This study seeks to analyze quantitatively the Court-curbing tendencies of the Ninetieth Congress.

This thesis focuses on the relationship between China and the International Criminal Court (hereinafter ‘ICC’ or ‘the Court’). China has long been supporting the establishment of a permanent international criminal court. It actively participated in every stage of the negotiating process leading up to the adoption of the Rome Statue but chose to cast a negative vote at the end of the Rome Conference in 1998. There were several reasons stated by the Chinese delegation at that time for not joining the ICC, which were all framed in legal terms. However, there have been significant developments both in the Rome Statute itself and in practice since these Chinese objections were first articulated. The ICC has now functioned as an international adjudicative body for more than ten years. Some of the issues of concern to China have been, in one way or another, addressed through the jurisprudence of the ICC during its existence, and also through the practice of the Security Council in relation to the ICC. More significantly, all the amendments adopted at the Kampala Review Conference in 2010, in particular the crime of aggression amendment, directly or indirectly addressed China’s pre-existing concerns towards the Rome Statute. In addition, some of the Chinese reservations over the core crimes under the ICC’s jurisdiction relate to fields of customary law that have undergone rapid developments in the past two decades. This thesis takes China’s concerns both individually and as a whole to examine them from the legal perspective in light of all the above-mentioned developments. It argues that those specific objections are not as robust as they first appeared in the 1990s, and should no longer be regarded as a significant impediment to China’s accession to the Rome Statute. The ICC is part of a broader landscape of international courts and tribunals. This thesis therefore also examines the substance of the specific concerns of China towards the ICC in light of China’s engagement with international judicial bodies, and some of the traditional concerns that have had an impact on that engagement. Traditionally the Chinese government shunned participation in international adjudication, adhering to diplomatic negotiations for the settlement of whatever disputes it was embroiled in. However, since the 1990s, during and even after the ICC negotiations, there has been an increasingly greater Chinese engagement with international judicial or quasi-judicial bodies, with the exception of the UN human rights treaty bodies. The work undertaken in this thesis investigates the ways in which China has characterised the ICC as a human rights court of the traditional kind. This thesis argues that the ICC is distinct from UN human rights treaty bodies, and that China’s progressively wider engagement with international judicial bodies should not be hindered by a miscalculation of putting the ICC in a ‘human rights box’. This thesis concludes that the significant developments in both the specific ICC context and in the wider context (of China’s engagement with international judicial bodies) point to a need for the Chinese authorities to reassess and reconsider its position towards the ICC. Were the Chinese authorities to make a re-evaluation and decide to move towards full participation in the ICC, it would reinforce certain values of importance to China.

Drug courts use sanctions as a form of behavior management and modification, and they are an important structural tool in the treatment of drug offenders by the criminal justice system. This research examined noncompliant behavior being sanctioned in a felony level drug court. The sample consisted of 66 high risk/high needs individuals who were enrolled in a drug court over a two-year period. Sanctionable behaviors were analyzed through a criminal-thinking framework in order to better understand noncompliant behavior in drug court. This study finds support for applying a criminal-thinking framework to noncompliant behavior sanctioned in drug court. The findings from this study illustrate the nuances of noncompliant behavior of a drug court population.

The main purpose of this research is to investigate the job satisfaction for Personnel staffs of courts in R.O.C. Also, this research is to compare with the degree of influence of the personnel staffs¡¦ job satisfaction on different background variables. Personnel staffs¡¦ personal background is defined as independent variables and job satisfaction for Personnel staffs is defined as dependent variables. And independent variables are divided into two parts, personal characters and job characters. Personal characters are included such as sex, age, education level, marriage and job characters are included such as degrees of courts, level of courts, seniority, position, and grade. Dependent variables include job itself, salary, promotion and assess , supervisor¡¦s leadership style , human relationship ,working environment, and social status. A questionnaire survey on job satisfaction for Personnel staffs of courts in R.O.C. is conducted by a well-developed "Questionnaire of job satisfaction for Personnel staffs of courts in R.O.C," through cluster sampling. The survey data was then dealt and analyzed by statistical methods, such as descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, and the Scheffe¡¦s approach afterward. The results of the research are listed as follows¡G 1. In overall aspect, the job satisfaction of personnel staffs in of courts in R.O.C is satisfied. 2. In each aspect, personnel staffs have fair job satisfaction regarding to human relationship, supervisor¡¦s leadership style, working environment, social status, salary, job itself. On the other hand, personnel staffs have lowest job satisfaction regarding to promotion. 3.In personal characters, there is significant difference among sex, education level, marriage, and there is no significant difference among age. 4. In job characters, there is significant difference among degrees of courts, level of courts, position, and there is no significant difference among seniority and grade. Finally, provide suggestions to higher authorities by the result of this research.

