strigosa (Aveia Preta), caracterizados e monitorados considerando-se parâmetros químicos (pH, macro e micro nutrientes), físicos (porosidade, densidade, capacidade de campo e condutividade elétrica) e ambientais (metais ambientalmente disponíveis). A Aveia Preta foi colhida próximo ao encerramento de seu ciclo. O material vegetal produzido foi pesado e analisado em termos de nutrientes e metais. Os resultados mostram que a mistura de rejeito da mineração de carvão (0,8% enxofre total) com a cinza de casca de arroz, concomitantemente a fonte de alcalinidade (escória ou calcário) e material orgânico (biossólido), resultou em um solo com propriedades químicas adequadas ao crescimento da Aveia Preta. Análises de tecido vegetal mostraram valores de macro e micronutrientes dentro dos padrões estabelecidos para esta espécie. A combinação rejeito de carvão dessulfurizado/cinza de casca de arroz/escória de aciaria/lodo configura-se como uma alternativa à disposição dos mesmos em módulos de rejeito e aterros. O uso de escórias de aciaria mostra-se uma alternativa viável ao calcário para neutralização de rejeito de carvão nas condições do experimento. Ainda que as escórias de aciaria, e em especial a escória de aço especial, tenham incluído cromo ao sistema solo-planta, as condições edáficas favoreceram o crescimento da Aveia Preta, denotando pouco efeito do mesmo no crescimento vegetal. / It is estimated that 60 to 70% of South Brazilian run of mine (ROM) coal is discharged into refuse piles as coal waste. In order to mitigate the environmental impact caused by storage, coal waste management is necessary through its integration into the landscape by the establishment of a vegetational cover. Because of this, the objective of this study was to propose the production of a soil from coal waste. This soil could be used in restoration itself, avoiding the extraction of soil from borrow areas. Methodology included sample collection and characterization of coal waste (main material), steel slag and agricultural lime (alkaline materials), and sewage sludge from a waste water treatment plant (organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous sources). Coal waste beneficiation used dense medium gravity separation to remove carbonaceous material that was floated at a density of 2.2 and pyritic material that sank at a density of 2.6, followed by blasting and milling to a particle size smaller than 2.0 mm. Steel slag derived, from special and carbon steel mills, were blasted, milled to particle size smaller than 2.0 mm and used separately. Commercial agricultural lime has a particle size smaller than 2.0 mm and did not need further processing. Sewage sludge from an urban waste water treatment plant was submitted to a thermal process for disinfection and drying, clods were broken to less than 2.0 mm rendering it into a biosolid. Soil from a borrow area was used as a control. Growth vegetation studies were conducted in a factorial delineation (sixteen treatments, all in triplicate): main substrate (coal waste or borrow area soil), main substrate mixed or unmixed with sewage sludge, than each combined with three sources of alkalinity (special steel slag, carbon steel slag and agricultural lime), or a non-alkaline treatment. Treatments composed of coal waste were mixed with rice husk ash to act as a physical soil amendment. All treatments were put in vessels and sown with Avena strigosa (Black Oat), characterized and monitored by chemical (pH, macro and micronutrients), physical (porosity, density, field capacity and electric conductivity), and environmental (readily available metals) parameters. Black Oat was harvested close to the end of its biological cycle. Plant tissue produced was weighed and analyzed for nutrients and metals. Results show that a mixture of coal waste (0.8% total sulfur) with rice husk ash combined concomitantly with a source of alkalinity (steel slag or agricultural lime) and organic material (biosolid) produced a fabricated soil with chemical properties adequate for the growth of Black Oat. Plant material showed that macro and micronutrient values were in agreement with standards established for this species. The combination - dessulfurized coal waste/rice husk ash/steel slag/sewage sludge could serve as an alternative to their disposal in refuse piles and landfills. The use of steel slag was shown to be a feasible alternative to agricultural lime to neutralize coal waste under these experimental conditions. Even though steel slag, especially special slag, added chromium to the soil-plant system, edafic conditions favored Black Oat growth which indicates a minor effect of the chromium present in the soils.

