Building Information Modeling“BIM" is becoming a better known established collaboration process in the construction industry. Owners are increasingly requiring BIM services from construction managers, architects and engineering firms. Many construction firms are now investing in“BIM" technologies during bidding, preconstruction, construction and post construction. The goal of this project is to understand the uses and benefits of BIM for construction managers and examine BIM based scheduling. There are two objectives to this project. First is to identify the current uses of BIM in the Architectural / Engineering / Construction / Facility Management industry to better understand how the BIM-based“build to design" and“design to build" concepts can be used by construction managers under the Construction Management at Risk project delivery system. Second, a focus is placed on analyzing 3D and 4D BIM as well as BIM based scheduling. The research was conducted through literature review, case studies, and interviews. First, the research identified the uses of Building Information Modeling for preconstruction, construction and post construction phases. Then, the project examined the uses and benefits of BIM in the construction of a research facility. Subsequently, a prototype 4D Building Information Model was created and studied. Furthermore, the BIM-based schedule was integrated to the 4D model. Finally, the project concluded with an analysis on the use, advantages and setbacks of BIM and its tools.

Innovation implementation within an organization has always been associated with barriers from all aspects. As a key innovation in the building industry, Building Information Modeling (BIM) has been adopted rapidly in the design and construction process. Facilities management (FM) which contributed far more values than design and construction however did not seems to catch up with this trend. High cost, poor technology and other factors inherent within organizations were mostly mentioned in research papers and industry to be the key obstacles. This paper aimed to explore and identify the key organizational barriers of the implementation process of BIM in FM. Three case studies on large FM organizations in Hong Kong were reported through in-depth interviews. Two FM software providers were also interviewed to have a comprehensive understanding of BIM in FM interfacing technology. Before the data collection process, two theoretical models were built to guide the data collection and analysis process. The first model was based on the information flow during the BIM in FM implementation process whilst the second model was about the required conditions for such process. FM managers from three leading organizations in BIM implementation in Hong Kong were interviewed. Some published documents from the targeted organizations were reviewed to facilitate the research findings. Soft system analysis was adopted to analyze the barriers which impeded the implementation of BIM in FM. A cross case study was also conducted to strengthen the findings from the three case studies. Two overseas software providers with successful BIM in FM experiences were also interviewed. The technology of BIM in FM is found to be ready for importing the construction stage information to FM software packages. The additional functions based on BIM in FM, however, are still not readily available in the market. The fragmentation between the project and facilities management teams was found to be the most significant barriers for BIM implementation. To overcome such barriers, organizations may consider establishing a coordination platform between the project management team and FM team. It could be the most efficient way when the fragmented organizational structure was not possible to be changed in a short time. A company-wide BIM standard would also be useful to help during the coordination process. / published_or_final_version / Real Estate and Construction / Master / Master of Philosophy

It is becoming increasingly relevant that designs address sustainability requirements. The objectives of any sustainable design are: to reduce resource depletion of energy, water, and raw materials; prevent environmental degradation caused throughout the building lifecycle; provide a safe, comfortable and healthy living environment. Currently, the sustainability of a building is judged by standards codified in a rating system. (1) Although compliance with a sustainability rating system is not mandatory, increasingly, it is becoming a goal that many designers and authorities would like to achieve. However, there are impediments to the pervasive use of sustainable design rating systems. 1. Certification is expensive. ( 2 ) It is labor intensive, involving large volumes of data aggregation, information accounting and exchange, which, can be a deterrent to designers and the design process. 2. Ratings systems are periodically reviewed; as our understanding increase and technology improve, sustainability requirements on designs become more extensive and, sometimes, more stringent. (3) 3. Sustainable building design rating tools are not readily integrated into the design process whereby the design solution can be developed by different disciplines. 4. The design information model associated with a building may not contain the data (attributes) necessary to evaluate its design. 5. Information is disparate and distributed—requiring it to be supplemented, augmented from various sources, and managed for the different stages of a building design process In practice, designers tend to employ commercial (and reasonably stable) design tools, making it imperative to develop an approach that utilizes information readily and currently available in digital form in conjunction with rating system requirements. This research focuses on supporting sustainability assessment where designers need to evaluate the information in a design in order to fulfill sustainability metrics. The main research objective is an approach to integrating sustainability assessment with a design environment. This comprises: identifying informational requirements from rating systems; representing them in computable form; mapping them to information in a commercial design tool; and assessing the performance of a design. An overall framework for organizing, managing and representing sustainability information requirements is developed as the demonstrator. Case study of an actual project demonstrates the flow of information from a commercially available building information modeler and a sustainable building rating system. The process developed bridges sustainability assessment requirements with information from the model for preevaluation prior to submission for certification. Contributions include a technical implementation of sustainable design assessment for pre assessment through a process of identifying information availability, augmentation, representation and management focused on two credits (Reduce indoor water use and Minimum energy performance) over evolving rating standards, namely (LEED 2.1, LEED 2009 and LEED v4). These contributions are intended to enable designers, stakeholders, contractors and other professionals to communicate strategies and make informed decisions to achieve sustainability goals for a project from design through to operation. (1) Design choices are validated, by measuring design performance against criteria specified by the rating system. See Chapter 2: Research Background. (2) “Shame on you for perpetuating this myth that green design costs more even if integrated properly. LEED certification does, but green design need not.” (Kats, 2010) (3) “Sustainability is not static–it is iteratively changing, based on knowledge that connects science and design.” (Williams, 2007)