Promptness of a reward and penalty system is critical to effectively serve the purpose of incentive provision or prevention from repeating a mistake for judiciary officials. Exactitude of the implementation, on the other hand, depends on whether the resultant verdict is over-crediting the reward or the penalty. As to the scrupulousness of verdicts, it can be evaluated through the consistency of the criteria and the compliance of procedural justice. The fundamental principle to establish a reward and penalty system for civil servants, through internal management activities in government agencies, is to reward those who have an outstanding performance on job duty, an excellent record of service, or a great contribution to the agency, and to punish those who abuse their power, infringe human rights, or have a moral misconduct. Judiciary officials are part of civil servants and their job duty is to assist the proceedings of judiciary cases. They are expected to comply with a higher moral standard than other civil servants. The reward and penalty system has long existed and practiced for centuries. Its importance to manage a vast body of civil servants is undeniable. Various sources of literature on personnel administration also show that a good system design will have a positive effect to improve job performance and increase morale. However, the number of rewarding case for judiciary officials is far less than that for other civil servants, and very few rewarding cases are proposed. Moreover, no accounting item of the prize for the rewarding cases is officially budgeted. As a result, all of the rewarding cases in the end are treated by giving over-time working salary. This thesis will discuss why the reward and penalty system is designed as a quota system in which the number of rewarding cases has a cap in proportional to the total number of personnel in the court, and whether this is the reason for applying stringent criteria to those whose job is transferred from other government agencies. This thesis is to study the promptness, exactitude, and scrupulousness of the reward and penalty system for judiciary officials based on the framework of five theoretical aspects, administrative theory, administrative organization, administrative privilege, administrative remedy, and administrative supervision. The difference of the actual practices in the court administrative system versus in other civil-servant agencies will be also discussed. International comparison with the judiciary system in the United States and China is provided, as well as suggestions for future research.

If Supreme Court behavior is structured largely by the policy preferences of the justices, political scientists ought to consider the source of those preferences. Religion is one force that can strongly shape a judge’s worldview and therefore her votes. In this paper, I examine the effect of religion on U.S. Supreme Court votes in 11 issue areas plausibly connected to religious values. Catholic justices vote in ways that more closely adhere to the teachings of the Catholic Church than non-Catholic justices even after controlling for ideology. These results may indicate that Catholic theology is different from Protestant or Jewish theology. It is also possible that on some issues there is not much of a theological difference, but religious values play a more prominent role in public life for Catholic justices. / text

With increasing frequency, the United States Supreme Court has faced questions pertaining to the Constitutional rights of parents. Contemporary conflicts between states’ authority and parents’ rights to shape the moral education of children are manifestations of a tension in liberal political thought. Although liberalism assigns responsibility for the education of children to private institutions, such as families and churches, there is a public need in liberal regimes for citizens to possess certain skills, habits, and beliefs. When these competing interests have come before the Supreme Court, its rhetoric has not always done justice to the importance of both interests. Here, I examine the Court’s nineteenth-century jurisprudence on polygamy, its important early twentieth-century cases on the family, and a selection of recent cases relating to the education of children. I conclude that the Supreme Court has in recent years put too little emphasis on the legitimate interests of states in shaping the moral education of children. / text

This descriptive study analyzes whether African-American males who are substance abusers fit full criteria for post traumatic stress disorder. A convenience sample of 50 African-American men from Fulton County Drug Court in Atlanta, Georgia completed a questionnaire to determine if they fit full criteria for post traumatic stress disorder. The questionnaire for the study was composed of criteria for post traumatic stress disorder obtained from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). The hypothesis of the study stated that at least 60% of the convenience sample would fit full criteria for post traumatic stress disorder. The findings of the study reveal that there is no statistical relationship between African-American men who are substance abusers and fitting full criteria for post traumatic stress disorder. Only 6% of the convenience sample fit full criteria for the post traumatic stress disorder. Though the hypothesis was not confirmed, the study did yield that a majority of the participants in the study had experienced a traumatic event. The study provides a basis for further research regarding the connection between substance abuse and post traumatic stress disorder regarding African-American males.

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