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No / The article is organized into two main parts. First, it presents the termination of the conflict in Sierra Leone as a case-study to examine the degree to which cosmopolitan values connecting peacekeeping and peacebuilding are (or are not) evident. The case-study looks at the United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL) as a model of successful peacekeeping in the sense that everyday security was provided for the people of Sierra Leone through the deployment of a robust peacekeeping mission. This assessment needs to be qualified in relation to serious deficits still to be addressed in post-conflict peacebuilding, yet the success of this mission does provide encouragement for those who see the construction of a cosmopolitan security architecture for Africa as both desirable and achievable. Second, it explores the degree to which an appropriate model of cosmopolitan peacekeeping might emerge at regional and continental levels in Africa through the development of the African Standby Force (ASF). What the case-study presented here and the survey of the African Union (AU)/ASF in the second part of the article have in common is that taken together, they provide some evidence to suggest that, however fragile, the AU is beginning to define an agenda that represents a continent wide and, in that sense at least, a cosmopolitan response to African security issues.

Yes

XML files are frequently used by developers when building Web applications or Java EE applications. However, maintaining XML files is challenging and time-consuming because the correct usage of XML entities is always domain-specific and rarely well documented. Also, the existing compilers and program analysis tools seldom examine XML files. In this thesis, we developed a novel approach to XML file debugging called Xeditor where we extract XML consistency rules from open-source projects and use these rules to detect XML bugs. There are two phases in Xeditor: rule inference and application. To infer rules, Xeditor mines XML-based deployment descriptors in open-source projects, extracting XML entity pairs that frequently co-exist in the same files and refer to the same string literals. Xeditor then applies association rule mining to the extracted pairs. For rule application, given a program commit, Xeditor checks whether any updated XML file violates the inferred rules; if so, Xeditor reports the violation and suggests an edit for correction?. Our evaluation shows that Xeditor inferred rules with high precision (83%). For injected XML bugs, Xeditor detected rule violations and suggested changes with 74.6% precision, 50% recall. More importantly, Xeditor identified 31 really erroneous XML updates in version history, 17 of which updates were fixed by developers in later program commits. This observation implies that by using Xeditor, developers would have avoided introducing errors when writing XML files. Finally, we compared Xeditor with a baseline approach that suggests changes based on frequently co-changed entities, and found Xeditor to outperform the baseline for both rule inference and rule application. / XML files are frequently used in Java programming and when building Web application implementation. However, it is a challenge to maintain XML files since these files should follow various domain-specific rules and the existing program analysis tools seldom check XML files. In this thesis, we introduce a new approach to XML file debugging called Xeditor that extracts XML consistency rules from open-source projects and uses these rules to detect XML bugs. To extract the rules, Xeditor first looks at working XML files and finds all the pairs of entities A and B, which entities coexist in one file and have the same value on at least one occasion. Then Xeditor will check when A occurs, what is the probability that B also occurs. If the probability is high enough, Xeditor infers a rule that A is associated with B. To apply the rule, Xeditor checks XML files with errors. If a file violates the rules that were previously inferred, Xeditor will report the violation and suggest a change. Our evaluation shows that Xeditor inferred the correct rules with high precision 83%. More importantly, Xeditor identified issues in previous versions of XML files, and many of those issues were fixed by developers in later versions. Therefore, Xeditor is able to help find and fix errors when developers write their XML files.

No / This article reports on original research designed to track the impact on student learning and development of fundamental pedagogical changes - from tradition to critical pedagogy - in undergraduate conflict resolution teaching in the Department of Peace Studies, University of Bradford. Using grounded theory methodology, the authors researched the transformative learning potential of the pedagogy. They found broad support for the pedagogy on student learning and development grounds in relation to the praxeological challenges of peacebuilding and conflict resolution work many of their students will expect to do after graduation. Out of the data emerged four clusters of learning experience that support transformative learning theory, particularly the role of disruption in learning and the importance of critical reflection, but that also, in a preliminary way, suggest some gaps in our current levels of understanding of transformative learning as praxis.

The pivotal role that R&D plays in a nation’s development is well recognized globally. Even India has made long strides in this area post-independence. However, it is plagued by issues such as lack of investment, dearth of research work force, poor quality of research output, lower enrollment and inefficient policies. India has for the last few years; strongly felt the need for the increase in the quality and the quantity of research output. This has direct implications on research scholars who are considered as foot soldiers of research institutions in India. Besides the pressure to outperform, research scholar’s face challenges on multiple fronts— academic, personal, financial, and social. To successfully navigate through these challenges a cordial relationship with the research supervisor is most desirable. However, this is not easily achieved as there can be various conflict situations arising between a supervisor and a research scholar. Resolving these conflicts amicably is essential for smooth sailing of the research journey. Thus, studying the nature of conflicts between research scholars and supervisors; and investigating the patterns in conflict resolution behavior of research scholars is a challenging and complex research problem. This was accomplished in three phases. In the first phase, we analyzed the relationship between the Big Five Personality types (Neuroticism, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Openness and Consciousness) and the Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Resolution Styles (Collaborating, Compromising, Accommodating, Competing, and Avoiding). This was motivated by past studies linking personality and conflict resolution behavior. In the second phase, we used a Narrative based instrument to determine the dominant styles of Conflict Resolution employed by the research scholars. This was motivated by the strength of Narrative approach in effecting a change in the belief systems of individuals as demonstrated in past studies. The third phase involved modeling two Conflict Resolution Styles — Collaborative (high assertion and high cooperation) and Competitive (high assertion and low cooperation) — using influence functions applied to the research scholar – supervisor relationship. Results from the first study indicated that Accommodation and Avoiding were the two most preferred styles of conflict resolution employed by research scholars. We found association between personality types and conflict resolution styles: Agreeableness with Accommodation, Avoiding and Competing; Openness with Accommodation and Competing; Neuroticism with Accommodation; and Extraversion with Avoiding. Further, research scholars in advanced stage (>3 years) were found to be more Accommodating than those in the early stage (<3 years). Our second study showed that research scholars while evaluating a conflict situation objectively as an observer, consistently suggested co-operative styles of conflict resolution (Collaboration and Compromising). It also highlighted the role of the nature of conflict situation and the supervisor response, on choice of conflict resolution styles. The third study emphasized the effectiveness of Collaboration style of conflict resolution in maintaining a fruitful relationship with the supervisor in the long-term. In summary, the results emphasized and provided future directions to encourage research scholars to seek out co-operative ways of resolving conflicts with supervisors.

The aim of this study is to investigate an inter-action and a roleplay activity that takes place every Friday at a preschool in a suburb of Stockholm. The aim is to investigate learning in this activity and how it is corresponding to the curriculum for preschools. What is the teachers aim and how do the children think, talk and act before, during and after the game. It is a qualitative study and data was collected through qualitative interviews, field notes from observations and recordings with my I-phone. The results showed that the play is useful as a pedagogical documentation and as a tool for reflection. According to the educators it is possible to involve the entire curriculum for preschool in this roleplay, such as fundamental value, conflict resolution, children´s participation, traditional topics as mathematics and languages. The activity has developed in a cooperation with children and teachers together.