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Orientador: Luiz Fernando Costa Nascimento / Banca: Jose Elias Tomazini / Banca: Ulysses Fernandes Ervilha / Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo é comparar o alinhamento postural estático por método quantitativo, de indivíduos sintomáticos e não sintomáticos de dor na coluna vertebral. É um estudo transversal do qual participaram sujeitos com cervicalgia, lombalgia e sem queixas dolorosas. O procedimento constituiu do preenchimento do protocolo de anamnese, colocação de marcadores em pontos anatômicos específicos e obtenção de fotografias em vista anterior, posterior, lateral direita e esquerda, segundo o protocolo do Software de Avaliação Postural (SAPO). O SAPO trata-se de um programa computacional com tutoriais científicos vinculado ao CNPq. A análise das fotografias digitalizadas foi por meio deste programa que expõe os resultados pelo relatório gerado no Excel. É um programa de acesso público, que disponibiliza recursos para a análise postural, de forma a medir os ângulos em graus e em centímetro as diferenças de comprimento dos membros inferiores. Os ângulos avaliados foram analisados em módulo e suas medidas foram submetidas à análise estatística pela comparação de médias entre os três grupos utilizando o teste de ANOVA e quando comparados dois a dois, utilizou o teste t de Student, com significância de 5%. Foram identificados valores quantitativos para as variáveis de análise postural para os segmentos da cabeça, tronco e membros inferiores, nas quatro vistas. Os desvios referentes às vistas anterior e lateral direita, apresentaram maior prevalência em termos de diferença estatística entre os sujeitos dos três grupos estudados, sendo que a diferença no comprimento dos membros inferiores só se mostrou significativamente diferente entre os grupos de sujeitos com lombalgia e sujeitos assintomáticos. / Abstract: The objective of this study is to compare the postural alignment static for quantitative method, of symptomatic and not symptomatic individuals of pain in the vertebral column. It is a transversal study of which they had participated citizens with cervical pain, lombar pain and without painful complaints. The procedure it constituted to fill based on anamneses protocol, anatomic markers on specific points and photograph attainment in previous, posterior sight, lateral right and left, according to protocol of the Software of Postural Evaluation SAPO The SAPO is about a computational program with tutorial scientific tied with the CNPq. The analysis of scanned photographs was by means of this program that displays the results for the report generated in the Excel. It is a program of public access, that makes available resources for the postural analysis, of form to measure the angles in degrees and centimeter the differences of length of the inferior members. The evaluated angles had been analyzed in module and its measures had been submitted to the statistics analysis for the comparison of averages between the three groups using the test of ANOVA and when compared as couple, the T test of Student was used, with significance of 5%. Quantitative values for the 0 variable of postural analysis for the segments of the head, inferior trunk had been identified in the four sights. The referring shunting lines to the sights previous and lateral right, had presented greater prevalence in difference statistics terms enter the citizens of the three studied groups, being that the difference in the length of the inferior members if only showed significantly different in the groups of citizens with lombar pain and assymptomatic citizens. / Mestre

ABSTRACT A LABORATORY MODEL STUDY ON SETTLEMENT REDUCTION Effect OF STONE COLUMNS IN SOFT CLAY S&uuml / nnetcioglu, Mehmet Emrah M.Sc., Department of Civil Engineering Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Mehmet Ufuk Ergun August 2012, 177 pages An experimental study was conducted in order to examine settlement reduction ratios of footing supported by both floating and end bearing type of stone columns. For the floating types, tests were done with varying column lengths of one and two widths of footing (L=B,2B). Tests were conducted in 200 mm* 200 mm* 200 mm cubic loading tanks. The reinforcement effect was achieved by the installation of four stone columns with 20 mm diameter under 70 mm* 70mm model footing. Parameters such as area replacement ratio (a_s), loading plate dimensions, consolidation and vertical pressures applied, and the relative density (D_R) of the granular column were kept constant, the column length (L) was set as the only variable in the experimental tests conducted. In the tests, footing settlements together with subsurface settlements at depths equal to footing width (B) and two times the footing width (2B) were measured by specially designed telltales. The settlement reduction ratios both at surface and subsurface were evaluated in order to determine the effect of column length on settlement improvement. It has been found out that as the column length increases the settlement reduction ratios decrease for all depth intervals. However, there exists a threshold column length (L=2B), beyond which the composite ground demonstrates little settlement improvement.

