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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:52:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:02:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Cerâmicas porosas à base de nitreto de silício vêm sendo amplamente estudadas por possibilitarem a obtenção de corpos que aliam porosidade e resistência mecânica. Isto se deve, principalmente ao característico mecanismo de reforço in-situ que o material apresenta, obtido com o crescimento anisotrópico de grãos de Si3N4. Neste estudo foram obtidos corpos de Si3N4 com diferentes porosidades (percentual, distribuição de tamanhos, etc.), por três técnicas diferentes: gel-casting de espumas com diferentes gelificantes (albumina, ágar e gelatina), gel-casting com amido e fase sacrificial com amido. As técnicas de obtenção de cerâmicas porosas por gel-casting de espuma, utilizando ágar, gelatina ou albumina como agentes gelificantes gerou muitos resultados, produzindo alterações em termos de estrutura de poros desenvolvida (ampla faixa de porosidade e de tamanho de poros), mas devido às dificuldades encontradas para um rígido controle do processamento (estabilização e reprodutibilidade da estrutura de bolhas) e consequentemente dos corpos obtidos, o tema foi desenvolvido apenas parcialmente. Com a utilização da técnica gel-casting com amido, as amostras produzidas apresentaram maior reprodutibilidade, sendo que a porosidade obtida variou de acordo com o amido empregado: com a utilização do amido de arroz obteve-se a menor porosidade (entre 17,4% e 20,8%), enquanto com o amido de batata atingiu-se a maior porosidade (entre 23% e 36%) e com o amido de milho, chegou-se a valores intermediários de porosidade (entre 18,9% e 28,1%). As amostras obtidas foram sinterizadas a 1800 °C e caracterizadas quanto à porosidade aparente, microestrutura e resistência mecânica por ensaio de compressão, podendo-se relacionar a porosidade e o tipo iv de amido adicionado com a resistência mecânica. Utilizando-se a técnica da fase sacrificial, adicionou-se à matriz de nitreto de silício diferentes tipos de amido (de arroz, de milho ou de batata), em diferentes percentuais (20, 30 e 40 % em volume), sendo as amostras obtidas sinterizadas sob diferentes temperaturas e tempos. Estas amostras foram caracterizadas de modo semelhante às descritas anteriormente, podendo-se relacionar a porosidade e tratamento térmico com a resistência mecânica. Os resultados obtidos com as amostras com o amido usando as duas técnicas foram comparados, permitindo-se concluir que as amostras obtidas por gel-casting apresentam maior resistência mecânica quando comparadas a amostras com porosidade semelhante, produzidas por fase sacrificial. / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

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Orientador: Simonides Consani / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T01:37:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mendes_WilsonBatista_D.pdf: 2328628 bytes, checksum: 84a6ebc2ccc7f57c27c8ec896e555096 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: O propósito deste estudo foi verificar a resistência à fratura da Porcelana pura e da cerâmica de cobertura sobre casquete de três sistemas cerâmicos (metalocerâmica, In Ceram e IPS Empress 2) após ciclagem mecânica, utilizando ensaio de carregamento com carga de compressão. As coroas foram fixadas nos preparos feitos em dentes bovinos, com cimento de ionômero de vidro modificado por resina composta ou cimento resinoso, seguindo as recomendações dos fabricantes. Após inclusão das raízes em tubos de PVC contendo resina acrílica, os preparos em forma de tronco de cone foram feitos com pontas diamantadas, em torno mecânico. Na linha marginal dos preparos foram confeccionados entalhes chanfrados, objetivando a padronização do posicionamento dos casquetes sobre o término marginal, em forma de ombro arredondado com 0,8mm de largura e paredes convergentes em 8 graus. Quinze casquetes foram confeccionados para cada um dos sistemas cerâmicos, exceto para a cerâmica pura, nos quais a aplicação da cerâmica de estratificação foi feita com auxílio de um dispositivo para padronizar a anatomia oclusal do dente. Após aplicação do glaze, a cimentação foi realizada com carga estática de 4kgf, por 1 minuto. Para simular o contato oclusal entre coroa e ponta da haste do dispositivo de carga, foram confeccionadas pontas-ativas metálicas com anatomia oclusal, de forma a não atingir o fundo da fossa e manter o paralelismo da haste. Após armazenagem em água destilada a 37ºC por 24 horas, os corpos-de-prova foram submetidos a 60.000 ciclos, com carga de 35N e 2Hz, imersos em água destilada. O teste de resistência à fratura foi efetuado numa máquina Instron, com velocidade de 0,5mm/minuto. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância para experimentos aleatórios com fator único (fratura após fadiga). Os resultados mostraram diferenças significativas entre os diferentes sistemas cerâmicos, em nível de 95% de probabilidade. O teste de Tukey (5%) mostrou que os valores de resistência à fratura após fadiga mecânica foram com diferença estatisticamente significativa quando o sistema IPS Empress 2 foi comparado com o In Ceram. Os valores entre Porcelana pura e In Ceram foram sem diferença estatística, sendo que a Metalocerâmica não diferiu estatisticamente dos demais sistemas / Abstract: The purpose of this study was to verify the fracture strength of coverage ceramics in relation to four ceramics systems (metalporcelain, pure porcelain, In Ceram and IPS Empress 2), utilizing compressive load trial after dynamic cycle. The crowns were fixed in complete crown preparations made in bovine teeth, with glass-ionomer cement modified by composite resin or resinous cement, following the manufacturer¿s recommendations. The teeth were embedded by root in PVC tubes comprising acrylic resin, and the crown was made with diamond points in mechanic lathe. In the marginal preparation line was made a bevel cut, with the objective of standardize the cap¿s placement upon the marginal line, in rounded shoulder with 0,8mm in width and convergent walls in 8 degrees. Fifteen copings were produced for each ceramic system, with exception for all ceramic, in which the stratification ceramic application was performed with aid of a device to standardize the occlusal tooth anatomy. After glaze application, the crown cementation was realized with 4kgf static load, for 1 minute. To simulate the occlusal contact between opposite crowns, the loading device surface was made according to the tooth occlusal anatomy. After water storage at 37°C for 24 hours, the specimens were submitted to 60,000 dynamic cycles (35N load and 2Hz) immersed in water. The fracture strength test was accomplished in an Instron machine with a crosshead speed of 0,5mm/minute. Collected data were submitted to one-way ANOVA analyzing the fracture after fatigue factor. The results showed statistically significant difference among different ceramic systems at confidence level of 95%. Tukey¿s test showed that the fracture strength values after fatigue were statistically different when IPS Empress 2 system was compared with In Ceram. The values between pure ceramic and In Ceram were with no statistically significant difference, whereas the metalceramic was with no statistically significant difference when compared to other systems / Doutorado / Materiais Dentarios / Doutor em Materiais Dentários

