High data rate applications are the trend in today's wireless technology. W-CDMA standard was designed to support such high data rates of up to 3.84 Mcps. The main purpose of this research was to analyze the feasibility of a fixed-point implementation of the W-CDMA downlink receiver algorithm on a general-purpose digital signal processor (StarCore SC140 by Motorola). The very large instruction word architecture of SC140 core is utilized to generate optimal implementation, to meet the real time timing requirements of the algorithm. The other main aim of this work was to study and evaluate the performance of the W-CDMA downlink structure with incorporated space-time transmit diversity. The effect of the channel estimation algorithm used was extensively studied too.

Diversity transmission is an effective technique to combat fading channels and this thesis introduces two main ideas. Firstly, a novel precoding technique is proposed to achieve diversity transmission and improve bit error rate (BER) performance over the existing linear constellation precoding (LCP) techniques. Experimental and theoretical results are presented to show that the proposed precoding schemes can outperform the existing LCP schemes in various fading channels and additive white Gaussian noise channels. Secondly, an interleaving technique to further improve the BER performance is proposed. The proposed diversity transmission techniques are implemented for both single-carrier and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. The second part of the thesis focuses on the pairwise error probability analysis of the proposed and LCP schemes when receivers have imperfect channel state information (CSI). The BER performance of the proposed precoding and interleaver scheme are investigated in OFDM systems with minimum mean square error channel estimators and single-carrier systems with basis expansion model based channel estimators. It is demonstrated that while precoding schemes designed for receivers with perfect CSI yield near-optimum BER performance in the former system, the proposed phase-shift keying based precoding schemes perform well in the latter system. In both cases, the proposed precoding scheme, combined with the novel interleaving technique, outperforms the existing LCP schemes.

Diversity transmission is an effective technique to combat fading channels and this thesis introduces two main ideas. Firstly, a novel precoding technique is proposed to achieve diversity transmission and improve bit error rate (BER) performance over the existing linear constellation precoding (LCP) techniques. Experimental and theoretical results are presented to show that the proposed precoding schemes can outperform the existing LCP schemes in various fading channels and additive white Gaussian noise channels. Secondly, an interleaving technique to further improve the BER performance is proposed. The proposed diversity transmission techniques are implemented for both single-carrier and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. The second part of the thesis focuses on the pairwise error probability analysis of the proposed and LCP schemes when receivers have imperfect channel state information (CSI). The BER performance of the proposed precoding and interleaver scheme are investigated in OFDM systems with minimum mean square error channel estimators and single-carrier systems with basis expansion model based channel estimators. It is demonstrated that while precoding schemes designed for receivers with perfect CSI yield near-optimum BER performance in the former system, the proposed phase-shift keying based precoding schemes perform well in the latter system. In both cases, the proposed precoding scheme, combined with the novel interleaving technique, outperforms the existing LCP schemes.

In this thesis, we considered the problem of frame synchronization and channel estimation in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems. Since framing error may cause severe ISI and may disturb the orthogonality of the subcarriers, frame synchronization must be accomplished at the OFDM receiver. Furthermore, the effects of channel must be compensated to obtain the symbols accurately. We investigated several frame synchronization algorithms including a maximum likelihood (ML) synchronizer which relies on the periodicity induced in the OFDM structure, and a robust synchronizer which uses a special training symbol. These algorithms are evaluated in AWGN and Rayleigh fading multipath channels and performances are compared in terms of percentage of ISI-free synchronization, mean squared error and symbol error rate. The IEEE 802.11a framework is used to compare these algorithms with the standard system which utilizes training symbols dedicated for synchronization. It is shown that an adjustment for the frame start estimates must be done to avoid the effects of the channel delay spread. It is also pointed that ideal synchronization is not necessary unless symbol boundaries are detected inside an ISI-free region and the error aroused in ISI-free synchronization can be compensated by applying channel estimation and equalization regarding the same symbol boundaries.

