Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Acid mine drainage (AMD) is wastewater generated by mine and industrial activity with typically high heavy metal and sulphur content potentially resulting in toxic wastewater upon exposure to dissolved oxygen, water and micro-organisms. Due to the hazardous consequences of untreated AMD, treatment methods such as semi-passive biotic treatments, including constructive wetlands and microbial bioreactors were developed. Microbial bioreactors rely on suitable carbon sources such as ethanol, grasses and manure and the creation of anaerobic conditions for the reduction of sulphate, chemical oxidizable organic matter (COD) and to neutralise pH. Domestic wastewater sludge has also been identified as an economical and readily available carbon source that allows the treatment of both AMD and domestic wastewater. A synthetic medium simulating the COD and the biological degradable organic matter (BOD) of domestic wastewater sludge was formulated to exclude variations in the evaluation of domestic wastewater sludge as carbon source in the treatment of AMD. Firstly the BOD and COD of anaerobic domestic wastewater sludge was determined and used as parameters in the formulation of the synthetic medium. A ratio of 1:1 AMD: synthetic domestic wastewater sludge (SDWWS) was the optimum ratio in terms of sulphate and COD removal. Secondly, medical drip bags were used as anaerobic bioreactors to determine the microbial diversity in AMD treated with SDWWS using different variables. Data analyses from next generation sequencing showed that Chlorobium spp. dominated the 90 d pioneer trials at relative percentages of 68 % and 76 %. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images and the bright green colour of the liquid contents confirmed the data analyses. Sulphates and COD were removed at > 98 % and > 85 %, respectively. A shorter incubation time was investigated in the 30 d pioneer trial. Chlorobium spp. was dominant, followed by Magnetospirillum spp. and Ornithobacterium spp. The liquid content changed to a dark brown colour. COD and sulphate concentrations were reduced by 60.8 % and 96 %, respectively, within 26 d, after which a plateau was reached. The effect of an established biofilm in the bioreactors showed that Chlorobium spp. also dominated approximately 62 %, in comparison to the 36 % in the 30 d pioneer trial. A sulphate and COD reduction of 96 % and 58 %, respectively, was obtained within 26 d and the liquid content was the same colour as in the 30 d pioneer trial. It is possible that brown Green sulphur bacteria were present. Therefore, although Chlorobium spp. was present at a higher percentage as in the 30 d pioneer trial, the removal of COD and sulphate was similar. During the 30 d trials a white precipitant formed at the top of the bioreactors, consisting primarily of sulphate and carbon that was also indicative of the presence of Chlorobium spp. Incubation at reduced temperature reduced sulphates by only 10 % and COD by 12 % after 17 d, followed by a plateau. Ornithobacterium spp. dominated in the first trial and Magnetospirillum spp. in the second trial. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suur mynwater (SMW) is afvalwater wat deur die myn- en industriële bedryf gegenereer word en bevat kenmerklik hoë konsentrasies swaar metale en swawel wat potensieel in toksiese afvalwater omskep kan word indien blootgestel aan opgelosde suurstof, water en mikro-organismes. Die skadelike gevolge wat blootstelling aan onbehandelde SMW mag hê, het gelei tot semi-passiewe behandelinge wat vleilande en mikrobiese bioreaktors insluit. Mikrobiese bioreaktore maak staat op n geskikte koolstofbron soos etanol, grasse en bemesting en die skep van ‘n anaerobiese omgewing vir die verwydering van sulfate en chemies oksideerbare organiese material (CSB), asook die neutralisering van pH. Huishoudelike afvalwaterslyk is ook uitgewys as ‘n ekonomies geskikte en algemeen beskikbare koolstofbron wat die behandeling van beide SMW en huishoudelike afvalwater toelaat. ‘n Sintetiese medium wat die CSB en biologies afbreekbare organiese materiaal (BSB) van huishoudelike afvalwater slyk naboots is geformuleer om die variasies in die evaluasie van huishoudelike afvalwater slyk as koolstofbron vir die behandeling van SMW, uit te sluit. Eerstens is die BSB en die CSB van huishoudelike afvalwater slyk bepaal en gebruik as n maatstaf vir die formulering van die sintetiese medium. ‘n Verhouding van 1:1 sintetiese huishoudelike afvalwater slyk (SDWWS) en SMW is optimaal ratio i.t.v. die verwydering van sulfate en CSB. Tweedens is mediese dripsakkies as anaerobiese bioreaktore gebruik om die mikrobiese diversiteit in SMW, wat met SDWWS behandel is, te bepaal deur verskeie veranderlikes te gebruik. Tweede generasie DNA-volgorde bepalingstegnieke is gebruik en data analises het gewys dat Chlorobium spp. die 90 d pionier toetslopie domineer met relatiewe persentasies van 68 % en 76 %. Transmissie elektron mikroskopie fotos en die helder groen kleur van die dripsakkies se vloeistof inhoud het die data analises bevestig. Die sulfate en CSB inhoud is onderskeidelik met > 98 % en > 85 % verminder. ‘n Korter behandelingstydperk is ondersoek met n 30 d pionier toetslopie. Chlorobium spp. was dominant, gevolg deur Magnetospirillum spp. en Ornithobacterium spp. Die vloeistof inhoud het na ‘n donker bruin kleur verander. Die CSB en sulfaat konsentrasies is met 60.8 % en 96 % onderskeidelik verminder na 26 dae waarna ‘n plato bereik is. Die effek van ‘n reeds bestaande biofilm in die bioreaktore het gewys dat Chlorobium spp. ook gedomineer het teen ‘n relatiewe persentasie van 62 % in vergelyking met die 36 % in die 30 d pionier toetslopie. ‘n Vermindering in sulfate en CSB van 96 % en 58 % is onderskeidelik is bereik binne 26 d en die vloeistofinhoud was dieselfde kleur as die bioreaktore in die 30 d pionier toetslopie. Dit is moontlik dat die bruin Groen swawel bakterieë teenwoordig was. Daarom, ondanks ‘n groter teenwoordigheid van die Chlorobium spp. teen ‘n relatiewe persentasie in vergelying met die 30 d pionier toetslopie, was die verwydering van CSB en sulfate soortgelyk. Tydens die 30 d toetslopies het ‘n wit neerslag aan die bokant van die bioreaktore gevorm wat hoofsaaklik uit sulfaat en koolstof bestaan het wat ook ‘n aanduiding van die teenwoordigheid van Chlorobium spp. is. ‘n Toetslopie wat by laer temperature uitgevoer is kon die sulfate en CSB met slegs 10 % en 12 % onderskeidelik verminder nadat ‘n plato na 17 d bereik is. Ornithobacterium spp. het die eerste toetslopie gedomineer waar Magnetospirillum spp. die tweede toetslopie gedomineer het.

<p>Hammarby Sjöstad is a new district in southern Stockholm. A main objective with the Sjöstad project was to halve the environmental impact compared to other construction work. The environmental goals involve a halved water consumption rate, a local treatment of storm water and trials aiming to extract nutrients from the waste water. Sjöstadsverket is an experimental treatment plant used for testing new treatment processes for domestic waste water from Hammarby Sjöstad. The results are to be compared with the conventional process used at Henrikdals treatment plant today. Two aerobic and two anaerobic main treatment processes are to be tested before decision of full scale is taken in 2005.</p><p>Anaerobic treatment without heating, as a way to reduce the content of organic material in the waste water, consumes less energy than conventional methods. Anaerobic reactors are usually operated at 37°C. It is possible to attain a high COD-reduction at lower temperatures, assumed a longer contact time between biomass and waste water. In an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) - reactor the microorganisms form granules with excellent sedimentation properties. The granules are floating with the waste water flowing upwards through the reactor. This makes it possible to reduce the COD-content despite a short hydraulic retention time in the reactor.</p><p>The two UASB-reactors examined in this thesis is a part of the pilot plant. The thesis shows how the startup of the reactors has functioned and evaluates the possibility to reduce the contence of different COD-fractions with this technique.The domestic waste water temperature has during the experiment period dropped from 23°C to 18°C. The total COD-content of the untreated waste water is 567 mg/l. Before the anaerobic step the water is pre-treated by adding of flocculation chemicals and sedimentation. The total amount of suspended material is reduced by 50 % in the pre-treatment and the load on the UASB-reactors is 100 mg/l. With a hydrologic retention time of 2,4 h the pre-treatment and the two-step anaerobic reactor has reduced 64 % of the total COD-content. Over the anaerobic treatment step the COD-reduction was 49 %. The reduction of dissolved COD (<0, 45 μm) was 59 %. When operated in series the main part of the soluble CODreduction has taken place in the first reactor. After more than six months operation there is still a granulated sludge in the reactors and tests show a high metanogenic activity. Gas production from the reactors has been observed but not measured quantitatively.</p><p>The results from this thesis show that anaerobic treatment with a UASB-process functions without heating for the household waste water from Hammarby Sjöstad. The anaerobic process should be combined with pre-treatment and supplementary treatment to reduce the remaining COD and the nitrogen and phosphorus content.</p> / <p>Hammarby Sjöstad i södra Stockholm är en stadsdel under framväxt. Tanken bakom Sjöstadsprojektet var att halvera miljöpåverkan jämfört med annan nybyggnation. Bland annat anges i miljömålen halverad vattenförbrukning, lokal hantering av dagvatten och försök med utvinning av växtnäringsämnen ur avloppsvattnet. Sjöstadsverket är en del av detta projekt; en försöksanläggning för reningen av avloppsvattnet från hushållen i Hammarby Sjöstad. Två aeroba och två anaeroba linjer ska utvärderas innan beslut om full skala tas år 2005.