Orientador: Paulo Roberto Mei / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T13:15:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cunha_AdiltoPereiraAndrade_D.pdf: 32849719 bytes, checksum: a54b97b2dde32f5f0d6b96ee877e51fb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Neste trabalho foi estudada a influência da adição de molibdênio e nióbio na microestrutura e propriedades mecânicas de aços com 0,5 e 0,6 %C, utilizado na fabricação de rodas ferroviárias. A deformação dos aços foi aplicada através da laminação, em escala de laboratório, simulando o forjamento no processo real de fabricação. As amostras foram aquecidas a 1250 °C para solubilização do nióbio, sendo então laminadas em 4 passes, a partir de 1200 °C, sofrendo uma deformação total (redução em altura) de 67%, seguida de resfriamento ao ar. Posteriormente, os aços C5 e C5Nb foram submetidos a um tratamento térmico de têmpera e revenimento. Foram analisadas amostras dos aços por microscopia óptica, eletrônica de varredura e transmissão e também foram realizados ensaios mecânicos em todas as condições. Após a laminação entre 1200 e 1120 °C, observou-se que a adição de molibdênio e nióbio promoveu um aumento da resistência mecânica em 171 e 119 MPa no limite de escoamento e 61 e 66 MPa no limite de resistência à tração, nos aços C5Nb e C6Nb, respectivamente, devido à precipitação de carbonetos de nióbio, mantendo a mesma ductilidade e tenacidade para o aço C5Nb, mas houve uma queda dessas propriedades para os aço C6Nb. Após a laminação com posterior têmpera e revenimento a 500°C, simulando o mesmo tratamento feito na roda ferroviária, o aço C5 apresentou dureza, resistência mecânica e alongamento iguais à do aço da MWL, porém com redução de área e energia absorvida maiores que o aço da MWL. O aço C5Nb apresentou maiores valores de resistência mecânica, ductilidade e tenacidade que o aço da MWL, o que demonstra seu potencial para melhorar a qualidade das rodas ferroviárias atualmente produzidas / Abstract: The influence of molybdenum and niobium addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 0,5 and 0,6 %C steels used in railway wheels was studied. The deformation was applied by rolling, in a thermo mechanical processing laboratory, simulating the forging in the real process of manufacture. The samples were heated to 1250 °C to ensure dissolution of niobium and hot rolled in four passes, starting at 1200 °C, undergoing a total reduction of 67%, followed by air cooling. Steels were water quenched and tempered (heat treatment). Steel samples, before and after rolling and heat treated were analyzed by optical and scanning electron microscopy. Mechanical tests were performed on the all conditions. After rolling between 1200 and 1120 ° C, it was found that the addition of molybdenum and niobium resulted in an increase of mechanical strength at 171 and 119 MPa in yield strength and 61 and 66 MPa in tensile strength, respect due to precipitation of niobium carbides, while maintaining the same ductility and toughness for C5Nb steel, but there was a decrease of these properties for C6Nb. After rolling with subsequent quenching and tempering at 500 ° C, simulating the same treatment done in the railway wheel, steel C5 showed the same toughness, strength and elongation in comparison with MWL rail wheels steel, but with reduced area and absorbed energy greater than the MWL steel. C5Nb steel showed higher strength, ductility and toughness than MWL steel, which demonstrates its potential to improve the quality of railway wheels currently produced / Doutorado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica

M.Ing. / In this study a comparison is made between the punching shear capacities of square slabs reinforced with 3CR 12 corrosion resisting stainless steel and high tensile strength carbon steel. A square column 11 0 mm x 11 0 mm is used to simulate the point load on the slab. Three different slab depths were chosen for the experimental procedure. The South African concrete design specification SABS 0 I 00, the Eurocode concrete design specification and Menetrey's design model are used to determine the theoretical punching shear capacities of the slabs. It is concluded in this study that the procedures described in the concrete design codes and by Menetrey to determine the punching shear stress of concrete slabs reinforced with high strength carbon steel reinforcing bar compare well with the experimental results when 3CR I 2 corrosion resisting steel is used as reinforcing bar in concrete. The experimental results do not compare well with the theoretical results when the new Eurocode is used.

