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The aim of the thesis is to describe effective legislation that regulates collecting fees for removal and other disposal of municipal waste organised by municipalities. There are used also various socioeconomic approaches and the thesis seeks for the best solution how to collect the fees for the service. The study is mainly focused on Municipal Fees Act and its regulations because they cause most of problems in practice. Author's opinion is that such a regulation is completely wrong. According to the author of the thesis, there were found features of The Tragedy of the Commons theory in the regulations which means in practice that the whole system is going to either collapse or cost even more money to be kept. The next negative of the legislation is the possibility to circumvent paying the fees. Then, it was proved in the study that the main principle which is the legislation built on, does not work in practice. The principle is that costs paid for the removal and other disposal of municipal waste are supposed to be equivalent to a number of inhabitants living in a town. Because of an absolute personal principle, it was also described in the thesis that minors become debtors when they turn 18 because of their irresponsible parents who do not pay the fees for them. It was recognized in the thesis...

Global energy requirements are heavily dependent on fossil fuels such as oil, coal, and natural gas. With the expectation of fossil fuels being exhausted in the future, novel strategies need to be discovered for alternative energy generation. Biofuels such as acetone, butanol, ethanol, and hydrogen gas are gaining interest as high value energy sources. These fuels can be produced by anaerobic clostridia as metabolic byproducts of fermentation. The capability to produce these biofuels has been widely studied using glucose or other common feedstocks. Biofuels from renewable and industrial waste feedstocks such as algae and cheese whey may have significant implications on the efficiency of biofuel production, where the price associated with feedstocks is considered a major bottleneck in biotechnology processes. Algae and cheese whey are both rich in organic nutrients and can be utilized by clostridia to produce not only biofuels, but also bioacids, which are considered fuel intermediate compounds. Additionally, understanding microbial communities both in the biosphere and within bioreactors can provide knowledge on microbial relationships and novel microbes, and provide knowledge to optimize engineered systems for biofuels and bioremediation strategies. In this study, a comprehensive investigation of the Logan City Wastewater Lagoon System at the microbial level was executed. Microalgae were utilized for the production of acetone, butanol, and ethanol using Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum. High-throughput 454 pyrosequencing technology was utilized to understand the biogas-producing microbial consortium within an algal-fed anaerobic digester inoculated with lagoon sludge. This technology platform was also utilized to study the microbial diversity of a municipal waste remediating community while probing for clostridia capable of producing biofuels. Bioproduct producing clostridia from this system were isolated and employed using cheese whey as feedstock for the production of hydrogen, ethanol, acetic acid, butyric acid, and lactic acid. Integrating fundamental science with engineering strategies was demonstrated using this lagoon system. To optimize and fully understand and manage anaerobic microbial systems, an understanding of their phylogeny and their capabilities are vital for success at the industrial level for the production of high value bioproducts.

Landfills are a potential pollution threat to both ground and surface water resources. This study focuses on two landfills, the Horotiu municipal waste landfill, near Hamilton, New Zealand, and the Maseru landfill in Lesotho. The Horotiu landfill is located less than 50 metres from the Waikato River and also sits on a shallow (lt;lm to water table) aquifer. In Lesotho, the Maseru landfill is 4 km from a river and 2 km from a water reservoir and rests on a huge aquifer. Over 5000 people depend on groundwater in the area between the landfill and the river. The objectives of my study were to: 1. compare and contrast conditions, management, and potential environmental impacts of the Horotiu and Maseru landfills; 2. evaluate the potential for groundwater contamination as the result of leachate migration; and 3. investigate the chemical characteristics of the landfill leachates and the impacts of the landfills on groundwater quality. The Horotiu study was based on the leachate and groundwater quality monitoring data obtained from the Hamilton City Council. Samples were collected every three months from 1991-2006 and analysed for about 30 chemical parameters. The data for the Maseru landfill consisted of groundwater quality collected by the author during July-September 2007 and borehole pumping data obtained from the Department of Water Affairs, in Lesotho. At Horotiu results indicate that the leachate had high concentrations of: NH4-N (630 mg/l), TOC (405 mg/l), BOD (126 mg/l), and COD (1289 mg/l), while heavy metals were in low concentrations (lt;0.1mg/l). Leachate quality was found to change with time and with rainfall. Groundwater samples obtained from the landfill boreholes indicated that the Horotiu landfill had an influence in the quality of groundwater. Groundwater at the down-slope side of the landfill had higher concentrations of all chemical parameters, except for NO3-N, SO4-2 and Reactive P, than the groundwater on the upstream side. The mean groundwater quality at Horotiu was within New Zealand drinking water standards though some standards were exceeded by some individual samples. In the Maseru landfill, the borehole water had high concentrations of chemical parameters such as EC (1580 μS/cm) and Chloride (190 mg/l), compared to the national average of 250 μS/cm and 28 mg/l. The Maseru landfill groundwater quality was within the WHO drinking water standard for all analysed chemical constituents, except lead. Groundwater beneath both landfills was influenced by leachate but the impacts are currently not at an alarming stage, for analysed chemical parameters. At Maseru introduction of landfill linings has potential to reduce the effect of leachate on groundwater.