</p><p>Anaerob rening utan uppvärmning är ett resurssnålt sätt att minska innehållet av organiskt material i avloppsvattnet. Anaeroba reaktorer drivs vanligen vid ca 37°C. Det är möjligt att nå en hög reduktion av organiskt material även vid lägre temperaturer, förutsatt en längre kontakttid mellan biomassa och avloppsvatten. I en Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)-reaktor utnyttjas mikroorganismernas förmåga att bilda granuler, vilka svävar med avloppsvattnet som flödar uppåt genom reaktorn. Det gör det möjligt att reducera vattnets innehåll av organiskt material trots en kort hydraulisk uppehållstid i reaktorn. I detta examensarbete studeras de två UASB-reaktorer som ingår som en del i pilotanläggningen vid Sjöstadsverket. Examensarbetet visar hur uppstarten av reaktorerna fungerat och utvärderar möjligheten att reducera avloppsvattnets olika fraktioner av COD med denna teknik.</p><p>Temperaturen på vattnet från hushållen har under försöksperioden sjunkit från 23°C till 18°C. Det obehandlade avloppsvattnet har en total COD-halt kring 567 mg/l. Innan det anaeroba reningssteget förbehandlas vattnet genom sedimentering och inblandning av flockningskemikalier. Den totala mängden suspenderat material halveras i förbehandlingen och belastningen på UASB-reaktorerna är kring 100 mg /l. Efter förbehandling är vattnets COD-koncentration ca 400 mg/l. Med en hydraulisk uppehållstid på 2,4 timmar har en COD-reduktion på 64 % uppnåtts i hela systemet, dvs. försedimentering och två-stegs UASB-reaktor. Över det anaeroba reningssteget var reduktionen av COD 49 %. Reduktionen av löst COD (<0, 45 μm) i UASB-reaktorerna var 59 %. Vid seriell drift har merparten av lösligt COD reducerats i den första reaktorn. Efter nio månaders drift finns fortfarande ett granulärt slam i båda reaktorerna. Tester visar på en hög metanogen aktivitet. Gasproduktion har observerats i reaktorerna men inte kunnat mätas kvantitativt.</p><p>Resultaten från detta examensarbete indikerar att anaerob rening med en UASB-process fungerar utan uppvärmning för avloppsvattnet från hushållen i Hammarby Sjöstad. Den anaeroba behandlingen bör kompletteras med förbehandling samt en kompletterande behandling för att minska kvarvarande COD och reducera kväve och fosfor.</p>

A crescente conscientização da população sobre os riscos à saúde e ao meio ambiente, em decorrência da disposição inadequada dos resíduos sólidos domiciliares, aliada ao discurso ecológico, tem levado as administrações municipais a reformularem um antigo conceito, ou seja, o de que apenas os serviços de varrição e de coleta têm sido considerados suficientes para a satisfação do poder público. Atualmente, portanto, o gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos domiciliares constitui-se num dos maiores desafios a serem equacionados pelas administrações públicas. Deste modo, a reciclagem dos materiais, resultantes da coleta seletiva e das usinas de reciclagem e compostagem, assim como a disposição final, são pontos fundamentais na avaliação da gestão administrativa. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho apresenta informações a respeito do sistema DANO, o mais utilizado em nosso país dentre as usinas mecanizadas, fornecendo assim subsídios para sua integração no sistema de limpeza pública brasileiro.O trabalho mostra as caracterizações físicas (composição gravimétrica) dos resíduos sólidos domiciliares destinados à usina e, também, dos rejeitos destinados ao aterro sanitário, identificando, em cada caso, os materiais que apresentam um potencial de reciclagem no mercado atual. Finalmente, avaliam-se as eficiências das etapas do processo de uma usina de reciclagem e compostagem do sistema DANO na recuperação dos materiais recicláveis presentes nos resíduos sólidos domiciliares e, também, na transformação da matéria orgânica em composto, mediante a realização de um balanço de massa em todo processo. / The increasing population awareness about health and environmental risks, due to the inadequate disposal of solid residential waste, allied to ecological speech, has sed municipal administrators to reshape an old concept, that is only the sweeping and collecting services have been considered enough for satisfying the public authorities. Nowadays, the management of solid residential waste is one of the greastest challenges to be tackled by public administrators. Thus, recycling the materials that result from the selective collection and from the recycling and composting plants, as well as the final disposal products are fundamental subjects in the evaluating public administration. Furthermore, this paper presents information about the DANO system, the most popular in mechanized plants in our country, supplying subsidies for its integration into the brazilian public trash removal and cleaning system. The paper shows the physical characterization (gravimetric composition ) of solid residential waste sent to the plants and the rejects sent to the sanitary landfill, identifying in each case, the materials that present recycling potential in the current marketplace. Finally, the efficiency of the steps of the process in a DANO recycling and composting plant are evaluated in recuperating the existing recyclabe material in solid residential waste and, also, in the transformation of organic material into compost through mass balance analysis throughout the process.