In this thesis, an alternative control method based on Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) is proposed to keep the product composition of a distillation column constant. This study compares a proposed FIS to traditional PID (proportional, integral, derivative) control technique and analyzes the results. The FIS is applied to the control of the tray temperature of the distillation column by using indirect feed split control structure to modulate the steam flow with management of the tray temperature. In turn, this modulation maintains the composition of product at specified levels. Rockwell fuzzy designer is used to develop the fuzzy logic controller. Both a fuzzy logic controller and a PID controller are downloaded in the Rockwell ControlLogix L62 process controller. Chemstations Chemcad simulation software is used to run the distillation column simulations. Simulation results are programmed into L62 process controller to behave as a dynamic distillation column. Results show that the proposed fuzzy logic controller is more tolerant to disturbances in the feed flow and feed composition of the distillation column than the PID controller.

This study presents experimental results from nine large-scale circular concrete columns reinforced with longitudinal and transverse glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars. These specimens were tested under lateral cyclic quasi-static loading while simultaneously subjected to constant axial load. Based on the measured hysteretic loops of moment vs. curvature and shear vs. tip deflection relationships, a series of parameters related to ductility and flexural strength are used to evaluate the seismic behavior of each column. The results showed that concrete columns reinforced with GFRP bars have stable post-peak branches and can achieve very high levels of deformability. Longitudinal GFRP bars maintained their stiffness at high strains and transverse GFRP spirals provided increasing confinement for the entire duration of the test without any spiral damage. The tests showed that, as an innovative material with excellent corrosion resistance GFRP bars can be successfully used as internal reinforcement in ductile concrete columns.

This study presents experimental results from nine large-scale circular concrete columns reinforced with longitudinal and transverse glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars. These specimens were tested under lateral cyclic quasi-static loading while simultaneously subjected to constant axial load. Based on the measured hysteretic loops of moment vs. curvature and shear vs. tip deflection relationships, a series of parameters related to ductility and flexural strength are used to evaluate the seismic behavior of each column. The results showed that concrete columns reinforced with GFRP bars have stable post-peak branches and can achieve very high levels of deformability. Longitudinal GFRP bars maintained their stiffness at high strains and transverse GFRP spirals provided increasing confinement for the entire duration of the test without any spiral damage. The tests showed that, as an innovative material with excellent corrosion resistance GFRP bars can be successfully used as internal reinforcement in ductile concrete columns.

The behaviour of limited subassemblages with flexible beans and semi-rigid beam to column connections was studied using a computer program in which the finite element method was employed in a non-linear analysis which accounts for the presence of semi-rigid connections and the inelastic behaviour of frames. The program accounts for many other factors such as initial imperfections and residual stresses. The theoretical background to the present computer program has been presented along with the program layout. The program was used to simulate some of the experimental results obtained from tests on rigidly and flexibly connected frames with different combinations of beam and column loads. The analytical results were found to compare reasonably well with the experimental results. The program was also used to simulate a series of I-shaped subassemblages that were tested at the University of Sheffield. Comparisons were made between the analytical and experimental results characterized by the maximum loads, load-deflection curves and load- moment curves. Good agreement was obtained between the analytical and the experimental load-deflection curves for all of the cases considered. The general trends of the measured and calculated load- moment curves for most cases were found to be comparable. The recommendations given in B35950 for the design of columns in simple construction were applied to all cases in the last series and were found unconservative in the cases of balanced loading and conservative in the cases of unbalanced loads. A limited parametric study was conducted to study the effects of semi-rigid joints, bean flexibility and type of loading. In this study, an I-shaped subassemblage was analysed for different load types and different types of beam to column connections. A substantial effect was recognized due to the presence of semi-rigid connections whether or not a beam load was applied. Beam flexibility was also seen to affect the carrying capacity of the subassemblage under the action of column load only although this effect was less noticeable than that of the connection flexibility. The presence of beam load was found to result in an unexpected interaction curve which relates the total force in the column to the moment that is transmitted to the column's end. An almost linear relationship with negative gradient seems to exist between the column and beam loads. It is pointed out that all the findings of the present study are based on the range of cases considered in the parametric study but it is suggested that they serve as indicators to the behaviour of any the subassemblage under axial load oniy or axial load combined with beam loads. A few recommendations for future work are presented.

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The purpose of the project described in this paper has been to complete construction and to determine the operating characteristics of a charging system and a corona-type controlled leakage system for the compact Van de Graaf generator now under construction at North Texas State University. Calibration data of the generating voltmeter to be used for determining the potential developed by the generator are also included in the paper.

Implied spatial boundaries are examined and evaluated at a camping shelter complex on an Eastern California lake. A grid of concrete columns house a series of suspended wooden boxes and a connecting ramp. / Master of Architecture