abstract: Bacteria of the Legionella genus are a water-borne pathogen of increasing concern due to being responsible for more annual drinking water related disease outbreaks in the United States than all other microbes combined. Unfortunately, the development of public health policies concerning Legionella has impeded by several key factors, including a paucity of data on their interactions and growth requirements in water distribution networks, a poor understanding of potential transmission sources for legionellosis, and limitations in current methodology for the characterization of these pathogens. To address these issues, a variety of research approaches were taken. By measuring Legionella survival in tap water, association in pipe material biofilms, population dynamics in a model distribution system, and occurrence in drinking water distribution system biofilms, key aspects of Legionella ecology in drinking water systems were revealed. Through a series of experiments qualitatively and quantitatively examining the growth of Legionella via nutrients obtained from several water sources, environmental nutritional requirements and capability for growth in the absence of host organisms were demonstrated. An examination of automobile windshield washer fluid as a possible source of legionellosis transmission revealed Legionella survival in certain windshield washer fluids, growth within washer fluid reservoirs, high levels and frequency of contamination in washer fluid reservoirs, and the presence of viable cells in washer fluid spray, suggesting the potential for exposure to Legionella from this novel source. After performing a systematic and quantitative analysis of methodology optimization for the analysis of Legionella cells via matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, several strains of this microbe isolated from separated and varied environmental water sampling sites were distinctly typed, demonstrating a potential application of this technology for the characterization of Legionella. The results from this study provide novel insight and methodology relevant to the development of programs for the monitoring and treatment of Legionella in drinking water systems. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Microbiology 2014

abstract: An increase in the number of inverter-interfaced photovoltaic (PV) generators on existing distribution feeders affects the design, operation, and control of the distri- bution systems. Existing distribution system analysis tools are capable of supporting only snapshot and quasi-static analyses. Capturing the dynamic effects of the PV generators during the variation in the distribution system states is necessary when studying the effects of controller bandwidths, multiple voltage correction devices, and anti-islanding. This work explores the use of dynamic phasors and differential algebraic equations (DAE) for impact analysis of the PV generators on the existing distribution feeders. The voltage unbalance induced by PV generators can aggravate the existing unbalance due to load mismatch. An increased phase unbalance significantly adds to the neutral currents, excessive neutral to ground voltages and violate the standards for unbalance factor. The objective of this study is to analyze and quantify the impacts of unbalanced PV installations on a distribution feeder. Additionally, a power electronic converter solution is proposed to mitigate the identified impacts and validate the solution's effectiveness through detailed simulations in OpenDSS. The benefits associated with the use of energy storage systems for electric- utility-related applications are also studied. This research provides a generalized framework for strategic deployment of a lithium-ion based energy storage system to increase their benefits in a distribution feeder. A significant amount of work has been performed for a detailed characterization of the life cycle costs of an energy storage system. The objectives include - reduction of the substation transformer losses, reduction of the life cycle cost for an energy storage system, and accommodate the PV variability. The distribution feeder laterals in the distribution feeder with relatively high PV generation as compared to the load can be operated as microgrids to achieve reliability, power quality and economic benefits. However, the renewable resources are intermittent and stochastic in nature. A novel approach for sizing and scheduling the energy storage system and microtrubine is proposed for reliable operation of microgrids. The size and schedule of the energy storage system and microturbine are determined using Benders' decomposition, considering the PV generation as a stochastic resource. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Electrical Engineering 2015

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-02-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:06:59Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 alves_rp_me_ilha.pdf: 1636703 bytes, checksum: 68dadb3a2996ae56b4ce5e5e3e063a2d (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O presente trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de uma formulação linear inteira mista (equivalente à formulação não linear inteira mista) para resolver o problema de alocação de reguladores de tensão ao longo dos alimentadores primários de sistemas de distribuição de energia elétrica radiais, com o objetivo de melhorar o perfil da magnitude de tensão, reduzir as perdas de potência ativa da rede e a minimização dos custos de instalação dos equipamen-tos. Na formulação proposta, o cálculo do ponto de operação em regime permanente de um sistema de distribuição radial é modelado matematicamente usando expressões lineares. O uso de um modelo de programação linear inteira mista garante a convergência para a solução óti-ma usando ferramentas de otimização clássica existentes. Os sistemas testes de 70-, 136-, 202- e 400-nós são utilizados para mostrar a precisão do modelo matemático, assim como também a eficiência da técnica de solução proposta para resolver o problema de alocação de reguladores de tensão em um sistema de distribuição radial / This work shows the development of a mixed integer linear formulation to solve the voltage regulators allocation problem in radial electrical distribution systems, with the goal of improving the voltage magnitude profile, reducing the active power losses and mini-mizing the investment cost. In the proposed formulation, the steady-state operation point of the radial distribution system is modeled through linear expressions. The use of a mixed-integer linear formulation guarantees convergence to optimality using existing optimization software. The 70-, 136-, 202- and 400-node test systems are used in order to show the accura-cy of the mathematical model as well as the efficiency of the proposed solution technique to solve the allocation problem of voltage regulators in a radial distribution system

