Compared to upland areas and Scotland, the Holocene vegetational history of lowland England is poorly known. This is particularly the case for the region of Holdemess, eastern Yorkshire, where only a low number of poor temporal resolution pollen diagrams have been published, none of which include analysis of microscopic charcoal content. The records are also largely undated and as a result reliable correlation between sites is not possible, and the timings of the key vegetation changes recorded in the data remain unknown. In this study, high resolution pollen and charcoal records were produced from four small (24 ha) infilled basins located within central Holderness. Complementary techniques of percentage loss-on-ignition and pollen preservation analysis were also employed, and a comprehensive radiocarbon-dating programme was undertaken to provide a secure chronological framework. The palaeoecological records produced provide a high temporal resolution reconstruction of the Holocene development of central Holderness, particularly during the Early-Mid Holocene, and allow consideration of the changing roles that ecological interactions, climate, and human influence have played in determining the Holocene vegetational composition of the region. A number of significant landscape-scale disturbances of inferred anthropogenic origin were identified from ca 9290 BP onwards and shown to vary significantly in timing, duration and character between sites. It is proposed that this palaeoecological data can be used to supplement the poor archaeological record of the area. Several key issues including the role of climatic instability in determining vegetational composition during the Early Holocene, the interpretation of incidences of cereal-type pollen, the use of the charcoal record as a proxy indicator of human activity, and the use of pollen preservation analysis as an interpretational tool are also considered.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Tufts University, 2002. / Adviser: Holly Taylor. Submitted to the Dept. of Psychology. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 111-115). Access restricted to members of the Tufts University community. Also available via the World Wide Web;

Thesis PlanB (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Stout, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Food and Nutrition for Development))--Mahidol University, 2007. / LICL has E-Thesis 0030 ; please contact computer services.

Genetic studies were carried out on the fungal parasite Ustilago hordei (Pers.) Lagerh. and on its host, Hordeum vulgave L. (cultivated barley). In these studies of the host-parasite relationship, special emphasis was placed on the genetic investigation of the pathogenicity. The thesis is divided into four parts. Part I deals with multial1 elism of genes for virulence (v-genes) in the parasite, and demonstrated that four different levels of virulence (obtained on the barley cultivar Trebi) are controlled by alternative alleles at a single genetic locus in the parasite. This is the first demonstrated example of a series of multiple alleles determining different levels of virulence. Part II concerns the identification and characterization of v-genes in U. hordei and of resistance genes (R-genes) in H. vulgave. Three v-genes (two of them new, one of them previously known) were identified. It was shown that the previously identified gene was expressed either as a dominant or a recessive, dependingoon the conditions under which it was tested, and that the newly-identified genes were both recessive. Cultures possessing the newly-discovered v-genes were used in identifying two new R-genes in the barley host. A study of interactions involving the newly discovered v- and R-genes led to the conclusion that these interactions have their basis in gene-for-gene relationships. Part III deals with the synthesis of a complex biotype of u. hordei possessing v-genes at two genetic loci. Disease reaction obtained with this complex biotype were compared both qualitatively and quantitatively with those obtained with the simpler, parental biotypes. In tests on certain cultivars the complex biotype produced either the same or higher levels of disease reaction. Because the new biotype has ah extended host range it is considered that under certain conditions it would be comparatively more fit than either of the parental biotypes from which it was derived. Part IV of the thesis concerns the effects of nutritional deficiency on the action of v-genes. Dikaryons which were homozygous for arg, ad or met were in all cases non-pathogenic; for those which were homozygous for pdx, pathogenicity was unaffected. For dikaryons which were heterozygous for one or more nutritional deficiences, pathogenicity was either unimpaired or reduced, depending on the combination (deficiency: virulence gene: host cultivar) which was tested. It was concluded that the specificity of pathogen biotypes was not determined by the availability or non-availability of specific nutritional factors. However, the effects were not entirely non-specific, since changes in levels of virulence were shown only in certain tests. / Science, Faculty of / Botany, Department of / Graduate

A major concern in contemporary ecology has been the failure of management in many economically and socially important renewable resource systems. In spite of efforts to the contrary, management has often witnessed the evolution of such systems into behavior patterns almost diametrically opposed to their original objectives. Actually, it is management intervention which often seems to have initiated this evolution by disturbing the system's stability properties. This study shows how an alternative approach which emphasizes system redesign may alleviate the .problem of changing stability properties in some relatively simple and well studied ecosystems: the cereal rusts and the crops which they attack. The plant disease epidemiological literature records a number, of ideas about the behavior and management of cereal rust systems. Many of these ideas have been neither adequately field tested nor developed in a coherent analytic framework. In this study mathematical methods are used to determine the logical consequences of some of these hypotheses. The analysis suggests that cereal rust systems might indeed be redesigned to help management meet its objectives. Four alternative and mutually compatible potential strategies for achieving this goal are considered: (1) using natural enemies to delay disease onset, (2) using multilines or variety mixtures to inhibit plant to plant dispersal, (3) changing field geometry to increase dispersal wastage, and (4) employing polygenic resistance to slow the growth rate of the best adapted races. The research and development required to implement any of these strategies is briefly discussed. Recommendations for future work and comments on the promise of plant epidemiology as an area for ecological research are provided. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

No description available.