Hammarby Sjöstad is a new district in southern Stockholm. A main objective with the Sjöstad project was to halve the environmental impact compared to other construction work. The environmental goals involve a halved water consumption rate, a local treatment of storm water and trials aiming to extract nutrients from the waste water. Sjöstadsverket is an experimental treatment plant used for testing new treatment processes for domestic waste water from Hammarby Sjöstad. The results are to be compared with the conventional process used at Henrikdals treatment plant today. Two aerobic and two anaerobic main treatment processes are to be tested before decision of full scale is taken in 2005. Anaerobic treatment without heating, as a way to reduce the content of organic material in the waste water, consumes less energy than conventional methods. Anaerobic reactors are usually operated at 37°C. It is possible to attain a high COD-reduction at lower temperatures, assumed a longer contact time between biomass and waste water. In an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) - reactor the microorganisms form granules with excellent sedimentation properties. The granules are floating with the waste water flowing upwards through the reactor. This makes it possible to reduce the COD-content despite a short hydraulic retention time in the reactor. The two UASB-reactors examined in this thesis is a part of the pilot plant. The thesis shows how the startup of the reactors has functioned and evaluates the possibility to reduce the contence of different COD-fractions with this technique.The domestic waste water temperature has during the experiment period dropped from 23°C to 18°C. The total COD-content of the untreated waste water is 567 mg/l. Before the anaerobic step the water is pre-treated by adding of flocculation chemicals and sedimentation. The total amount of suspended material is reduced by 50 % in the pre-treatment and the load on the UASB-reactors is 100 mg/l. With a hydrologic retention time of 2,4 h the pre-treatment and the two-step anaerobic reactor has reduced 64 % of the total COD-content. Over the anaerobic treatment step the COD-reduction was 49 %. The reduction of dissolved COD (&lt;0, 45 μm) was 59 %. When operated in series the main part of the soluble CODreduction has taken place in the first reactor. After more than six months operation there is still a granulated sludge in the reactors and tests show a high metanogenic activity. Gas production from the reactors has been observed but not measured quantitatively. The results from this thesis show that anaerobic treatment with a UASB-process functions without heating for the household waste water from Hammarby Sjöstad. The anaerobic process should be combined with pre-treatment and supplementary treatment to reduce the remaining COD and the nitrogen and phosphorus content. / Hammarby Sjöstad i södra Stockholm är en stadsdel under framväxt. Tanken bakom Sjöstadsprojektet var att halvera miljöpåverkan jämfört med annan nybyggnation. Bland annat anges i miljömålen halverad vattenförbrukning, lokal hantering av dagvatten och försök med utvinning av växtnäringsämnen ur avloppsvattnet. Sjöstadsverket är en del av detta projekt; en försöksanläggning för reningen av avloppsvattnet från hushållen i Hammarby Sjöstad. Två aeroba och två anaeroba linjer ska utvärderas innan beslut om full skala tas år 2005. Anaerob rening utan uppvärmning är ett resurssnålt sätt att minska innehållet av organiskt material i avloppsvattnet. Anaeroba reaktorer drivs vanligen vid ca 37°C. Det är möjligt att nå en hög reduktion av organiskt material även vid lägre temperaturer, förutsatt en längre kontakttid mellan biomassa och avloppsvatten. I en Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)-reaktor utnyttjas mikroorganismernas förmåga att bilda granuler, vilka svävar med avloppsvattnet som flödar uppåt genom reaktorn. Det gör det möjligt att reducera vattnets innehåll av organiskt material trots en kort hydraulisk uppehållstid i reaktorn. I detta examensarbete studeras de två UASB-reaktorer som ingår som en del i pilotanläggningen vid Sjöstadsverket. Examensarbetet visar hur uppstarten av reaktorerna fungerat och utvärderar möjligheten att reducera avloppsvattnets olika fraktioner av COD med denna teknik. Temperaturen på vattnet från hushållen har under försöksperioden sjunkit från 23°C till 18°C. Det obehandlade avloppsvattnet har en total COD-halt kring 567 mg/l. Innan det anaeroba reningssteget förbehandlas vattnet genom sedimentering och inblandning av flockningskemikalier. Den totala mängden suspenderat material halveras i förbehandlingen och belastningen på UASB-reaktorerna är kring 100 mg /l. Efter förbehandling är vattnets COD-koncentration ca 400 mg/l. Med en hydraulisk uppehållstid på 2,4 timmar har en COD-reduktion på 64 % uppnåtts i hela systemet, dvs. försedimentering och två-stegs UASB-reaktor. Över det anaeroba reningssteget var reduktionen av COD 49 %. Reduktionen av löst COD (&lt;0, 45 μm) i UASB-reaktorerna var 59 %. Vid seriell drift har merparten av lösligt COD reducerats i den första reaktorn. Efter nio månaders drift finns fortfarande ett granulärt slam i båda reaktorerna. Tester visar på en hög metanogen aktivitet. Gasproduktion har observerats i reaktorerna men inte kunnat mätas kvantitativt. Resultaten från detta examensarbete indikerar att anaerob rening med en UASB-process fungerar utan uppvärmning för avloppsvattnet från hushållen i Hammarby Sjöstad. Den anaeroba behandlingen bör kompletteras med förbehandling samt en kompletterande behandling för att minska kvarvarande COD och reducera kväve och fosfor.