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-02-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:49:36Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 torrezan_r_me_bauru.pdf: 1668461 bytes, checksum: ae59290a98e522168089dfc069101ce7 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este projeto de pesquisa tem por objetivo apresentar propostas para aprimoramento das principais normas e resoluções envolvidas, dentre as quais o PRODIST, quanto à metodologia para apuração do indicador de distorçõ de tensão harmôica total, bem como trazer contribuições para o processo de análise de compatibilidade de cargas potencialmente perturbadoras na qualidade da energia elétrica em sistemas de distribuição, através de uma visão proativa, ou seja, atuando principalmente no momento que antecede a instalação destas cargas. Estas propostas foram elaboradas a partir da análise e discussão dos resultados obtidos através dos ensaios realizados em um estudo de caso compreendendo a análise de ligação de um novo forno de indução em uma Fundição atendida por uma concessionárias de distribuição do Estado de São Paulo. Um histórico geral situando a qualidade da energia elétrica no setor elétrico é apresentado, as principais normas, resoluções e estudos técnicos são discutidos, e as diretrizes metodológicas e procedimentos utilizados nos ensaios experimentais são detalhados. A análise e discussão dos resultados é elaborada procurando responder às principais perguntas surgidas durante a investigação técnico-científica e a realização dos procedimentos, bem como indicando outros questionamentos a serem estudados, através da apresentação das propostas e indicações para trabalhos futuros / This research project aims to present proposals for improvement of key standards and resolutions involved, among which the PRODIST, on the methodology for calculating the indicator of voltage total harmonic distortion, and should contribute to the analysis process of the potentially disturbance impacts of loads on power quality in distribution system, through a proactive vision, ie, working mainly in the moment before the installation of these loads. Those proposals were developed from the analysis and discussion of results obtained through tests on a case study including analysis of the connection of a new induction furnace in a froundry fed by a distribution utility in the State of São Paulo. A general historical situating the quality of electric energy in the sector is presented, the main standards, technical studies and resolutions are discussed, and methodological guidelines and procedures used in experimental trials are detailed. The analysis and discussion of results is prepared to answer the main questions that arise during the technical-scientific research and implementation of procedures as well as indicating other questions to be studied through the submition of proposals and directions for future work

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-03-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:47:20Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 segurasalas_cs_me_ilha.pdf: 1129753 bytes, checksum: 955921a36679e44181119e8f27caf97c (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Ensino Pesquisa e Extensão de Ilha Solteira (FEPISA)

Orientador: Carlos Roberto Minussi / Banca: Nobuo Oki / Banca: João Onofre Pereira Pinto / Resumo: As empresas distribuidoras de energia elétrica têm investido maciçamente na modernização de suas estruturas, em especial, na automação de suas operações. Sistemas automatizados aceleram o processo de restabelecimento das condições normais de operação e propiciam maiores lucros, confiabilidade ao sistema e segurança à população. O objetivo desta pesquisa é o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia, robusta e rápida, para detecção e classificação de faltas de curto-circuito em sistemas de distribuição de energia elétrica, baseada nos conceitos da lógica fuzzy. Desenvolveram-se algoritmos inteligentes para a realização do diagnóstico do estado do sistema. Estes auxiliam a tomada de decisão no ambiente de subestações de distribuição de energia elétrica. Os dados representativos do comportamento do sistema sob as diversas condições de falta foram obtidos através de simulações de um alimentador radial no software ATP. Os resultados obtidos foram satisfatórios e demonstraram a robustez e rapidez da metodologia proposta. / Abstract: The electrical power distribution utilities have been invested massively in the modernization of its structures, especially, in automation its operations. Automated systems accelerate the process of restoration regular operation and provide greater profits, increase the system reliability and population security. The objective of this research is the development of a methodology, robust and fast, for short circuit detection and classification in distribution systems, based on fuzzy logic concepts. Intelligent algorithms have been developed to diagnose the system state. These assist decision-making in distribution substations environment. The representative data of system behavior under various conditions of fault were obtained through radial feeder simulations in the software ATP. The results were satisfactory, and demonstrated the robustness and speed of the methodology proposed. / Mestre