Pitting corrosion is one of the most destructive types of metal loss. The purpose of this study was to investigate the evolution, or in other words, the propagation, of a single pit in carbon steel after the initiation stage. In view of the chemical and electrochemical reactions inside a single pit in carbon steel, a two dimensional model that allows the prediction of pit evolution was developed. Eleven species in aqueous sodium chloride solution and two neutral complexes were considered in the model. Given that the active-passive transition of a metal is a key phenomenon in pitting, the equations used to construct a Pourbaix diagram for iron were incorporated in the model as rules to govern passivation behaviour. By using the finite element package COMSOL Multiphysics as a tool, the Nernst-Planck equations for the mass transport and potential variations were solved. In addition, the multiphysics model was extended with Moving Boundary (ALE) mode to predict shapes of pits. The results of the study were that the model was able to investigate migration of ionic species, account for the active-passive transition of metal and also able to show the effect of solid precipitation. The model was able to show movement of the boundaries of a pit and hence, predict the shapes of pit at a given range of time. The results were discussed in comparison to the Pourbaix diagram of iron and compared with the experimental results and published models reported in literature. The principal conclusion is that modelling corrosion activities with integrated thermodynamic equations based on Pourbaix diagram methods is an outstanding way to model any other corrosion activities.

The corrosion fatigue behaviour of high strength carbon steel tensile armour wires that are used in flexible risers has been explored. An investigation of the corrosion fatigue failure mechanisms for two different sets of corrosion fatigue tested high strength steel wires has been carried out. The two different tensile armour wires were 12 mm x 4 mm and 12 mm x 7 mm. The wires had been corrosion fatigue tested in up to three different seawater environments, namely aerated, CO2 saturated to 1 bar absolute and 100 mbar absolute H2S-CO2 balance to 1 bar absolute. The corrosion fatigue failure investigation included undertaking statistical analysis of fatigue crack and corrosion pit data to establish the effects of environment, applied stress, R-ratio and microstructure due to degree of cold drawing on the corrosion fatigue behaviour. The 12 mm x 4 mm has fine grain martensite-pearlite structure with anisotropic microstructure in the transverse plane. The 12 mm x 7 mm has larger grain martensite-pearlite structure with equiaxed microstructure in the transverse plane. The corrosion fatigue crack path for the two tensile armour wires exhibits transgranular and intergranular cracking due to variations in R-ratio and microstructure. The analysis identified that a significant amount of localised corrosion pitting was present on the surface of both the 12 mm x 4 mm and 12 mm x 7 mm high strength carbon steel tensile armour wires and that many corrosion fatigue cracks had initiated from these geometric discontinuities. A method was developed in order to apply an optical image correlation technique to a sample immersed in seawater. The research has shown that digital image correlation may be applied for in-situ imaging of a corroding and dynamically deforming surface within a seawater environment. The technique demonstrated the establishment of localised surface strain around the corrosion pits during mechanical loading. The results of the surface strain mapping show that the interaction between multiple corrosion pits is consistent with a significant increase in surface strain when compared to a single surface pit acting alone. The results also show that a small single stress raiser can exhibit a high surface stress concentration when compared to a larger one as the strain is dependent upon the geometry of the pit. The highest strain concentration is at the edge of the pit, parallel to the loading direction. The results show the interaction that multiple pits have with each other, the effect they have on surface strains and how they and other types of stress raiser lead to premature failure of components. Further to this the effects of residual stress on crack nucleation were considered. Fatigue cracks initiate at the surface of the high strength carbon steel tensile armour wire therefore surface measurements were carried out to establish the effects of environment and applied load on the development of residual stress fields. The 12 mm x 4 mm wire shows some correlation between applied stress range and surface residual stress measurements with. For the 12 mm x 4 mm wire corrosion fatigue tested in aerated seawater the surface residual stress becomes increasing compressive with an increase in applied stress. For the 12 mm x 4 mm wire corrosion fatigue tested in CO2 saturated seawater the surface residual stress appears to be independent of applied stress. However for the 12 mm x 7 mm carbon steel tensile armour wire there is no correlation between the applied stress range and the surface residual stress. The differences in surface residual stress may be due to the differences in R-ratio, microstructure and level of cold drawing due to the Bauschinger effect. Surface residual stress measurements have been used to explore the effects of the shakedown process on the high strength carbon steel tensile armour wires prior to corrosion fatigue testing. They show that at a high applied stress range the shakedown process readily develops a compressive residual stress on the surface of the carbon steel wire. This is mostly the case for the low applied stress range; however care should be taken when considering the effects of shakedown on a lower stress range in so far as it may not completely remove the tensile residual stress. Through thickness residual stress measurements show a similar distribution of residual stress fields throughout the high strength carbon steel tensile armour wires independent of the applied stress range and environment.