Traditionally in the Architectural / Engineering / Construction industry, the design and construction phases are conducted by multiple professional and trade disciplines having minimum interaction among them along a rather sequential process. These parties bring their different objectives to the project that are not necessarily aligned with the overall project objectives. Design professionals do not necessarily work together giving little or no consideration for the requirements or constraints of subsequent functions such as construction and operation and maintenance of the facility. Design documentation that communicates the design intent to the builder, contains errors and inconsistencies, are incomplete or are simply difficult to read. This results in poor designs that have to be changed or modified during the construction phase and even during the long-term facility operation, thus increasing total cost and time of execution. It has been established that the decisions made at early stages of the design process have the highest impact on the project lifecycle cost and facility performance. For that reason, new project delivery systems, software tools and lean principles have emerged in the industry enhancing collaboration among project participants and reducing the existing gap between the design and construction phases. The increased use of Building Information Modeling (BIM) allows project participants to generate, manage and share information through a 3D digital model to better collaborate, communicate and understand the design intent. Still, design and construction professionals do not necessarily share their models and collaborate in an integrated fashion to accrue the benefits of an early involvement during design. This research uses the Axiomatic Design (AD) methodology to analyze some essential aspects of the design process to propose an improved process that seeks to produce better designs by adding value and reducing waste. Axiomatic Design is a systems design methodology using matrix methods to systematically analyze the transformation of customer needs into functional requirements, design parameters, and process variables. In AD, design principles or design Axioms govern the analysis and decision making process to develop high quality product or system designs. This research proposes an integrated, BIM-based design approach embracing compliance with the two AD axioms. Axiom one, the Independence axiom, seeks to maintain the design adjustable and controllable, and implements lean principles, BIM processes and tools following the concepts established by a BIM Project Execution Plan. Computer simulation techniques, the development of metrics and the calculation of Axiom two, the Information Axiom, are used to assess the benefits of an improved process.

This thesis determines a process to adopt and implement the disruptive practice and technology of Building Information Modeling (BIM) within the architectural-engineering-construction (AEC) community. Specific areas to address include: 1. Define process, adoption and integration as related to BIM implementation 2. Describe why BIM is a disruptive technology today 3. Identify reactive and proactive BIM outcomes 4. Evaluate and select process options for a specific BIM project 5. Describe the roles and responsibilities of participants, or stakeholders, in the BIM process 6. Identify consistent factors that influence BIM return on investment (ROI) at the project and company levels 7. Communicate the BIM process to management, colleagues and project stakeholders 8. Outline a process for BIM adoption and implementation at the project and company levels. The research methodology includes literature reviews and case studies. This research extends key teachings of the University of Texas at Austin Executive Engineering Management curriculum and gives the reader insight into the adoption and implementation of disruptive technologies. / text

Building information modeling, eller BIM som det kallas, har länge varit utsett till framtiden inom byggindustri. BIM är ett samlingsnamn för en arbetsprocess där en gemensam informationsbaserad 3D-modell utnyttjas. Denna modell nås av alla aktörer i projektet. BIM skiljer sig mot vanlig 3D-CAD då objekten innehåller digital information i form av beskrivningar, mängder, klassificeringar med mera. Modellen granskas med hjälp av ett visningsprogram, antingen för dator eller mobil enhet i form av surfplatta eller mobiltelefon. I visningsprogrammet ges fri manövrering och möjlighet till lagerhantering och analyser. Åhlin & Ekeroth i Linköping Byggnads AB är stor lokal entreprenör i Östergötland. På denna lokala nivå konkurrerar de med det stora rikstäckande byggbolagen. I ett steg att följa utvecklingen är de initiativtagarna till detta examensarbete som undersöker deras möjlighet till att utnyttja BIM i deras producerande skeden. Det finns enormt många områden under ett byggprojekt där BIM kan underlätta, kvalitetssäkra och avlasta arbetet. Åhlin & Ekeroth i Linköping Byggnads AB står inför sitt första BIM-projekt och de kommer använda visningsprogrammet Autodesk Navisworks Freedom för att samgranska den gemensamma 3D-modellen. Erfarenheterna efter det första projektet under hösten 2012 kommer avgöra Åhlin & Ekeroths framtida satsning på BIM.