Master of Engineering (Research) / Multiple antenna systems are an appealing candidate for emerging fourth-generation wireless networks due to its potential to exploit space diversity for increasing conveyed throughput without wasting bandwidth and power resources. Particularly, layered space-time architecture (LST) proposed by Foschini, is a technique to achieve a significant fraction of the theoretical capacity with a reasonable implementation complexity. There has been a great deal of challenges in the detection of space-time signal; especially to design a low-complexity detector, which can efficiently remove multi-layer interference and approach the interference free bound. The application of iterative principle to joint detection and decoding has been a promising approach. It has been shown that, the iterative receiver with parallel interference canceller (PIC) has a low linear complexity and near interference free performance. Furthermore, it is widely accepted that the performance of digital communication systems can be considerably improved once the channel state information (CSI) is used to optimize the transmit signal. In this thesis, the problem of the design of a power allocation strategy in LST architecture to simultaneously optimize coding, diversity and weighting gains is addressed. A more practical scenario is also considered by assuming imperfect CSI at the receiver. The effect of channel estimation errors in LST architecture with an iterative PIC receiver is investigated. It is shown that imperfect channel estimation at an LST receiver results in erroneous decision statistics at the very first iteration and this error propagates to the subsequent iterations, which ultimately leads to severe degradation of the overall performance. We design a transmit power allocation policy to take into account the imperfection in the channel estimation process. The transmit power of various layers is optimized through minimization of the average bit error rate (BER) of the LST architecture with a low complexity iterative PIC detector. At the receiver, the PIC detector performs both interference regeneration and cancellation simultaneously for all layers. A convolutional code is used as the constituent code. The iterative decoding principle is applied to pass the a posteriori probability estimates between the detector and decoders. The decoder is based on the maximum a posteriori (MAP) algorithms. A closed-form optimal solution for power allocation in terms of the minimum BER is obtained. In order to validate the effectiveness of the proposed schemes, substantial simulation results are provided.