In many areas of engineering industries there are necessary to bond steel, where traditional bonding processes such as welding and brazing are neither efficient enough nor possible. Alternative technique is transient liquid phase bonding (TLPB). In this study, carbon steel (IRAM 1010/1040) have been welded using transient liquid phase bonding method with Fe-B amorphous as filling material. The joints were performed by induction heating with argon flux, set pressure and different temperature and bonding times. The welded bars were then analysed using optical and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM).   The bars with good microstructures and optimal parameters were then tested with galvanostatic corrosion test against each other and non-welded bar to study the corrosion behaviours.  The study shows that the IRAM 1010 steel corroded slightly faster than the IRAM 1040 but comparing with the non-welded bars, still consider having good corrosion resistance.   In this study, TLP bonding shows to be a relevant method to weld low and medium carbon steel, regarding to the microstructure of the weld, corrosion behaviour, bonding time and temperature.

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Today, ethanol, as well as other biofuels, has been increasingly gaining popularity as a major alternative liquid fuel to replace conventional gasoline for road transportation. One of the key challenges for the future use of bioethanol is to increase its availability in the market via an efficient and economic way. However, one major concern in using the existing gas-pipelines to transport fuel-grade ethanol or blended fuel is the potential corrosion and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) susceptibility of carbon steel pipelines in these environments. Both phenomenological and mechanistic investigations have been carried out in order to address the possible degradation phenomena of X-65 pipeline carbon steel in simulated fuel-grade ethanol (SFGE). Firstly, the susceptibilities of stress corrosion cracking of this steel in SFGE were studied. Ethanol chemistry of SFGE was shown to have great impact on the stress corrosion crack initiation/propagation and the corrosion mode transition. Inclusions in the steel can increase local plastic strain and act as crack initiation sites. Secondly, the anodic behavior of carbon steel electrode was investigated in detail under different ethanol chemistry conditions. General corrosion and pitting susceptibility under unstressed condition were found to be sensitive to the ethanol chemistry. Low tendency to passivate and the sensitivity to ethanol chemistry are the major reasons which drive corrosion process in this system. Oxygen plays a critical role in controlling the passivity of carbon steel in ethanol. Thirdly, the detailed study was carried out to understand the SCC mechanism of carbon steel in SFGE. A film related anodic dissolution process was identified to be a major driving force during the crack propagation. Fourthly, more detailed electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) studies using phase angle analysis and transmission line simulation reveal a clearer physical picture of the stress corrosion cracking process in this environment. Fifthly, the cathodic reactions of carbon steel in SFGE were also investigated to understand the oxygen and hydrogen reactions. Hydrogen uptake into the pipeline steel and the conditions of the fractures related to hydrogen embrittlement were identified and studied.