Orientadores: Regina Coeli Ruschel, Rivka Oxman / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T15:23:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andrade_MaxLiraVerasXavierde_D.pdf: 29223434 bytes, checksum: 78acfb6512fac467d8f5442e4265eb9e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Dentro do universo dos projetos digitais baseados no desempenho, existe uma categoria que usa o desempenho não apenas como meios avaliativos, mas, acima de tudo, como instrumento de transformação das ideias e conceitos em matéria e forma arquitetônica. Usa-se mecanismos digitais que incorporam princípios de informatização à estruturas computacionais. Esta categoria de projeto digital é denominada Projeto Performativo. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo geral formular uma estrutura conceitual de processo de projeto digital que explique a prática de Projeto Performativo. A questão que se coloca é, quais são os pressupostos da prática de projeto que visem a incorporação do desempenho como propulsor do processo de geração da forma arquitetônica? Duas hipóteses foram investigadas neste contexto. A primeira hipótese foi que o modelo de projeto digital denominado performativo tem como pressuposto um processo de projeto baseado na colaboração, no processo de projeto automatizado, na modelagem paramétrica e na interoperabilidade. A segunda hipótese foi que é possível simular a prática de Projeto Performativo segundo estes pressupostos em experiências didáticas de atelier de projeto. Para atender aos objetivos gerais e específicos e responder às hipóteses levantadas, esta pesquisa desenvolveu uma investigação por meio da pesquisa exploratória e explicativa. A primeira iniciou com a busca da familiarização do problema por meio de uma revisão bibliográfica e de estudos de casos. Os estudos de casos foram desenvolvidos em escritório de projeto referência internacional. A segunda ocorreu pelo desenvolvimento de uma pesquisa experimental. Da análise de referencial teórico e dos estudos de casos emergiu uma estrutura conceitual para o projeto performativo caracterizada: pela prática essencialmente colaborativa multidisciplinar na síntese arquitetônica resultando em mudanças na apropriação das autorias; uso simultâneo de técnicas de projeto analógicas e digitais resultando na co-existência de estágios de decisão manuais, semi-automatizados e/ou automatizados; na modelagem paramétrica com maior ênfase ao projeto topológico substituindo tradição tipológica; na interoperabilidade marcada pelo fluxo de informação analógico e digital viabilizado pelo BIM - Building Information Modeling - como processo evolutivo fragmentado que permite liberdade necessária ao processo. A estrutura conceitual comporta a coexistência em um mesmo processo de projeto digital de diferente de métodos baseados no desempenho para resolução de diferentes partes ou sistemas do edifício. Essa coexistência de diferentes modelos e métodos permite resolver problemas complexos de projeto, abrigar e pacificar a controversa relação forma X função. O resultado de ordem experimental relacionado a validação da estrutura conceitual em experiência de ateliê de projeto confirmou que, apesar das limitações e restrições deste universo, foi possível estimular a morfogênese de modo criativo e eficiente. As experiências com o uso do Método BESO para a geração da forma pelo desempenho estrutural permitiram: criar múltiplas soluções de projeto, dentro de um espaço de soluções; utilizar facilmente o ferramental (mesmo não se conhecendo alguns conceitos relacionados ao comportamento da estrutura); possibilitar a realização de um número grande de ações cognitivas, num curto intervalo de tempo; realizar novas explorações formais; valorizar o desempenho estrutural como motor de geração da forma do edifício / Abstract: Within the universe of digital designs based on performance, there is a category that uses performance not only as evaluative means, but, above all, as a transformation tool for ideas and concepts in matter and architectonic form. It uses digital mechanisms that incorporate computational principles to computational structures. This category of digital design is called Performative Design. The general aim of the present paper is to formulate a digital design process conceptual framework that explains the Performative Design practice. The question to be made is what are the design practice assumptions aimed at the incorporation of performance as the propeller of the architectonic form generation process? Two hypotheses were investigated in this context. The first hypothesis was that the digital design model called performative has as assumption a design process based on cooperation, automated design process, parametric modeling, and interoperability. The second hypothesis was that it is possible to simulate the practice of Performative Design according to these assumptions in design workshop teaching experiments. In order to meet the general and specific aims and answer the raised hypotheses, this research has developed an investigation through exploratory and explanatory research. The first one started with the familiarization of the problem through literature review and case studies. The case studies were carried out in international reference design office. The second was done with experimental research. The analysis of the theoretical reference and case studies gave origin to a conceptual framework for the performative design characterized by the following factors: the essentially cooperative multidisciplinary practice in the architectonic synthesis resulting in changes in the appropriation of authorship; the simultaneous use of analogical and digital design techniques resulting in the coexistence of manual, semi-automated and/or automated decision stages; parametric modeling with emphasis on the topological design replacing typological tradition; interoperability marked by the analogical and digital information flow made possible by BIM - Building Information Modeling - as a fragmented evolutional process which allows the necessary freedom to the process. The conceptual framework involves the coexistence, in the same process of digital design, of different methods based on performance for the resolution of different parts or systems of the building. Such coexistence of different models and methods allows the solution of complex design problems, and also harbors and pacifies the controversial relationship form X function. The experimental result related to the validation of the conceptual framework in the experience of design workshop has confirmed that despite the limitations and restrictions of this universe, it was possible to stimulate morphogenesis in a creative and efficient way. The experiences with the use of the BESO method for form generation by structural performance have allowed the following: to create multiple design solutions within a space of solutions, to easily use the tooling (even not knowing some concepts related to the structure behavior), to allow the running of a large number of cognitive actions in a short time, to make new formal explorations, to value the structural performance as the motor of building form generation / Doutorado / Arquitetura e Construção / Doutor em Engenharia Civil

