No description available.

This thesis proposes a new idea about the so-called “resilience of laws”, which was designed to protect the effectiveness of laws within civil law or common law jurisdictions against any change, i.e. social, legal, political, or economic, amongst others. Laws may initially be effective but become ineffective afterwards, and one possible cause may be such changes. Thus, the author states that any of the aforementioned changes may shock a non-resistant legal regime, turning it into an ineffective legal regime to the detriment of society. As a result, the thesis imposes new expectations of legislators and judges whereby they are expected, not only to provide society with effective laws, but with resilient laws. Resilience of laws, within the context of this research, comprises two features: i) static resilience, i.e. the ability of the law to resist the shock caused by a previous change; and ii) dynamic resilience, i.e. the capacity to recover the effectiveness of the law once it has been shocked, and the capacity to prevent a future scenario of ineffectiveness. To achieve the resilience of laws, the author explains how legislators and judges have to take into consideration previous challenging changes and shocks in order to later recover successfully the level of effectiveness, and to prevent ineffectiveness as a result of a similar future shock; this is aimed at having resistant laws, if possible. The thesis places emphasis on the evaluation of the level of static and dynamic resilience of the Colombian laws of performance bonds as an illustration of the notion of resilience of laws, based on the politico-economic changes that were implemented in that country in 1990 and 2002.

This graduation thesis deals with shares and bonds, with special focus on didactic use in educational processes at commercial academies. It builds upon methods of assessing and disclosure of different kinds of shares and bonds, as well as basic ways of their classification and characteristics of the most common shares and bonds. It also presents different methods of education of this subject at commercial academies, including practical examples of exercises and applied tests.

New legal regulation of covered bonds: Have we reached the European standard? Abstract The subject matter of this thesis is regulation of covered bonds, as a newly introduced category of debt securities in Czech law. The thesis aims to analyse selected aspects of the new regulatory regime through its fundamentals, as well as shortcomings and imperfections of the previous regulatory regime. In order to answer the question of what the European standard is and whether it can be unequivocally determined on the basis of analysis of the relevant European legislation, it also describes basic features of the European regulation. Besides the European Union's point of view, the thesis also reflects the way in which is the issue of proper regulation dealt with at the national level. The thesis is divided into four main parts. The first part defines the term covered bond and provides with a broader context of securities law, including the history of covered bonds. The thesis further identifies the main differences between covered bonds and other debt securities that are closely similar to covered bonds (i.e. secured notes, asset-backed securities and unsecured senior notes). The second part focuses on the European approach towards regulation and further determines four main features of the regulation of covered bonds....

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1961 R68

published_or_final_version / Chemistry / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Chemistry / Master / Master of Science

Of the interactions utilized in the separation of chemical species, the reversible covalent bond is the strongest and most selective. In order to exploit the selectivity of this interaction, an understanding of the effects of several factors on the formation of the covalent bond have been studied. Covalent chromatography is most useful in solid phase extraction. The strength of the covalent bond will allow for high distribution coefficients needed to quantitatively retain chemical species. The selectivity of the covalent interaction allows for the retention of a specific compound or class of compounds. Under conditions where the covalent bond is no longer formed or will break, a low distribution coefficient is possible, and the compounds may be eluted from the sorbent in a small volume allowing for preconcentration. The sorbent consists of three parts, the active functionality capable of forming reversible covalent bonds, the solid support and the spacer arm that tethers the active functionality to the support. Silica supports demonstrate several advantages over organic supports. However, silica supports have been limited by the activity of the residual silanols and the use of hydrophobic spacer arms. This research describes the preparation and characterization of a modification method for silica with a hydrophilic spacer arm that restricts the sample from the residual silanols. Immobilized phenylboronic acid (PBA) interacts with compounds containing polar functionalities in the correct configuration, but this interaction is dependent on the local environment. Controlling the local environment allows for the control of the interaction provided the effects are understood. Diagnostic chromatography was used to determine the effects of the solvent strength, ionic strength, pH and composition of the mobile phase and the effects of the spacer arm on the interactions of PBA with several compounds. Three phases selective for thiols were also characterized. Thiopyridone attached to mercaptopropyl bonded silica through a disulfide linkage, is used for isolation and detection. Immobilized phenylmercury was utilized for the extraction of thiol containing species while immobilized phenylarsonous acid selectively extracts dithiol compounds. A unique and powerful means of separation of monothiol from dithiol compounds has been demonstrated.

Principles involving the electronic structure of group VI metal-metal multiple bonded complexes are examined in order to provide insights into the intramolecular and intermolecular interactions of these systems. Examination of chromium, molybdenum and tungsten tetracarboxylate thin films by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy has provided the first experimental evidence for the location of the σ ionization in dimolybdenum tetracarboxylate quadruple bonded complexes. These compounds have significant intermolecular interactions as thin films which destabilizes ionization of the valence σ state, allowing it to be experimentally observed. This is supported by the observed destabilization of the σ ionization feature of the ditungsten analogue in going to the thin film. The Cr₂(O₂CCH₃)₄ comparison shows a destabilization of the leading predominantly metal ionizations consistent with the broad range of M-M bond lengths observed for Cr₂ complexes. The Group VI M₂(mhp)₄ and M₂(chp)₄ [mhp=6-methyl-2-oxo-pyridine and chp=6-chloro-2-oxo-pyridine] complexes are also examined. The geometric constraints imposed on the compounds by the ligand effectively block intermolecular interaction axial to the metal-metal bond in the solid state. Comparison of the two ligand spectra, Hmhp and Hchp, has provided a unique opportunity to assign ionizations previously attributed to the keto form of the Hmhp tautomers. The spectra of the complexes exhibit minimal relative shifting of ionization features in going to the thin films because of this constraint. A band previously believed to be due to spin orbit coupling is assigned to the σ ionization in the ditungsten complex. The overall ionization band profiles of the two series correlate well, metal by metal, with the expected shifting due to substitution of the more electronegative chlorine atoms for a methyl group. The synthesis and characterization of Mo₂(N-t-butyl-acetamide)₄, the first tetraamidodimetal compound without large rings with delocalized pi structure, is described. The single crystal X-ray structure is presented, revealing the novel (one of three examples) cis configuration of the MoN₂O₂ ligand set. The Mo-Mo bond length of 2.063 Å is one of the shortest seen to date. A preliminary gas phase He I valence spectrum is reported.

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