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Waste management is one of the priority trends in the field of the environment protection in Lithuania. Special attention is currently paid to collection of domestic waste, reprocessing of raw material, handling of dumping sites and establishment of hazardous waste management system. Domestic waste constitutes the waste accumulated in our household. Municipality institutions are the key chain organising the management of domestic waste generated within the corresponding territory. They carry responsibility for regulation, establishment (development) and administration of this waste management system within the territory under their subordination and the usage of this system is mandatory for the local residents and economic entities within these territories. The analysis of legal documents regulating waste management indicated that the concept of regional waste management system, its establishment and management form, functions and competence is not precisely defined in the legislation. Considering the major principle „polluter pays“ applicable in the field of waste management more discussions are being raised regarding manufacturer‘s responsibility for handling packaging and defraying the costs for this waste as well as waste management on the municipal level. Regardless the fact that the tasks set for the municipalities are well implemented at the municipality of Alytus city in comparison with other big cities of Lithuania, still they are not fully achieved and their... [to full text]

[pt] O Panorama da Coleta Seletiva de resíduos domiciliares na cidade do Rio de Janeiro apresenta alguns aspectos atuais do Sistema de Coleta Seletiva e das Cooperativas de Catadores, na perspectiva da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS), através de seu instrumento, o Plano Municipal de Gestão Integrada de Resíduos Sólidos (PMGIRS). Baseadas em dados de coleta de resíduos da COMLURB e de outras fontes, foram feitas avaliações de desempenho da coleta seletiva, assim como, a partir de informações, contatos e visitas a alguns participantes do Sistema de Limpeza Urbana do Rio de Janeiro foi feita a avaliação de desempenho da gestão municipal da coleta seletiva e das organizações de catadores de coleta seletiva, utilizando-se de metodologia com indicadores e índices de Sustentabilidade. Apesar do destaque e da visibilidade histórica da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro, na questão do Desenvolvimento Sustentável o desempenho da coleta seletiva é muito modesto, se comparado com o de outras cidades brasileiras. Embora haja inúmeros instrumentos legais e estratégias, na prática este serviço não está devidamente implantado na Cidade, apesar do reconhecimento da sua importância. / [en] The general objective of this dissertation, as a panorama of waste sorting of household waste, is to present the legal compliance of the City of Rio de Janeiro with the guidelines, targets and first results of the Municipal Solid Waste Management Plan (PMGIRS 2013-2016) and (PMGIRS 2017-2020). Then, through the use of indicators of waste sorting of household waste in the City of Rio de Janeiro, to present a performance evaluation of waste sorting of household waste from the city of Rio de Janeiro, from 2014 to 2016. As a specific objective of the panorama is to make an evaluation of the management of waste sorting as well as organizations of waste sorting collectors, based on data, information and observations of qualitative research, through unstructured interviews and visits to stakeholders and companies, applying indicators and sustainability indexes for the management of waste sorting and waste scavengers organizations.

The Milazzo peninsula, North-Eastern Sicily, Italy, is the implantation site of potentially polluting anthropogenic activities. Among them, a refinery and a thermoelectric plant. An epidemiological study has shown a decrease of human health quality in the area, but there was no further research as to the reasons of this observation. The aim of this work is to better understand how the Milazzo peninsula's anthropogenic emissions impact the local human health and ecosystems. The Life Cycle Assessment calculating approach was chosen in order to study the consequences of the emissions resulting from the following local anthropogenic activities: the thermoelectric plant, the refinery, the road traffic, the illegal combustion of domestic waste. The Impact 2002+ and the ReCiPe 2008 global-scale models were chosen, as well as a site-specific approach. In order to conduct this site-specific calculation, Milazzo soils and seawater samples were gathered and the specific local parameters were deduced from their analyses. The global-scale results pointed out the waste combustion emissions and the thermoelectric plant as the main causes of the human health quality decrease, while the thermoelectric plant was pointed out as the anthropogenic activity causing the most environmental damages. The site-specific study applied to the soil and seawater ecotoxicity confirmed the important role of the thermoelectric plant's emissions in the damages upon the environment, especially the seawater. Moreover, the site-specific study also corrected the soil ecotoxic impact scores, showing the importance of both thermoelectric plant and illegal waste combustion contributions to the damaging of the environment. As a conclusion, LCA study as a whole enlightens and explains the previous observations of human health and ecosystem damages in the site of study while the site-specific study proved relevant in the peculiar area of Milazzo.

