A cosmic ray magnetic particle spectrometer utilizing wire spark chambers and a superconducting magnet for momentum determination and scintillators for charge and velocity determination has been operated on top of Mt. Lemmon near Tucson, Arizona at an atmospheric depth of 747 g/cm². Twenty weeks of data were taken and the proton energy spectrum in the momentum range of 0.6 to 2.4 GeV/c has been determined. Antiproton events were observed and a p/p ratio of 1.5(+1.85,-0.95) x 10⁻³ at a momentum of 1.05 GeV/c was measured. Deuteron intensities and alpha particle upper limits for this energy region are also presented.

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Physics, 1980. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND SCIENCE. / by David Hopkins Shoemaker. / M.S.

Bibliography : leaves 187-205. / xi, 209 p. : ill. ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Physics and Mathematical Physics, 1994?

published_or_final_version / Physics / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Physics / Master / Master of Philosophy

No description available.

In the 1930s, the Carnegie Institute in Washington DC initiated the construction of cosmic ray observation centres around the world. Cosmic ray activity was recorded using the model C cosmic ray ionization chamber which uses a Lindemann electrometer. Seven of these chambers were constructed at seven stations around the world. These chambers recorded cosmic ray data by projecting the shadow of the electrometer needle onto a continuously moving strip of 60 mm photographic paper. Hour markers were recorded by dimming the lamp for three minutes at the start of each hour, while also grounding the ionization chamber. By grounding the ionization chamber the electrometer needle was returned to the zero position. The photographic paper moved about 25 mm an hour. Approximately 114 station-years of data was recorded between 1935 and 1960 (Hardy, 2006). It is important to digitize these recordings in order to preserve the data for further study of cosmic rays from this time period. This digitization process consists of binarizing digital images of the photographic strip to extract the cosmic ray data. By binarizing these images the data is recorded in an easily usable format for future research. This study focuses on extraction of the cosmic ray data using an adaptive binarization method that is able to cope with a wide variety of images, ranging from images that are almost too bright to distinguish the data lines from the background, to images that are too dark to distinguish the data lines at all. This study starts off with a brief explanation of cosmic rays, how these were recorded before the 1950s and how the rays are recorded today. Two research methodologies were used to create a method to adaptively binarize and extract data from the historic cosmic ray recordings. A literature study of image processing techniques was conducted, focusing specifically on popular adaptive document binarization methods. During the experimental phase of this study, these methods or parts thereof were applied to the data to determine which techniques would give the most accurate results. Experimentation is the primary research methodology. The iterative experimental phase is discussed in detail as an algorithm is formed to successfully binarize and extract the historic cosmic ray data as well as the temperature of the electrometer while recording. The study concludes with an interpretation of the results obtained in the experimental phase. The success of the algorithm is measured by comparing the resulting data graph to the original. The conclusion of this study is that an adaptive method can be applied to historical recordings of cosmic ray activity to extract numerical data from a wide variety of images without any additional user input. / MSc (Computer Science), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

In the 1930s, the Carnegie Institute in Washington DC initiated the construction of cosmic ray observation centres around the world. Cosmic ray activity was recorded using the model C cosmic ray ionization chamber which uses a Lindemann electrometer. Seven of these chambers were constructed at seven stations around the world. These chambers recorded cosmic ray data by projecting the shadow of the electrometer needle onto a continuously moving strip of 60 mm photographic paper. Hour markers were recorded by dimming the lamp for three minutes at the start of each hour, while also grounding the ionization chamber. By grounding the ionization chamber the electrometer needle was returned to the zero position. The photographic paper moved about 25 mm an hour. Approximately 114 station-years of data was recorded between 1935 and 1960 (Hardy, 2006). It is important to digitize these recordings in order to preserve the data for further study of cosmic rays from this time period. This digitization process consists of binarizing digital images of the photographic strip to extract the cosmic ray data. By binarizing these images the data is recorded in an easily usable format for future research. This study focuses on extraction of the cosmic ray data using an adaptive binarization method that is able to cope with a wide variety of images, ranging from images that are almost too bright to distinguish the data lines from the background, to images that are too dark to distinguish the data lines at all. This study starts off with a brief explanation of cosmic rays, how these were recorded before the 1950s and how the rays are recorded today. Two research methodologies were used to create a method to adaptively binarize and extract data from the historic cosmic ray recordings. A literature study of image processing techniques was conducted, focusing specifically on popular adaptive document binarization methods. During the experimental phase of this study, these methods or parts thereof were applied to the data to determine which techniques would give the most accurate results. Experimentation is the primary research methodology. The iterative experimental phase is discussed in detail as an algorithm is formed to successfully binarize and extract the historic cosmic ray data as well as the temperature of the electrometer while recording. The study concludes with an interpretation of the results obtained in the experimental phase. The success of the algorithm is measured by comparing the resulting data graph to the original. The conclusion of this study is that an adaptive method can be applied to historical recordings of cosmic ray activity to extract numerical data from a wide variety of images without any additional user input. / MSc (Computer Science), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

ATLAS is a multi-purpose detector for the LHC and will detect proton-proton collisions with center of mass energy of 14 TeV. Part of the central inner detector, the Semi-Conductor Tracker (SCT) barrels, were assembled and tested at Oxford University and later integrated at CERN with the TRT (Transition Radiation Tracker) barrel. The barrel SCT is composed of 4 layers of silicon strip modules with two sensor layers with 80 micro m channel width. The design of the modules and the barrels has been optimized for low radiation length while maintaining mechanical stability, bringing services to the detector, and ensuring a cold and dry environment. The high granularity, high detector efficiency and low noise occupancy (< 5*10^-4) of the SCT will enable ATLAS to have an efficient pattern recognition capability. Due to the binary nature of the SCT read-out, a stable read-out system and the calibration system is of critical importance. SctRodDaq is the online software framework for the calibration and also the physics running of the SCT and has been developed and tested during construction and commissioning of the detector with cosmics. It reliably measures the SCT performance parameters for each of the 6.3*10^6 channels in the SCT, identifies defects and problematic modules and writes them to an offline database for access from Athena, the ATLAS offline software framework. This dataflow chain has been exercised during the cosmics run at CERN, where a 5*10^5 cosmics sample for the combined SCT and TRT detectors was collected with a scintillator based trigger. It is now being commissioned in the ATLAS pit.

Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references.