As perdas elétricas, que no Brasil giram em torno de 14,4%, são prejudiciais ao desempenho técnico e financeiro das concessionárias de energia elétrica, principalmente em um cenário de uma eminente crise energética e alta regulação. A mitigação das perdas elétricas está diretamente relacionada com sua correta estimação. Para operar um sistema de energia elétrica, é de fundamental importância definir a correta modelagem dos elementos do sistema. As metodologias de estimação das perdas de energia, para sistemas de distribuição, vigentes não levam em conta possíveis erros na correta modelagem das cargas conectadas. Desta forma, este trabalho tem o objetivo de analisar a influência causada pela utilização dos modelos de carga, na estimação das perdas elétricas em sistemas de distribuição. Esta análise abrange as metodologias de fluxo de carga backward-forward sweep por soma de corrente, por soma de potência e Newton-Raphson. A perda de energia é calculada pela diferença entre a energia injetada no sistema, menos a energia entregue. O estudo de caso é realizado em um sistema de distribuição teste de 13 barras da IEEE. No caso proposto, são realizados cálculos das perdas de energia para o sistema de distribuição, considerando diferentes modelos de carga. Desta maneira, o trabalho estimou a diferença no cálculo das perdas para cada tipo de modelo de carga, em relação a perdas calculadas com o padrão original das cargas. Outro ponto analisado foi o desempenho das metodologias de fluxo de carga, frente à alteração dos modelos de carga. Os resultados demonstram que a alteração dos modelos de carga influência a estimação das perdas elétricas nos sistemas de distribuição, e o desempenho dos fluxos de carga. / Electrical losses, which in Brazil are around 14.4%, are harmful to the technical and financial performance of electric utilities, especially in a scenario of an imminent energy crisis and high regulation. Mitigation of electrical losses is directly related to its correct estimation. To operate an electric power system, it is of fundamental importance to define the correct model of the system elements. The methodologies for estimating energy losses, for the existing distribution systems, do not take into account possible errors in the correct model of connected loads. Thus, this study aims to examine the influence caused by the use of different load models, in the estimation of electrical losses in distribution systems. This analysis covers the backward-forward sweep load flow methodologies by the sum of current, by the sum of power and Newton-Raphson. The energy loss is calculated by the difference between the energy injected into the system, minus the energy delivered. The case study is performed on the IEEE 13 Node Test Feeder. In the proposed case, calculations of energy losses in the distribution system are performed considering different load models. Therefore, the study has estimated the difference in the calculation of energy loss for each type of load model, for the losses calculated with the original pattern of loads. Another point discussed is the performance of load flow methodologies, related to the change of load models. The results have shown that the change in load models influence the estimation of electrical losses in distribution systems and in the performance of load flows.

abstract: Battery energy storage has shown a lot of potential in the recent past to be effective in various grid services due to its near instantaneous ramp rates and modularity. This thesis aims to determine the commercial viability of customer premises and substation sited battery energy storage systems. Five different types of services have been analyzed considering current market pricing of Lithium-ion batteries and power conditioning equipment. Energy Storage Valuation Tool 3.0 (Beta) has been used to exclusively determine the value of energy storage in the services analyzed. The results indicate that on the residential level, Lithium-ion battery energy storage may not be a cost beneficial option for retail tariff management or demand charge management as only 20-30% of the initial investment is recovered at the end of 15 year plant life. SRP's two retail Time-of-Use price plans E-21 and E-26 were analyzed in respect of their ability to increase returns from storage compared to those with flat pricing. It was observed that without a coupled PV component, E-21 was more suitable for customer premises energy storage, however, its revenue stream reduces with addition to PV. On the grid scale, however, with carefully chosen service hierarchy such as distribution investment deferral, spinning or balancing reserve support, the initial investment can be recovered to an extent of about 50-70%. The study done here is specific to Salt River Project inputs and data. Results for all the services analyzed are highly location specific and are only indicative of the overall viability and returns from them. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Electrical Engineering 2013