The mechanical behaviour of woven fabric-based continuous silicon carbide fibre reinforced Pyrex (SiC/Pyrex) and calcium alminosilicate (SiC/CAS) matrix composites under quasi-static and cyclic tensile loading has been investigated. Both a plain weave and a satin weave architecture were examined for each material type. Under quasi-static loading for all systems except the low temperature processed Pyrex system (which failed prematurely) a linear elastic region was observed up to an applied strain of 0.04-0.06%. Above this strain (the matrix microcracking threshold) a reduction in the composite modulus was seen. The reduction in composite stiffness is attributed to matrix microcracking, and the morphology of matrix microcracking was examined and quantified using an edge replication technique. In all systems the matrix microcrack density was seen to increase approximately linearly with increasing strain up to failure. The corresponding reduction in the composite modulus at failure was 40-50%. Associated with the damage there is hysteretic behaviour and an increasing residual strain. The strain to failure of the satin weave composites was higher than the plain weave composites. In the cyclic fatigue tests the number of cycles to failure decreased with increasing peak stress level. A progressive reduction in the composite modulus was seen with cycles even when the applied strain was below the matrix microcracking strain threshold. It is likely that at strains below this threshold there is non-interacting matrix microcracking which does not initially affect the composite modulus. However, on continued tensile fatigue cycling these microcracks grow through a possible sub-critical crack growth mechanism reducing the laminate modulus. A modified shear lag model was used to model the reduction in composite stiffness as a function of the measured matrix crack density. The woven composite was converted to an equivalent cross-ply sub-laminate on to which the matrix microcracks were superimposed. A model allowing for the presence of microcracks in both the matrix and transverse plies gave the best agreement between the experimental and predicted reduction in modulus.

This Thesis is primarily concerned with the effects of abrasive machining (diamond grinding) and diamond indentation on the fracture properties of a range of silicon nitride materials. Test specimens machined to surface finishes representative of those found on Aero Gas Turbine components were produced for Modulus of Rupture (MOR) testing, and variations in the fracture strengths were assessed. Optical and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were performed as a means of identifying the nature of the defects found within these materials. Having determined the dependence of strength and reliability on the machined surface finish, attempts were made to palliate the machining damage by thermal annealing and Nitrogen Ion Implantation. X-ray diffraction residual stress measurements were performed in order to quantify the magnitude of the near surface stresses in both the "as machined" and annealed conditions.* Diamond indentation techniques (Vickers and Knoop) were employed in order to determine the hardness of the materials studied and to quantify the extent of the Indentation Size Effect (ISE). These studies were then extended to the point of indentation fracture as a means of assessing the materials fracture toughness (KIC) and the nature of the crack systems beneath the indentation. *Residual stress measurements were carried out on a sub contract basis at the CEGB Central Laboratories by P E J Flewitt and D Lonsdale, their help throughout this work is gratefully acknowledged.

Thesis dealing with cutting ceramics and its efficient use. Introduction describes the general characteristics of the cutting of ceramics, its history and development and production of various kinds. This section describes the mechanical and physical properties with potential application in machining. The se-cond part is an overview of cutting-frame in the range of selected world leaders. Ano-ther section focuses on general assessment of the power of cutting tools and other ma-terials comparison. The fourth part, is comparing the working conditions of producers and tools intended for cutting.