Κανάλια με αραιή κρουστική απόκριση εμφανίζονται πάρα πολύ συχνά σε εφαρμογές ασύρματων κυρίως τηλεπικοινωνιακών συστημάτων. Παραδείγματα τέτοιων εφαρμογών είναι η εκπομπή HDTV (HighDefinitionΤelevision) ή εκπομπή μέσω υποθαλλάσιων ακουστικών καναλιών. Σε όλες αυτές τις εφαρμογές η μορφή του καναλιού διαμορφώνεται από το φαινόμενο της πολυδιόδευσης. Συνεπώς ο δέκτης λαμβάνει έναν περιορισμένο αριθμό από διαφορετικές εκδοχές του εκπεμπόμενου σήματος καθεμία με διαφορετική εξασθένιση και καθυστέρηση. Ως εκ τούτου η συνάρτηση της κρουστικής απόκρισης ενός τέτοιου καναλιού αποτελείται από ελάχιστα μη μηδενικά στοιχεία σε συγκριση με το μήκος της, καθένα από τα οποία αντιστοιχεί σε ένα από τα μονοπάτια πολυδιόδευσης. Για την ισοστάθμιση αυτών των καναλιών έχουν προταθεί διάφορες τεχνικές, πολλές από τις οποίες εκμεταλλεύονται την ιδιαίτερη αυτή μορφή της κρουστικής απόκρισης. Πολλοί από τους προτεινόμενους ισοσταθμιστές καναλιών απαιτούν την παρεμβολή ακολουθίων εκμάθησης ανάμεσα στην ακολουθία δεδομένων, οι οποίες είναι εκ των προτέρων γνωστές στον δέκτη. Χρησιμοποιούνται δε προκειμένου ο αλγόριθμος εκτίμησης του καναλιού να συγκλίνει όσο το δυνατόν ταχύτερα στην επιθυμητή τιμή. Μειονέκτημα αυτών των μεθόδων είναι η επιβάρυνση του ωφέλιμου εύρους ζώνης που συνεπάγεται. Ωστόσο η εκ των προτέρων γνώση της αραιής μορφής της κρουστικής απόκρισης εχει δώσει αφορμή για την σχεδίαση ισοσταθμιστών με περιορισμένο μήκος αλλά εξίσου καλή απόδοση. Οι συμβατικές τεχνικές εκτίμησης καναλιών, όπως η Least Square μέθοδος, δεν εκμεταλλεύονται αυτή την γνώση. Οι πρόσφατες δε εξελίξεις στην ανακατασκευή αραιών σημάτων μέσω τεχνικών συμπιεσμένης καταγραφής (compressed sensing) έχουν οδηγήσει στην μελέτη της εφαρμογής τέτοιων τεχνικών στο πρόβλημα της εκτίμησης καναλιού. Η μέθοδος της συμπιεσμένης καταγραφής στηρίζεται στη δυνατότητα ανακατασκευής αραιών σημάτων από πλήθος δειγμάτων αισθητά κατώτερο από αυτό που προβλέπει το θεωρητικό όριο του Nyquist. Έχει αποδειχθεί ότι η ανακατασκευή αυτή είναι δυνατή όταν το σήμα ή έστω κάποιος μετασχηματισμός του περιέχει λίγα μη μηδενικά στοιχεία σε σχέση με το μήκος του. Οι εφαρμογές αυτών των τεχνικών εκτείνονται και σε άλλα πεδία όπως η επεξεργασία εικόνας, η μαγνητική τομογραφία, η ανάλυση γεωφυσικών δεδομένων, η επεξεργασία εικόνας radar, η αστρονομία κ.α. Στα πλαίσια αυτής της εργασίας παρουσιάζονταιοι βασικές αρχές που διέπουν την ανακατασκευή αραιών σημάτων μέσω της επίλυσης υποορισμένων συστημάτων γραμμικών εξισώσεων. Παράλληλα παρουσιάζονται οι κυριότεροι αλγόριθμοι που έχουν προταθεί για την υλοποίηση της και εξετάζονται ως προς την απόδοση και την υπολογιστική πολυπλοκότητα τους. Εν συνεχεία εξετάζεται η εφαρμογή αυτών των αλγορίθμων στο πρόβλημα της εκτίμησης αραιών καναλιών. Προτείνονται δε ισοσταθμιστές αραιών καναλιών βασισμένοι σε εκτιμητές απόκρισης που χρησιμοποιούν τεχνικές συμπιεσμένης καταγραφής. / Channels with sparse impulse response are very common in wireless telecommunications systems applications. Example of such channel is HDTV channel where multipath distribution of the transmitted signal results in a sparse form of the channel impulse response. Several different versions of the same signal are received, each one with its own gain and delay. As a result, channel impulse response has a few non zero taps compared to its length, its one corresponding to a different distribution path. Several techniques for estimating and equalizing such channels have been proposed, most of them taking advantage of this sparse form of the impulse response. The transmission of a training sequence known to the receiver is required for this purpose. It is used so that the channel estimation algorithm at the receiver converges faster. The disadvantage of the use of a training sequence is the fact that the useful bandwidth is reduced. However the a priori knowledge of the sparse form of the training sequence has led to the design of equalizers that require short training sequences but have satisfactory performance. Channel estimation techniques based on least square method do not take advantage of this idea. On the other hand recent progress on sparse signal reconstruction using compressed sensing techniques has led scientists to research the potential use of such algorithms in channel estimation. Compressed sensing is based on the idea of reconstructing a sparse signal using less samples that those predicted by Nyquist theorem. It has been proved that such a reconstruction is feasible if the reconstructed signal is sparse enough. In this dissertation several sparse signal reconstruction algorithms are presented and their performance and complexity are evaluated. Then the application of these algorithms on channel estimation equalization problem is analyzed.