O presente trabalho investiga metodologias para se obter automaticamente planos de restabelecimento de energia em sistemas de distribuição de energia elétrica, contemplando-se múltiplos objetivos, sendo alguns conflitantes. A redução nos índices de interrupção de energia elétrica deve ser um alvo permanente das empresas de distribuição buscando a melhoria da qualidade de fornecimento. Por outro lado, as interrupções são inevitáveis, quer para a execução de obras de manutenção preventiva, quer para obras de manutenção corretiva em virtude da ocorrência de um defeito no sistema. Depois de uma falta ter sido identificada e isolada, um plano de restabelecimento deve ser encontrado em um curto período de tempo. Devido ao problema de explosão combinatorial, técnicas de programação matemática se tornam proibitivas para esse tipo de aplicação, principalmente em sistemas de tamanho real. Por outro lado, a proposta desenvolvida de algoritmos evolucionários utilizando cadeias de grafos, têm se mostrado capaz de obter planos de restabelecimento de energia em um sistema de tamanho real no menor tempo possível. Este trabalho investiga a utilização desta metodologia para redes de grande porte sem simplificações, isto é, incluindo todas as linhas, barras e chaves do sistema. Testes são realizados em três redes de tamanhos diferentes, considerando diversos objetivos a fim de avaliar a técnica proposta. / This work investigates methodologies to automatically obtain energy restoration plans in distribution systems, involving multiple objectives that are conflicting. The reduction energy interruption indices is a permanent objective of the distribution companies in order to improve power supply. Interruptions may be carried out for maintenance or may occur due to system faults. After a fault have been identified and isolated, a restoration plan is required in a short interval of time. Due to the combinatorial explosion problem it is not possible to apply mathematical programming techniques to produce restoration plans for large networks. On the other hand, an evolutionary algorithm utilizing graph, chain has shown to be able to obtain restoration plans for real-size networks in a short interval of time. Tests are performed for three different size networks, considering several objectives to evaluate the proposed technique.

As perdas elétricas, que no Brasil giram em torno de 14,4%, são prejudiciais ao desempenho técnico e financeiro das concessionárias de energia elétrica, principalmente em um cenário de uma eminente crise energética e alta regulação. A mitigação das perdas elétricas está diretamente relacionada com sua correta estimação. Para operar um sistema de energia elétrica, é de fundamental importância definir a correta modelagem dos elementos do sistema. As metodologias de estimação das perdas de energia, para sistemas de distribuição, vigentes não levam em conta possíveis erros na correta modelagem das cargas conectadas. Desta forma, este trabalho tem o objetivo de analisar a influência causada pela utilização dos modelos de carga, na estimação das perdas elétricas em sistemas de distribuição. Esta análise abrange as metodologias de fluxo de carga backward-forward sweep por soma de corrente, por soma de potência e Newton-Raphson. A perda de energia é calculada pela diferença entre a energia injetada no sistema, menos a energia entregue. O estudo de caso é realizado em um sistema de distribuição teste de 13 barras da IEEE. No caso proposto, são realizados cálculos das perdas de energia para o sistema de distribuição, considerando diferentes modelos de carga. Desta maneira, o trabalho estimou a diferença no cálculo das perdas para cada tipo de modelo de carga, em relação a perdas calculadas com o padrão original das cargas. Outro ponto analisado foi o desempenho das metodologias de fluxo de carga, frente à alteração dos modelos de carga. Os resultados demonstram que a alteração dos modelos de carga influência a estimação das perdas elétricas nos sistemas de distribuição, e o desempenho dos fluxos de carga. / Electrical losses, which in Brazil are around 14.4%, are harmful to the technical and financial performance of electric utilities, especially in a scenario of an imminent energy crisis and high regulation. Mitigation of electrical losses is directly related to its correct estimation. To operate an electric power system, it is of fundamental importance to define the correct model of the system elements. The methodologies for estimating energy losses, for the existing distribution systems, do not take into account possible errors in the correct model of connected loads. Thus, this study aims to examine the influence caused by the use of different load models, in the estimation of electrical losses in distribution systems. This analysis covers the backward-forward sweep load flow methodologies by the sum of current, by the sum of power and Newton-Raphson. The energy loss is calculated by the difference between the energy injected into the system, minus the energy delivered. The case study is performed on the IEEE 13 Node Test Feeder. In the proposed case, calculations of energy losses in the distribution system are performed considering different load models. Therefore, the study has estimated the difference in the calculation of energy loss for each type of load model, for the losses calculated with the original pattern of loads. Another point discussed is the performance of load flow methodologies, related to the change of load models. The results have shown that the change in load models influence the estimation of electrical losses in distribution systems and in the performance of load flows.