La péninsule de Milazzo, au Nord-Est de la Sicile, en Italie, est le site d'implantation d'activités anthropiques potentiellement polluantes. Parmi elles, une raffinerie et une centrale thermoélectrique. Une étude épidémiologique a montré une diminution de la qualité de la santé humaine dans la zone, mais aucune recherche n'a approfondi les raisons de cette observation. Le but de ce travail est de mieux comprendre comment les émissions des activités anthropiques de la péninsule de Milazzo impactent la santé humaine à l'échelle locale ainsi que les écosystèmes. L'approche par l'Analyse du Cycle de Vie a été choisie afin d'étudier les conséquences des émissions provenant des activités anthropiques suivantes: la centrale thermoélectrique, la raffinerie, la circulation automobile, la combustion sauvage de déchets domestiques. Les modèles à l'échelle globale Impact2002+ et ReCiPe2008 furent choisis, ainsi qu'une approche site-spécifique. Afin de réaliser ces calculs à l'échelle site-spécifique, des échantillons de sols et d'eau marine provenant de Milazzo ont été rassemblés et les paramètres locaux spécifiques ont été déduits de leurs analyses. Les résultats à l'échelle globale on montré que la combustion des déchets ménagers et que la centrale thermoélectrique sont les activités anthropiques causant le plus de dommages environnementaux. L'étude site-spécifique appliquée à l'écotoxicité du sol et de l'eau de mer a confirmé l'importance du rôle des émissions de la centrale thermoélectrique dans les dommages sur l'environnement, en particulier sur l'eau de mer. De plus, l'étude site-spécifique a permis de corriger les scores d'impact du sol, montrant l'importance à la fois de la centrale thermoélectrique et de la combustion sauvage de déchets ménagers dans les dommages sur l'environnement. En conclusion, l'étude ACV a globalement montré et expliqué les observations précédentes concernant les dommages à la santé humaine et à l'environnement sur le site d'étude alors que l'étude site-spécifique s'est montrée pertinente pour la zone particulière de Milazzo. / The Milazzo peninsula, North-Eastern Sicily, Italy, is the implantation site of potentially polluting anthropogenic activities. Among them, a refinery and a thermoelectric plant. An epidemiological study has shown a decrease of human health quality in the area, but there was no further research as to the reasons of this observation. The aim of this work is to better understand how the Milazzo peninsula's anthropogenic emissions impact the local human health and ecosystems. The Life Cycle Assessment calculating approach was chosen in order to study the consequences of the emissions resulting from the following local anthropogenic activities: the thermoelectric plant, the refinery, the road traffic, the illegal combustion of domestic waste. The Impact 2002+ and the ReCiPe 2008 global-scale models were chosen, as well as a site-specific approach. In order to conduct this site-specific calculation, Milazzo soils and seawater samples were gathered and the specific local parameters were deduced from their analyses. The global-scale results pointed out the waste combustion emissions and the thermoelectric plant as the main causes of the human health quality decrease, while the thermoelectric plant was pointed out as the anthropogenic activity causing the most environmental damages. The site-specific study applied to the soil and seawater ecotoxicity confirmed the important role of the thermoelectric plant's emissions in the damages upon the environment, especially the seawater. Moreover, the site-specific study also corrected the soil ecotoxic impact scores, showing the importance of both thermoelectric plant and illegal waste combustion contributions to the damaging of the environment. As a conclusion, LCA study as a whole enlightens and explains the previous observations of human health and ecosystem damages in the site of study while the site-specific study proved relevant in the peculiar area of Milazzo.