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-11-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:03:59Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_cp_dr_rcla.pdf: 803250 bytes, checksum: d7f3c2fc5b36ec5b0640f07b1af9999a (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo principal desta pesquisa foi o de mensurar o efeito das coletas informal e cooperativada de materiais recicláveis existentes em Santa Gertrudes e conhecer o destino do lixo doméstico produzido pelos moradores. O trabalho buscou, também, desenvolver um modo não convencional de executar a medição, valendo-se, para isso, de um universo amostral de resíduos recicláveis recolhidos das calçadas de 360 domicílios, bem como de um mesmo número de entrevistas com moradores da cidade. Mas até chegar à exposição dos números obtidos por ocasião de ambos os procedimentos, foi apresentado o histórico das duas formas de coleta de materiais recicláveis de Santa Gertrudes e a maneira como funcionam. Dados e informações diversos sobre a produção, coleta e destinação do lixo comum no Município foram igualmente expostos. Os trabalhos executados foram válidos na medida em que permitiram aferir o total de resíduos recicláveis desviados e não desviados do montante de lixo doméstico, identificar problemas e propor soluções em relação ao trabalho dos catadores e ao modo como a questão do lixo domiciliar é administrada na cidade, além de a técnica de aferição utilizada constituir-se procedimento inovador / This research, aims on measuring the effect of informal and cooperative collection of recyclable materials in Santa Gertrudes on the destiny of domestic wastes produced by the dwellers. A non conventional way of executing the measurement was also attempted. To achieve this objective, samples of recyclable residues collected on the sidewalks of 360 houses were used and 360 interviews with city dwellers were made. The history of the informal and cooperative collection and the working of waste-pickers were also studied to arrive at the data used in the tabulation of the results. Data and different information about the production, collection and destination of wastes produced in the city were also studied and several procedures to solve the problems were suggested. The results were positive because it was possible to know the total of recyclable residues deviated and not deviated from the total of domestic wastes, to identify the problems of waste-pickers, to analyze the city management of domestic wastes, and to find innovative solutions

A crescente conscientização da população sobre os riscos à saúde e ao meio ambiente, em decorrência da disposição inadequada dos resíduos sólidos domiciliares, aliada ao discurso ecológico, tem levado as administrações municipais a reformularem um antigo conceito, ou seja, o de que apenas os serviços de varrição e de coleta têm sido considerados suficientes para a satisfação do poder público. Atualmente, portanto, o gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos domiciliares constitui-se num dos maiores desafios a serem equacionados pelas administrações públicas. Deste modo, a reciclagem dos materiais, resultantes da coleta seletiva e das usinas de reciclagem e compostagem, assim como a disposição final, são pontos fundamentais na avaliação da gestão administrativa. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho apresenta informações a respeito do sistema DANO, o mais utilizado em nosso país dentre as usinas mecanizadas, fornecendo assim subsídios para sua integração no sistema de limpeza pública brasileiro.O trabalho mostra as caracterizações físicas (composição gravimétrica) dos resíduos sólidos domiciliares destinados à usina e, também, dos rejeitos destinados ao aterro sanitário, identificando, em cada caso, os materiais que apresentam um potencial de reciclagem no mercado atual. Finalmente, avaliam-se as eficiências das etapas do processo de uma usina de reciclagem e compostagem do sistema DANO na recuperação dos materiais recicláveis presentes nos resíduos sólidos domiciliares e, também, na transformação da matéria orgânica em composto, mediante a realização de um balanço de massa em todo processo. / The increasing population awareness about health and environmental risks, due to the inadequate disposal of solid residential waste, allied to ecological speech, has sed municipal administrators to reshape an old concept, that is only the sweeping and collecting services have been considered enough for satisfying the public authorities. Nowadays, the management of solid residential waste is one of the greastest challenges to be tackled by public administrators. Thus, recycling the materials that result from the selective collection and from the recycling and composting plants, as well as the final disposal products are fundamental subjects in the evaluating public administration. Furthermore, this paper presents information about the DANO system, the most popular in mechanized plants in our country, supplying subsidies for its integration into the brazilian public trash removal and cleaning system. The paper shows the physical characterization (gravimetric composition ) of solid residential waste sent to the plants and the rejects sent to the sanitary landfill, identifying in each case, the materials that present recycling potential in the current marketplace. Finally, the efficiency of the steps of the process in a DANO recycling and composting plant are evaluated in recuperating the existing recyclabe material in solid residential waste and, also, in the transformation of organic material into compost through mass balance analysis throughout the process.