Passive coherent location (PCL) radars employ illuminators of opportunity to detect and track targets. This silent operating mode provides many advantages such as low cost and interception immunity. Many radiation sources have been exploited as illumination sources such as broadcasting and telecommunication transmitters. The classical architecture of the bistatic PCL radars involves two receiving channels: a reference channel and a surveillance channel. The reference channel captures the direct-path signal from the transmitter, and the surveillancesignal collects the possible target echoes. The two major challenges for the PCL radars are the reference signal noise and the surveillance signal static clutter. A noisy reference signal degrades the detection probability by increasing the noise-floor level of the detection filter output. And the static clutter presence in the surveillance signal reduces the detector dynamic range and buries low magnitude echoes.In this thesis, we consider a PCL radar based on the digital video broadcasting-terrestrial (DVB-T) signals, and we propose a set of improved methods to deal with the reference signal noise and the static clutter in the surveillance signal. The DVB-T signals constitute an excellentcandidate as an illumination source for PCL radars; they are characterized by a wide bandwidth and a high radiated power. In addition, they provide the possibility of reconstructing the reference signal to enhance its quality, and they allow a straightforward static clutter suppressionin the frequency domain. This thesis proposes an optimum method for the reference signal reconstruction and an improved method for the static clutter suppression.The optimum reference signal reconstruction minimizes the mean square error between the reconstructed signal and the exact one. And the improved static clutter suppression method exploits the possibility of estimating the propagation channel. These two methods extend thefeasibility of a single receiver PCL radar, where the reference signal is extracted from the direct-path signal present in the surveillance signal. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

abstract: Both two-way relays (TWR) and full-duplex (FD) radios are spectrally efficient, and their integration shows great potential to further improve the spectral efficiency, which offers a solution to the fifth generation wireless systems. High quality channel state information (CSI) are the key components for the implementation and the performance of the FD TWR system, making channel estimation in FD TWRs crucial. The impact of channel estimation on spectral efficiency in half-duplex multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) TWR systems is investigated. The trade-off between training and data energy is proposed. In the case that two sources are symmetric in power and number of antennas, a closed-form for the optimal ratio of data energy to total energy is derived. It can be shown that the achievable rate is a monotonically increasing function of the data length. The asymmetric case is discussed as well. Efficient and accurate training schemes for FD TWRs are essential for profiting from the inherent spectrally efficient structures of both FD and TWRs. A novel one-block training scheme with a maximum likelihood (ML) estimator is proposed to estimate the channels between the nodes and the residual self-interference (RSI) channel simultaneously. Baseline training schemes are also considered to compare with the one-block scheme. The Cramer-Rao bounds (CRBs) of the training schemes are derived and analyzed by using the asymptotic properties of Toeplitz matrices. The benefit of estimating the RSI channel is shown analytically in terms of Fisher information. To obtain fundamental and analytic results of how the RSI affects the spectral efficiency, one-way FD relay systems are studied. Optimal training design and ML channel estimation are proposed to estimate the RSI channel. The CRBs are derived and analyzed in closed-form so that the optimal training sequence can be found via minimizing the CRB. Extensions of the training scheme to frequency-selective channels and multiple relays are also presented. Simultaneously sensing and transmission in an FD cognitive radio system with MIMO is considered. The trade-off between the transmission rate and the detection accuracy is characterized by the sum-rate of the primary and the secondary users. Different beamforming and combining schemes are proposed and compared. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Electrical Engineering 2018