Les REFIOM (Résidus d'Epuration des Fumées d'Incinération des Ordures Ménagères) issus de l'incération des déchets ménagers contiennent des métaux lourds comme le plomb ou le cadmium et sont en France uniquement stockés en centre d'enfouissement technique de classe 1 pour dangereux, en étant stabilisés par une vitrification. Afin de trouver des solutions pour le stockage ou la valorisation à long terme des REFIOM sans danger pour l'environnement, nous avons ciblé les vitrocéramiques et les céramiques frittées à hautes températures et hautes pressions. Nous avons utilisé des méthodes de la minéralogie physique par l'intermédiaire de synthèses à hautes températures, de synthèses à hautes températures et à hautes pressions en autoclave à chauffage externe, d'observations en microscopie électronique à balayage, de microanalyses chimiques EDX (Energy Dispersive X-Ray spectrometry), d'analyses en microsondes, de caractérisation structurale par diffraction de rayons X et d'expériences de lixiviation dynamique. Nous avons mis au point des protocoles de synthèses et d'analyses. Par ce biais, nous constatons pour les vitrocéramiques que le plomb ou le cadmium sont incorporés dans des cristallites et dans des nouvelles phases cristallines, eux-mêmes englobés dans une matrice vitreuse. Cette voie dite "double barrière" (cristaux + verre) semble prometteuses pour l'immobilisation du plomb et du cadmium (au regard des analyses EDX et des expériences de lixiviation). Pour les céramiques frittées, comme pour les SYNROC (SYNthetic ROCk) synthétisées pour les déchets nucléaires, de nouvelles phases cristallines incorporant Pb et Cd sont observées et seraient a priori résistantes pour le stockage de ces éléments toxiques. Dans ces deux cas de nouveaux matériaux capables d'incorporer massivement du plomb et du cadmium ont été mis en évidence. Des tests de durabilité permettront d'envisager une valorisation éventuelle de tels matériaux / MSWI 5Municipal Solide Waste Incinerator) fly ashes from the incineration of domestic waste contain heavy metals such as lead or cadmium. In France, these fly ashes are only stored under vitrified forms in class-1 type landfills for hazardous waste. In order to find solutions for long-term storage or valorization of the MSWI fly ashes, we studied glass-ceramics and sintered ceramics at high pressures and/or hight temperature. We used methods of mineral physics to : synthetize at high temperature, synthetize at higt temperature and high pressure using autoclaves with external heating system, observe by electron microcopy, make EDX (Energy Dispersive X-Ray spectrometry) chemical microanalysis, make microprobe analysis, structurally characterize and perform leaching test. We established experimental protocols for the synthesis and analysis of produced materials. For glass-ceramics, we observe that lead and cadmium are incorporated inside expected crystallites and new crystal phases, themselves embedded by a glassy matrix. This so-called "double barrier" (crystals + glass) is a promising way towards a substainable of lead and cadmium (after EDX analysis and leaching experiements). For sintered ceramics, as for the SYNROC (SYNthetic ROCk) with nuclear waste, new crystal phases incorporating Pb and Cd are found and might display a high resistant for the storage of these toxic elements. In both cases, new materials incorporating large amounts of lead and cadmium were formed. Durability tests may give new ways for a valorization of such materials

Att ta itu med hållbarhet i livsmedel och minska livsmedelsindustrins miljöpåverkan har avgörande betydelse. Inom detta sammanhang har måltidsplanering framstått som en betydande faktor som påverkar matbeteendet och bidrar till att minska hushållsavfallet. Denna forskning fokuserar på att undersöka effekten och effektiviteten av en måltidsplanerings som syftar till att minska avfallet. För att åstadkomma detta användes en blandad Research through Design-process (RtD), som inkluderade metoder som brainstorming och observationsmetoder. Forskningsresultaten visar att genomförandet av en måltidsplanering framgångsrikt kan förbättra användningen av ingredienser inom hushållen, vilket leder till minskat avfall. Designegenskaper som stödjer individer i deras måltidsplanering identifierades: ha planeringen på ett och samma ställe, inkludera uppmaningar med syfte att uppmuntra individer att följa planen, och visa framstegen under hela måltidscykeln. Vidare identifierades designegenskaper som stödde matlagning i hemmet: att ha systemet och måltidsplanen synliga för användaren, samt att dela upp ingrediensen till måltiderna i fack. Sammantaget hjälper dessa identifierade designegenskaper individer att delta i måltidsplanering, vilket leder till minskat hushållsavfall. / Addressing food sustainability and reducing the environmental impact of the food industry are crucial concerns. Within this context, meal planning has emerged as a significant factor influencing food behaviour and contributing to the reduction of domestic waste. This research focuses on investigating the impact and effectiveness of a meal planning intervention aimed at the reduction of waste. To accomplish this, a mixed Research through Design (RtD) process was employed, incorporating methods such as brainstorming sessions and observational methods. The research findings reveal that implementing a meal planning intervention can successfully enhance ingredient utilisation within households, which leads to waste reduction. Design properties that support individuals in their meal planning efforts were identified: having the planning process all in one place, incorporating prompts to encourage individuals to adhere to the plan, and showcasing the progress throughout the meal cycle. Furthermore, design properties that supported cooking in the home were identified: having the system and the meal plan visible to the user, and dividing the ingredient for the meals into compartments. Overall, these identified design propertied collectively assist individuals in engaging in meal planning, leading to the reduction of domestic waste.