Orientador: Fadel David Antonio Tuma Filho / Banca: Vânia Rubia Farias Vlach / Banca: Mário de Biasi / Banca: Ana Tereza Caceres Cortez / Banca: Eneas Rente Ferreira / Resumo: O objetivo principal desta pesquisa foi o de mensurar o efeito das coletas informal e cooperativada de materiais recicláveis existentes em Santa Gertrudes e conhecer o destino do lixo doméstico produzido pelos moradores. O trabalho buscou, também, desenvolver um modo não convencional de executar a medição, valendo-se, para isso, de um universo amostral de resíduos recicláveis recolhidos das calçadas de 360 domicílios, bem como de um mesmo número de entrevistas com moradores da cidade. Mas até chegar à exposição dos números obtidos por ocasião de ambos os procedimentos, foi apresentado o histórico das duas formas de coleta de materiais recicláveis de Santa Gertrudes e a maneira como funcionam. Dados e informações diversos sobre a produção, coleta e destinação do lixo comum no Município foram igualmente expostos. Os trabalhos executados foram válidos na medida em que permitiram aferir o total de resíduos recicláveis desviados e não desviados do montante de lixo doméstico, identificar problemas e propor soluções em relação ao trabalho dos catadores e ao modo como a questão do lixo domiciliar é administrada na cidade, além de a técnica de aferição utilizada constituir-se procedimento inovador / Abstract: This research, aims on measuring the effect of informal and cooperative collection of recyclable materials in Santa Gertrudes on the destiny of domestic wastes produced by the dwellers. A non conventional way of executing the measurement was also attempted. To achieve this objective, samples of recyclable residues collected on the sidewalks of 360 houses were used and 360 interviews with city dwellers were made. The history of the informal and cooperative collection and the working of waste-pickers were also studied to arrive at the data used in the tabulation of the results. Data and different information about the production, collection and destination of wastes produced in the city were also studied and several procedures to solve the problems were suggested. The results were positive because it was possible to know the total of recyclable residues deviated and not deviated from the total of domestic wastes, to identify the problems of waste-pickers, to analyze the city management of domestic wastes, and to find innovative solutions / Doutor

Infelizmente os municípios brasileiros, em sua grande maioria, dispõem seus resíduos sólidos domiciliares sem nenhum controle, o que promove graves conseqüências, como contaminação do ar, do solo, das águas superficiais e subterrâneas. Este trabalho visou caracterizar geológica e geotecnicamente, com base em estudos geofísicos, o lixão desativado de São Carlos - SP, bem como analisar a evolução da contaminação já identificada por alguns autores anteriormente. Os resíduos foram dispostos inadequadamente nesta área por aproximadamente 17 anos, sobre os solos arenosos permeáveis da formação Botucatu. Esta atividade cessou definitivamente em 1996, o que não finalizou o processo de contaminação, ainda atuante. Para investigação da evolução da pluma de contaminação realizaram-se caminhamentos elétricos (eletrorresistividade e polarização induzida), ensaios de infiltração e outros para caracterização dos materiais inconsolidados, associando estes dados aos já existentes. Os resultados mostram que a aplicação dessas técnicas permitiu caracterizar a situação de contaminação atual da área, mostrando que existe a propagação de uma pluma de contaminação com direção NW, e que verticalmente também pode estar ocorrendo contaminação. Essa contaminação no sentido vertical pode ser acentuada pela existência de uma descontinuidade sob o corpo do lixo, pela alta permeabilidade dos materiais arenosos da região, pela ausência de barreiras menos permeáveis e pela variação sazonal do nível d´água. / Unfortunately the brazilian cities, in its majority, discharge its domestic solid wastes without any control, which produces grave consequences such as contamination of the air, earth, and both superficial and the groundwater. This work carried out a geological-geotechnical characterization and geophysical studies of the uncontrolled sanitary landfill of São Carlos – SP, and also the analysis of the evolution of the contamination previously identified by other authors in the area. The residues were disposed inadequately in this area for approximately 17 years, in an area constituted by porous soils overlapping sandstones of Botucatu formation. This practice ceased completely in 1996, but the contamination process didn’t stop up to now. For investigation of the development of the plume of contamination several procedures were used: geophysical surveys (eletroresistivity and induced polarization), infiltration characterization tests of the unconsolidated materials and analysis of the results already existing. The results show that these techniques were enabled to characterizing the current situation of contamination of the area, showing that there is a propagation of a plume of contamination with direction NW, and that there also may be contamination occurring vertically. This contamination on the vertical direction may be allowed by the existence of a discontinuity under the sanitary landfill, high permeability of the sandy materials in the area, by the lack of less permeable layers and by the seasonal variation of the groundwater level.