The purpose of this thesis is to determine if Building Information Modeling (BIM) is an effective means for encouraging stakeholder collaboration throughout the building design/construction process and improving upon affordable and sustainable strategies for infill housing development. The research methodology includes literature reviews, interviews, case studies, simulations, and experimentations. Literature reviews include documentation regarding BIM, housing affordability and policy, sustainable design strategies, and integrated design practice. I conducted interviews with local stakeholders who had participated in local affordable/sustainable housing projects. The primary case study was the Alley Flat Initiative (2003-2010) which I had the opportunity to be involved with in various capacities as a participant observer. Simulations were performed using a BIM software tool to ‘redesign’ the first Alley Flat Initiative prototype and compare design workflows. Finally, experimentation was done involving the instruction of BIM software and exploring its use within an academic design studio environment. The findings indicate four significant conclusions. First, the research suggests that inflated soft project costs (overhead, administration, and services) can be reduced if local city governments were to adopt BIM in conjunction with housing review and permitting processes. In addition, the city could use BIM data to quantify building impacts on energy and resources over time. Second, sustainability innovation can be easier to integrate within a BIM workflow due to the high-capacity of the software to exchange information with third-part analysis tools. One particular barrier that must be overcome, however, are financial barriers due to software and staff training costs associated with BIM technology. Third, BIM requires ‘front-loading’ projects with more information earlier in the design process, which encourages greater transparency and more direct collaboration between stakeholders. A fully leveraged BIM workflow may not be feasible beyond local small-scale architects and builders due to the relatively steep learning curve and higher software costs, but a hybrid approach might be possible depending on how residential construction practices and BIM software development evolves in the near future. And fourth, BIM can make project information centralized, accessible, and long-lasting – serving as a communication and learning tool across disciplines and between expert and non-expert participants. The product of this research includes recommendations for all stakeholder groups engaged in leveraging BIM for affordable and sustainable housing development. Additional related topics of inquiry which fell outside the scope of this research are also included for future investigation. / text

In the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry, inadequate collaboration between project stakeholders and disciplines often leads to conflicts and interoperability issues. Research has been conducted in knowledge formalization to bridge the knowledge gaps and information silos. Formalizing construction knowledge is challenging to formalize because most construction knowledge implicitly resides in the minds of construction experts, which is difficult to represent in a formal and explicit manner. The proposed study is built upon previous research findings, and attempts to formalize tacit knowledge in Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing (MEP) design coordination by capturing necessary information with a model-based information capture system and reasoning about the captured data with data mining techniques. The vision of this research is that the formalized knowledge can be used to provide guidance for early design review incorporating construction considerations, facilitate structured learning from past experience, as well as train novice engineers. In summary, this research has three main contributions. First, this research presents a formalized knowledge representation schema to capture process knowledge in design coordination, which was successfully implemented in a model-based knowledge capture system developed by the author. Second, a model-based knowledge capture system was developed to store clash information in the form of categorized features and link such categorized information directly to the relevant model elements, which can also facilitate organization and management of clashes and supports searching and grouping functions. A prototype system was developed as a plugin to a widely used BIM-based design coordination application and was demonstrated with project data gathered from three new construction projects in the United States. Third, this research applied data mining techniques for knowledge discovery and reuse in MEP design coordination. Classification models were developed to provide predicted solutions for identified clashes based on historical data. The classification algorithms that produced the best results were selected, which reached precision rates of over 70%. The effectiveness of the classification models was tested in a novice experiment. / text

No description available.