Rapid population growth and urbanisation has resulted in a drastic increase in the volume of waste produced by the World populace. The resulting pressure on the country’s somewhat underdeveloped waste management infrastructure emphasizes the need for waste management solutions which balance environmental protection with economic sustainability. Waste is seen as an unwanted or surplus by-product, emission or residue of any process or activity which has been discarded, accumulated or stored for the purpose of discarding or future processing. Hazardous waste is waste that may, by circumstance of use, quantity, concentration or inherent physical, chemical or infectious characteristics, cause ill-health or an increased mortality rate in humans, fauna and/or flora. General waste on the other hand, is waste that does not pose an immediate threat to human health or the environment. Currently household waste is considered general waste even though it may contain hazardous components such as fluorescent tubes and/or other household chemicals. Promulgation of NEM: WA (no 59 of 2008) provides instruments for the implementation of the steps taken by the Department of Environmental Affairs to improve waste management in South Africa. Successful implementation and enforcement of the act will place the country at the forefront of progressive international standards in waste management. One of South Africa’s largest environmental and waste management challenges remains the presence of historical, hazardous waste landfill sites. Characterisation of the dangers that these sites pose to the environment is providing extremely difficult and expensive, as is the ongoing maintenance and management of these facilities – placing economic strain on national municipalities. This study was done in two phases. The first related to the hazardous waste components of household waste that is being dumped at landfill site and the methods of classification, handling and dumping of hazardous waste have been investigated. All the legislation was taken into consideration to see if the landfill sites comply with the latest legislation. The second phase was a comparison between three landfill sites. The management, work activities and general appearance of the sites have been compared internally. Then a comparison have been done between the following landfill sites Kwaggasrand landfill site in Tshwane, Weltevreden landfill site in Brakpan and an ideal landfill site developed in accordance with the Minimum Requirements documents published by of DEAT in 1998. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Geography and Environmental Studies))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Rapid population growth and urbanisation has resulted in a drastic increase in the volume of waste produced by the World populace. The resulting pressure on the country’s somewhat underdeveloped waste management infrastructure emphasizes the need for waste management solutions which balance environmental protection with economic sustainability. Waste is seen as an unwanted or surplus by-product, emission or residue of any process or activity which has been discarded, accumulated or stored for the purpose of discarding or future processing. Hazardous waste is waste that may, by circumstance of use, quantity, concentration or inherent physical, chemical or infectious characteristics, cause ill-health or an increased mortality rate in humans, fauna and/or flora. General waste on the other hand, is waste that does not pose an immediate threat to human health or the environment. Currently household waste is considered general waste even though it may contain hazardous components such as fluorescent tubes and/or other household chemicals. Promulgation of NEM: WA (no 59 of 2008) provides instruments for the implementation of the steps taken by the Department of Environmental Affairs to improve waste management in South Africa. Successful implementation and enforcement of the act will place the country at the forefront of progressive international standards in waste management. One of South Africa’s largest environmental and waste management challenges remains the presence of historical, hazardous waste landfill sites. Characterisation of the dangers that these sites pose to the environment is providing extremely difficult and expensive, as is the ongoing maintenance and management of these facilities – placing economic strain on national municipalities. This study was done in two phases. The first related to the hazardous waste components of household waste that is being dumped at landfill site and the methods of classification, handling and dumping of hazardous waste have been investigated. All the legislation was taken into consideration to see if the landfill sites comply with the latest legislation. The second phase was a comparison between three landfill sites. The management, work activities and general appearance of the sites have been compared internally. Then a comparison have been done between the following landfill sites Kwaggasrand landfill site in Tshwane, Weltevreden landfill site in Brakpan and an ideal landfill site developed in accordance with the Minimum Requirements documents published by of DEAT in 1998. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Geography and Environmental Studies))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.