Submitted by Biblioteca de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica BGQ (bgq@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-09-12T17:52:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_ LUIZA A V QUEIROZ 2011.pdf: 3801798 bytes, checksum: 4432ac3042314444c4def7d67d02d61a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-12T17:52:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_ LUIZA A V QUEIROZ 2011.pdf: 3801798 bytes, checksum: 4432ac3042314444c4def7d67d02d61a (MD5) / Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Química. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica, Niterói, RJ / O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar a contribuição de fontes antrópicas e geológicas na hidrogeoquímica fluvial da bacia do rio Paquequer, principal drenagem do município de Teresópolis, RJ. A bacia está localizada na região da Serra do Mar e cobre uma área de 269 km². Sua nascente encontra-se dentro de uma Unidade de Conservação da Mata Atlântica (Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos) e, ao atravessar a cidade de Teresópolis, incorpora resíduos domésticos e de aterro sanitário, ocorrendo também contribuições de pecuária extensiva e/ou agrícolas no seu baixo curso. O rio Paquequer tem importância singular para o município de Teresópolis porque é uma das fontes de abastecimento de água do município. As unidades geológicas locais são classificadas como; Unidade Rio Negro, Batólito Serra dos Órgãos, Granito Teresópolis, e diques básicos. Os solos são predominantemente Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelos e Cambissolo e ocorrem ainda Gleissolos nos vales fluviais. Nesse estudo foram coletadas amostras de água de rio e particulados em suspensão contemplando diferentes litologias e usos do solo. A amostragem foi realizada em agosto de 2010, durante o período de estiagem, quando o intemperismo é a principal fonte natural de elementos para o sistema fluvial. Foram efetuadas medidas de pH, condutividade, temperatura, potencial de oxi-redução e medidas de vazão in situ. Além dessas medidas, foram feitas análises químicas do material dissolvido (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Ba+, Mg3+, Pb, Cu, Co, Ni, Cr, Zn, Sr, Rb, Al, Si, Fe, Mn e Cd, PO43-, Cl- e SO42-) e identificação mineralógica (DRX) das partículas em suspensão. Os resultados de DRX mostram que a mineralogia do particulado é predominantemente formada por caulinita, gibbsita, e quartzo e secundariamente ocorrem haloisita, mica e illita e raramente microclina. Diagramas teóricos de estabilidade foram confeccionados para identificação da transferência de elementos da fase dissolvida para a fase particulada. O Si é originado por fontes naturais de intemperismo e os resultados químicos apontam concentrações crescente deste elemento no PARNASO e concentrações aproximadamente constante ao longo do canal principal do rio Paquequer a jusante do parque. Na, K, Ca, Cl-, SO42- e PO43- apresentam fontes naturais no intemperismo e fontes antrópicas em resíduos urbanos e agricolas. Estes elementos apresentam picos de concentração ao atravessarem o núcleo urbano e no afluente que drena o aterro sanitário. A razão Na/Si assim como as concentrações de cloreto e fosfato funcionam como identificadores de esgoto doméstico. Os metais Cu, Ni, Co, Zn e Mn são provenientes de poluição antrópica urbana e de agricultura e são encontrados ao longo do canal principal do rio após o centro urbano no médio e baixo curso do rio. Rochas que apresentam maiores conteúdos de K e Al, ricas em k-feldspato, são mais resistentes ao intemperismo, por essa razão as águas fluviais que drenam esses litotipos não apresentaram maiores concentrações desses metais. Análise multivariada permitiu o agrupamento dos locais amostrados em 4 subgrupos de acordo com o seu grau de influência antrópica. Pontos localizados no alto curso do rio são preservados, a maioria dos afluentes apresentam características pouco impactadas em relação ao background local. Após o centro urbano todo o canal principal se apresenta influenciado por impacto antrópico. Locais analisados no nucleo urbano e no alfluente que drena o aterro sanitário apresentam características extremamente impactadas. / Surface water chemistry varies according to geology, atmospheric inputs and anthropogenic factors, such as discharges of domestic and industrial effluents, agricultural activities and others. The main purpose of this study is to identify the anthropogenic and geological contributions in determining the hydrogeochemistry of the Paquequer river basin, Teresópolis, RJ. This basin covers a 269 km² area, its springs lie within a conservation area (Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos) with preserved Atlantic Forest. The Paquequer River mid-stream crosses the city of Teresopolis and receives domestic waste. Contributions of agricultural effluent also occur in its lower stream. The Paquequer river has singular importance for Teresópolis because it is a water supply source. The present geological units are classified as Batólito Serra dos Órgãos (gneissic granites), Granito Teresópolis (monzogranite), the Rio Negro Unit and basic dykes. Soils are predominantly