Please read the abstract in the 01chapter1 part of this document / Thesis (DPhil (Food Science))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Food Science / unrestricted

No description available.

Le maïs est une plante de culture vivrière commerciale très importante, cultivée partout dans le monde. Sa croissance et les rendements en champ sont affectés par de nombreuses contraintes environnementales. Dans ce travail, l'impact du polluant gazeux phytotoxique, l'ozone, a été étudié sur les feuilles de maïs en utilisant une approche moléculaire et biochimique. Les concentrations en ozone dans la troposphère ont considérablement augmenté dans un passé récent, et actuellement l'ozone affecte clairement les cultures. Un système de fumigation récemment développé à l'INRA a été utilisé pour exposer à l'ozone les maïs en champs de façon contrôlée. Soixante et onze jours après le semis, les plantes ont été soumises à une fumigation d'ozone de 98 ppb.h-1 en moyenne. Les feuilles 10 et 12 ont été récoltées après 20, 35 et 50 jours de traitement. L'expression de trois gènes codant les metacaspases (ZmMCII-1, ZmMCII-2 and ZmMCII-3) ainsi que de leur activité enzymatique globale ont été étudiées lors de la sénescence, et en réponse à l'ozone, dans les feuilles. Pour la première fois, nous avons montré une accumulation significative de l'ARNm des trois metacapases en réponse à l'ozone. Par ailleurs, l'activité enzymatique cellulaire globale des metacaspases est également fortement stimulée dans les deux cas (ozone et sénescence). La surexpression des gènes et la stimulation de l'activité des metacaspases pourraient êtres liés à un ajustement des catabolismes protéiques des feuilles lors de la sénescence et en réponse à l'ozone. Au cours d'autres expériences, les mêmes réponses ont été observées dans le cas de la papaïne-like protéase à cystéine (Mor-CP). De plus, un nouvel inhibiteur des protéases à cysteine, une cystatin a été identifiée dans des feuilles de maïs et a été nommée CC11. L'ADNc complet a été isolé et la protéine recombinante CC11 correspondante a été obtenue et purifiée, à partir d'un système bactérien hétérologue (Vecteur pET30 (EK/LIC) et E. coli BL21 (DE3) plyS). Cette nouvelle cystatine présente une activité inhibitrice optimale vis-à-vis de la papaïne (100%) et très importante (57-80%) vis à vis des protéases à cystéine de feuilles de maïs. Par conséquent, son implication dans la régulation de l'activité des protéases à cystéine en réponse à l'ozone, peut être supposée. Enfin, la production de protéines recombinantes à partir d'ADNc isolés a été réalisée, correspondant aux régions actives de la metacaspase ZmMCII-2 et de la protéase à cystéine Mor-CP. Les anticorps polyclonaux ont été obtenus pour une étude future des événements post-transcriptionels. En conclusion, les protéases à cystéine (caspase-like et papaïne-like) pourraient être utilisées comme paramètres nouveaux pour le criblage de géniteurs dans les programmes d'amélioration du maïs pour la tolérance à l'ozone / Maize is a major crop cultivated all over the world. Its yield and growth is affected by numerous environmental stresses. In the present work, the impact of the gaseous phytotoxic pollutant, ozone, on maize leaves was studied, using a molecular and biochemical approach. Concentrations of ozone in the troposphere have increased dramatically in the recent past and it now negatively affects crops growth and yield. In this work, a recently developed fumigation system was used to expose maize plants in the field. Seventy-one days after sowing, the plants were submitted to ozone fumigation at an average concentration of 98 ppb.h-1. The 10th and 12th leaves were harvested after 20, 35 and 50 days of treatment. Expression of three genes coding caspase-like cysteine proteases “metacaspases” (denoted as ZmMCII-1, ZmMCII-2 and ZmMCII-3) and their global activity was studied in senescent and ozone-exposed maize leaves. For the first time, we observed that mRNA accumulation of the three caspase-like cysteine proteases increased significantly in response to ozone exposure. Moreover, the global activity of metacaspases also increased significantly in both senescencing and ozone-exposed plants. The metacaspases activity and mRNA up-regulation could represent control points for leaf tissues to determine the degree and timing of protein catabolism during senescence and ozone treatment. Protein catabolism was indeed stimulated in response to ozone since increases in the expression of a gene coding an ozone-induced papain-like cysteine protease (Mor-CP) and in global papain-like cysteine proteases activities in leaf tissues were observed. In addition, we identified new cysteine protease inhibitor CC11 “cystatin” in maize leaves. After the recombinant CC11 protein was purified from a bacterial heterologous system (E. coli strain BL21 (DE3) plyS with a pET 30 (EK/LIC) vector), it was shown to be active in vitro against commercial papain (100% inhibition) and against total maize leaf cysteine protease extract (57-80% inhibition). Therefore its involvement in the regulation of cysteine protease activity in response to ozone exposure could be supposed. Production of the recombinant proteins corresponding to the active regions of ZmMCII-2 and Mor-CP was achieved. The corresponding polyclonal antibodies were obtained to study post-transcriptional events in maize leaves, in the future. In conclusion, we have identified the new enzymes, metacaspases and cysteine proteases involved in proteolysis which could be used as novel parameters for screening different maize varieties for improved tolerance to ozone pollution