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / In this work, the performance of MIMO systems based on space-time coding is investigated through multilinear algebra, more specifically, by means of tensor decompositions, pulling away a bit from commonly used matrix models. We assume a system composed of P transmit and M receive antennas, consisting of a combination of a space-time block code (STBC) with a formatting filter. This filter is formed by a precoding matrix and a matrix that maps the precoded signal onto the transmit antennas. For the considered system, two contributions are presented to solve the problem of channel estimation. First, we propose a tensor-based channel estimation method for orthogonal STBCs in MIMO systems, by focusing on the specific case of the Alamouti scheme. We resort to a third order PARATUCK2 tensor model for the received signal, the third dimension of which is related to the presence of the formatting filter. By capitalizing on this tensor model, a channel estimation method based on the alternating least squares (ALS) algorithm is proposed. As a second contribution, a generalization of this method to an arbitrary nonorthogonal STBC is made, where a generalized structure is proposed for the formatting filter, introducing a fourth dimension into the tensor signal model. In this case, we make use of the PARATUCK(2-4) model followed by its reduction to a structured PARAFAC model, from which a closed-form solution to the channel estimation problem is established. The performance metrics considered for evaluating the proposed channel estimation method are: (I) the quality of the estimation in terms of NMSE and (II) the system reliability in terms of Bit Error Rate. / Neste trabalho, o desempenho de sistemas MIMO baseados em codificaÃÃo espaÃo temporal à investigado via Ãlgebra multilinear, mais especificamente, por meio de decomposiÃÃes tensoriais, afastando-se um pouco dos modelos matriciais comumente adotados. Assume-se um sistema composto de P antenas transmissoras e M receptoras, consistindo de uma combinaÃÃo de um cÃdigo espaÃo-temporal em bloco com um filtro formatador. Esse filtro à formado por uma matriz de prÃ-codificaÃÃo e uma matriz que mapeia os sinais prÃ-codificados nas antenas transmissoras. Para o sistema considerado, duas contribuiÃÃes sÃo apresentadas para solucionar o problema de estimaÃÃo de canal. Primeiro, à proposto um mÃtodo tensorial de estimaÃÃo de canal para STBCs ortogonais em sistemas MIMO, tomando-se como exemplo o esquema de Alamouti. Tal mÃtodo faz uso de um modelo tensorial PARATUCK2 de terceira ordem para o sinal recebido, cuja terceira dimensÃo està associada à presenÃa do filtro formatador. Aproveitando-se desse modelo tensorial, um mÃtodo de estimaÃÃo de canal baseado no algoritmo dos mÃnimos quadrados alternados à proposto. Como uma segunda contribuiÃÃo, uma generalizaÃÃo desse modelo para um STBC nÃo ortogonal arbitrÃrio à feita, em que uma estrutura generalizada à proposta para o filtro formatador, introduzindo uma quarta dimensÃo no modelo tensorial de sinal. Neste caso, faz-se uso do modelo PARATUCK(2-4) seguido pela sua reduÃÃo a um modelo PARAFAC estruturado, a partir do qual uma soluÃÃo em forma fechada para o problema de estimaÃÃo de canal à estabelecida. As mÃtricas de desempenho consideradas para avaliaÃÃo dos mÃtodos de estimaÃÃo de canal propostos sÃo: (I) A qualidade da estimaÃÃo do canal em termos de NMSE e (II) a confiabilidade do sistema em termos de Taxa de Erro de Bit.

[pt] Sistemas OFDM têm conseguido atenção dos órgãos internacionais de padronização na última década. Vários trabalhos na literatura tratam sobre como otimizar a transmissão desses sistemas na situação de enlace aberto, ou seja, onde não há comunicação reversa entre transmissor e receptor. Este trabalho foca a utilização de enlace fechado para sistemas de transmissão OFDM, um assunto pouco explorado até agora. Aqui focamos principalmente no método recentemente proposto na literatura de alocação dinâmica de símbolos-pilotos. Foi mostrado recentemente que, para sistemas OFDM coerentes e de enlace fechado, essa opção é a que traz mais ganhos. Os símbolos-piloto são usados para obter amostras do comportamento do canal a fim de detectar os símbolos de dado corretamente. Esses pilotos, porém, não precisam estar dispostos para a melhor estimação possível do canal. Almeja-se apenas uma estimação boa o suficiente. Nesse trabalho propõe-se uma estratégia de alocação de pilotos com o objetivo de minimizar a probabilidade de erro de bits do sistema. Sugere-se também um algoritmo de menor complexidade que mantém grande parte do desempenho da solução ótima. Resultados experimentais mostram ganhos bastante significativos. / [en] OFDM systems have gathered quite some attention from international standardization bodies for the past decade. Various works in literature aim at optimizing transmission for these systems in the open-loop scenario, i.e. when there is no feedback communication between transmitter and receiver. This work focuses on the utilization of a closed-loop for OFDM systems, a subject which has not been thoroughly explored so far. Here we primarily focus on the recently proposed method of dynamic pilot-symbol allocation. It was shown in a recent paper that for coherent closed-loop OFDM systems, this option is capable of delivering substantial increases in performance. The pilot-symbols are used to sample channel behavior so that data symbols can be decoded correctly. However, these pilot do not need to be located so as to estimate the channel in the best possible way. The system requires an estimation which is only good enough. In this work, we propose a pilotsymbol allocation strategy with the goal of minimizing the bit error rate. We also suggest a lower complexity algorithm, which attains most of the performance of the optimal solution. Experimental results show significant gains.