O presente estudo tem como objetivo à caracterização do carvão de Candiota visando seu beneficiamento. A caracterização do carvão para o seu beneficiamento tem sido de grande importância hoje, uma vez que este recurso mineral representa uma alternativa energética em todo o mundo. Entretanto, a previsão de um bom aproveitamento deste recurso mineral, não passa da necessidade da sua caracterização efetiva. O beneficiamento do carvão tem por objetivo promover a redução do teor de cinza, o aumento do teor da matéria carbonosa e conseqüentemente, do poder calorífico. Além disso, promove a redução do teor de enxofre e a obtenção de granulometrias adequadas às especificações industriais, visando a sua utilização em função das necessidades do mercado consumidor. Para a caracterização do carvão de Candiota para este estudo foram elaboradas tabelas comparativas de todas as camadas divididas em dois grupos: camadas inferiores e superiores nos furos 364, 365, 366, 368, 369, 670, 371 e 372. Devido às exigências mínimas no conteúdo de teor de cinzas no carvão mineral para o seu uso no mercado consumidor, foram pré-definidos três cortes de cinzas em 35, 42 e 48 %. Para alcançar o objetivo proposto, foi calculado para todas as camadas presentes nos furos anteriormente referidos, o concentrado e o respectivo rejeito. Também foi calculada para cada camada a recuperação mássica teórica, média ponderada nas frações -25,4 +2,0 mm e -2,0 +0,1mm respectivamente. A fração fina de -0,1 mm foi considerada para descarte. Igualmente foram elaborados os fluxogramas de beneficiamento para todas as camadas do carvão nos furos anteriormente referidos, assim como as suas respectivas curvas médias de blendagem. Não foram usados métodos estatísticos para este estudo, nem a previsão de maior recuperação usando as curvas tromp ou de erro, em contra partida foram elaboradas as curvas médias nas blendagens das camadas inferiores e superiores incluindo neste último a camada Banco Louco. / This study aims to characterize the Candiota coal processing your order. The characterization of coal to its processing has been of great impotrance today, since this non-renewable mineral resource represents an alternative energy source worldwide. However, the forecast of a good use of this mineral resource is but need for effective characterization. The beneficiation of coal aims to promote the reduction of ash content, the increase in content of carbonaceuos matter and therefore, the calorific value.It also promotes the reduction of surfur content and particle size appropriate for obtaining industrial specification for their application to the needs of the consumer market. For the characterization of coal Candiota for this study were prepared comparative tables of all seams divided in two groups: lower and upper seams in the holes 364, 365, 366, 368, 369, 370, 371 and 372. Due to the specification, the minimumm content of ash content in coal for use in the market, were pre-defined three of ash 35, 42 and 48%. To achive the proposed objective, was calculated for all seams in the holes previously mentioned, its concentrate and their waste. Was also calculated for each seams theoretical mass recovery ash content, calculate the weighted average fractions -25,4 +2,0 mm and -2,0 +0,1 mm respectively. The fine fraction of -0,1 mm was considered for disposal. Also were prepared flowcharts of processing for all seams of coal holes mentioned above, as well as their respective average curves blending. No statiscal methods were used for this study, neithet the higher recovery prediction curves using tromp or error, starting from the average curves were prepared in blends of lower and upper seams including the discontinue seam.

Estima-se que 60 a 70% do carvão ROM (run of mine) de Santa Catarina é descartado em módulos de rejeitos. Para mitigar o impacto ambiental decorrente deste armazenamento, cabe o manejo do rejeito integrando-o à paisagem através da implantação de cobertura vegetal. Neste sentido, este trabalho teve por objetivo propor a produção de solo a partir de rejeito de carvão mineral. Esse solo é passível de ser empregado na própria recuperação de áreas degradadas, evitando a extração de solo em áreas de empréstimo. O método consistiu na coleta e caracterização de rejeito de carvão (substrato), escórias e calcário (materiais alcalinos) e de lodo de estação de tratamento de esgoto (fonte de carbono orgânico, nitrogênio e fósforo). O rejeito foi beneficiado em meio denso para retirada de material carbonoso como flutuado na densidade de 2,2 e de material pirítico como afundado na densidade de 2,6; seguido de britagem e moagem para granulometria inferior a 2,0 mm. Escórias de aciaria, decorrentes da produção de aços especiais e aço ao carbono, foram britadas, moídas para granulometria inferior a 2,0 mm e utilizadas separadamente. O calcário já é comercializado abaixo de 2,0 mm não necessitando processamento extra. Lodo de ETE foi submetido a processo térmico, para desinfecção e secagem, destorroado também abaixo de 2,0 mm constituindo um biossólido. Adotou-se solo de área de empréstimo como material de controle. Estudos de crescimento vegetal foram conduzidos em um modelo experimental fatorial (dezesseis tratamentos implantados em triplicata): substrato principal (rejeito de carvão ou solo de área de empréstimo), misturado ou não a lodo de ETE, misturados ou não, separadamente, a três fontes de alcalinidade (escória de aço especial, escória de aços carbono e carbonato de cálcio). Os tratamentos com rejeito receberam cinzas de casca de arroz como condicionador físico. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em vasos, semeados com Avena strigosa (Aveia Preta), caracterizados e monitorados considerando-se parâmetros químicos (pH, macro e micro nutrientes), físicos (porosidade, densidade, capacidade de campo e condutividade elétrica) e ambientais (metais ambientalmente disponíveis). A Aveia Preta foi colhida próximo ao encerramento de seu ciclo. O material vegetal produzido foi pesado e analisado em termos de nutrientes e metais. Os resultados mostram que a mistura de rejeito da mineração de carvão (0,8% enxofre total) com a cinza de casca de arroz, concomitantemente a fonte de alcalinidade (escória ou calcário) e material orgânico (biossólido), resultou em um solo com propriedades químicas adequadas ao crescimento da Aveia Preta. Análises de tecido vegetal mostraram valores de macro e micronutrientes dentro dos padrões estabelecidos para esta espécie. A combinação rejeito de carvão dessulfurizado/cinza de casca de arroz/escória de aciaria/lodo configura-se como uma alternativa à disposição dos mesmos em módulos de rejeito e aterros. O uso de escórias de aciaria mostra-se uma alternativa viável ao calcário para neutralização de rejeito de carvão nas condições do experimento. Ainda que as escórias de aciaria, e em especial a escória de aço especial, tenham incluído cromo ao sistema solo-planta, as condições edáficas favoreceram o crescimento da Aveia Preta, denotando pouco efeito do mesmo no crescimento vegetal. / It is estimated that 60 to 70% of South Brazilian run of mine (ROM) coal is discharged into refuse piles as coal waste. In order to mitigate the environmental impact caused by storage, coal waste management is necessary through its integration into the landscape by the establishment of a vegetational cover. Because of this, the objective of this study was to propose the production of a soil from coal waste. This soil could be used in restoration itself, avoiding the extraction of soil from borrow areas. Methodology included sample collection and characterization of coal waste (main material), steel slag and agricultural lime (alkaline materials), and sewage sludge from a waste water treatment plant (organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous sources). Coal waste beneficiation used dense medium gravity separation to remove carbonaceous material that was floated at a density of 2.2 and pyritic material that sank at a density of 2.6, followed by blasting and milling to a particle size smaller than 2.0 mm. Steel slag derived, from special and carbon steel mills, were blasted, milled to particle size smaller than 2.0 mm and used separately. Commercial agricultural lime has a particle size smaller than 2.0 mm and did not need further processing. Sewage sludge from an urban waste water treatment plant was submitted to a thermal process for disinfection and drying, clods were broken to less than 2.0 mm rendering it into a biosolid. Soil from a borrow area was used as a control. Growth vegetation studies were conducted in a factorial delineation (sixteen treatments, all in triplicate): main substrate (coal waste or borrow area soil), main substrate mixed or unmixed with sewage sludge, than each combined with three sources of alkalinity (special steel slag, carbon steel slag and agricultural lime), or a non-alkaline treatment. Treatments composed of coal waste were mixed with rice husk ash to act as a physical soil amendment. All treatments were put in vessels and sown with Avena strigosa (Black Oat), characterized and monitored by chemical (pH, macro and micronutrients), physical (porosity, density, field capacity and electric conductivity), and environmental (readily available metals) parameters. Black Oat was harvested close to the end of its biological cycle. Plant tissue produced was weighed and analyzed for nutrients and metals. Results show that a mixture of coal waste (0.8% total sulfur) with rice husk ash combined concomitantly with a source of alkalinity (steel slag or agricultural lime) and organic material (biosolid) produced a fabricated soil with chemical properties adequate for the growth of Black Oat. Plant material showed that macro and micronutrient values were in agreement with standards established for this species. The combination - dessulfurized coal waste/rice husk ash/steel slag/sewage sludge could serve as an alternative to their disposal in refuse piles and landfills. The use of steel slag was shown to be a feasible alternative to agricultural lime to neutralize coal waste under these experimental conditions. Even though steel slag, especially special slag, added chromium to the soil-plant system, edafic conditions favored Black Oat growth which indicates a minor effect of the chromium present in the soils.