Red-Yellow Cambissoils and Gleissoils in river valleys. In this study, river samples consider different lithologies and land uses. Samples were collected during the dry season in August 2010 when weathering comprises the main source of natural elements to the river system. Measurements of pH, conductivity, temperature, redox potential and river flow were made in site. Besides these measures, chemical analysis of dissolved elements have been carried out (Na, K, Ba, Ca, Mg, Pb, Cu, Co, Ni, Cr, Zn, Sr, Rb, Al, Si, Fe, Mn, Li, La, Cd, PO43- , Cl- and SO42-). Mineralogy (XRD) of the suspended particles was also identified. XRD results showed that the mineralogy of the suspended particles is predominantly composed of kaolinite, gibbsite and quartz. Secondarily it was also observed halloysite, mica, illite and rarely microcline. Theoretical stability diagrams were prepared to identify the transfer of elements from the dissolved phase to solid phase. Chemical results of the dissolved elements indicated concentrations of Si approximately constant along the main Paquequer river channel, only natural sources (weathering) were found for this element. Na, K, Ca, Cl, SO4 and PO4 shows natural (weathering) and anthropogenic (urban and agricultural effluents) sources and concentrations peak while crossing the urban center and, in the tributary that drains the sanitary landfill. The ratio Na / Si indicated domestic sewage influences. Copper, Ni, Co, Zn and Mn indicates anthropogenic pollution from urban sources and agriculture. Rocks with higher contents of K and Al are more resistant to weathering processes, explaining why the river water that drains those lithotype do not present higher concentrations of these metals. Multivariate analysis identified four subgroups of sampling sites according to their degree of anthropogenic influence. Points located in the upper stream of the river are unaffected. Almost all tributaries shows characteristic of low impact. Along the main channel, after the city influence, all place have noticeable pollution features. Lastly points, which receive direct influence of the urban center and sanitary landfill sites, are highly impacted.

Infelizmente os municípios brasileiros, em sua grande maioria, dispõem seus resíduos sólidos domiciliares sem nenhum controle, o que promove graves conseqüências, como contaminação do ar, do solo, das águas superficiais e subterrâneas. Este trabalho visou caracterizar geológica e geotecnicamente, com base em estudos geofísicos, o lixão desativado de São Carlos - SP, bem como analisar a evolução da contaminação já identificada por alguns autores anteriormente. Os resíduos foram dispostos inadequadamente nesta área por aproximadamente 17 anos, sobre os solos arenosos permeáveis da formação Botucatu. Esta atividade cessou definitivamente em 1996, o que não finalizou o processo de contaminação, ainda atuante. Para investigação da evolução da pluma de contaminação realizaram-se caminhamentos elétricos (eletrorresistividade e polarização induzida), ensaios de infiltração e outros para caracterização dos materiais inconsolidados, associando estes dados aos já existentes. Os resultados mostram que a aplicação dessas técnicas permitiu caracterizar a situação de contaminação atual da área, mostrando que existe a propagação de uma pluma de contaminação com direção NW, e que verticalmente também pode estar ocorrendo contaminação. Essa contaminação no sentido vertical pode ser acentuada pela existência de uma descontinuidade sob o corpo do lixo, pela alta permeabilidade dos materiais arenosos da região, pela ausência de barreiras menos permeáveis e pela variação sazonal do nível d´água. / Unfortunately the brazilian cities, in its majority, discharge its domestic solid wastes without any control, which produces grave consequences such as contamination of the air, earth, and both superficial and the groundwater. This work carried out a geological-geotechnical characterization and geophysical studies of the uncontrolled sanitary landfill of São Carlos – SP, and also the analysis of the evolution of the contamination previously identified by other authors in the area. The residues were disposed inadequately in this area for approximately 17 years, in an area constituted by porous soils overlapping sandstones of Botucatu formation. This practice ceased completely in 1996, but the contamination process didn’t stop up to now. For investigation of the development of the plume of contamination several procedures were used: geophysical surveys (eletroresistivity and induced polarization), infiltration characterization tests of the unconsolidated materials and analysis of the results already existing. The results show that these techniques were enabled to characterizing the current situation of contamination of the area, showing that there is a propagation of a plume of contamination with direction NW, and that there also may be contamination occurring vertically. This contamination on the vertical direction may be allowed by the existence of a discontinuity under the sanitary landfill, high permeability of the sandy materials in the area, by the lack of less permeable layers and by the seasonal variation of the groundwater level.