The Wood River, located in the Old Wives Lake watershed in southern Saskatchewan, is an important water resource for people living in this area. Agriculture dominates land use in the basin, while the river receives waste water effluent from the town of Gravelbourg twice yearly. Both land usage in the basin and the dumping of municipal waste water effluent have the potential to degrade water quality in the river. To date however, the water quality of the Wood River has been relatively unstudied. <p> The purpose of this study was threefold. First, to evaluate the water quality of the Wood River and compare it to similar river systems. Then, to evaluate the effects of nutrients on the pelagic phytoplankton in the river to determine the biological responsiveness to nutrient additions which might occur as a result of agricultural land use and municipal waste water effluent. Lastly to propose mitigative measures that could help to reduce the potential threat of increased nutrients. <p> To determine the effect that agricultural land use and municipal waste water effluent was having on river water quality, nutrient and chlorophyll a (a measure of algal biomass) levels in the river were examined. Five sites, having different land use patterns, were chosen for this purpose. These included a reference site at a regional park not directly affected by agriculture, a site where agricultural land use dominated, a site utilized by cattle, a reservoir within the river system used for drinking water and surrounded by agriculture and finally, a site just downstream from where Gravelbourg's municipal waste is released.<p>Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) levels were high in the Wood River when compared to similar systems. The mean TP concentration for the Wood River over the two years of this study was 474 Ýg/L (¡Ó 246 STD) while the mean ammonia concentration was 223 Ýg/L (¡Ó 993 STD). These concentrations exceeded water quality guidelines. Algal biomass and nutrient concentrations were higher at sites where nonpoint source pollution from agriculture or point source pollution from sewage effluents was present. Nutrient enrichment bioassays also indicated that the algal population in the Wood River was responsive to additions of nutrients, therefore, increases in nutrients will increase algal biomass in the river. The bioassays also revealed that at the sites where agriculture and municipal waste water were present, the algal population was N limited indicating an excess of P in the river. The municipal point source of pollution had a great effect on algal biomass and these effects lasted for about three weeks after the release. Different land use patterns and municipal waste water effluent were potentially having a negative effect on the water quality of the Wood River. <p>An examination of mitigative strategies available in the Old Wives Lake area revealed that land management tools including the implementation of soil conservation practices and riparian management could be useful in protecting the Wood River from degradation. Neither soil conservation practices nor riparian management are used extensively in the watershed, and both of these practices could help improve the water quality of the Wood River.

The Wood River, located in the Old Wives Lake watershed in southern Saskatchewan, is an important water resource for people living in this area. Agriculture dominates land use in the basin, while the river receives waste water effluent from the town of Gravelbourg twice yearly. Both land usage in the basin and the dumping of municipal waste water effluent have the potential to degrade water quality in the river. To date however, the water quality of the Wood River has been relatively unstudied. <p> The purpose of this study was threefold. First, to evaluate the water quality of the Wood River and compare it to similar river systems. Then, to evaluate the effects of nutrients on the pelagic phytoplankton in the river to determine the biological responsiveness to nutrient additions which might occur as a result of agricultural land use and municipal waste water effluent. Lastly to propose mitigative measures that could help to reduce the potential threat of increased nutrients. <p> To determine the effect that agricultural land use and municipal waste water effluent was having on river water quality, nutrient and chlorophyll a (a measure of algal biomass) levels in the river were examined. Five sites, having different land use patterns, were chosen for this purpose. These included a reference site at a regional park not directly affected by agriculture, a site where agricultural land use dominated, a site utilized by cattle, a reservoir within the river system used for drinking water and surrounded by agriculture and finally, a site just downstream from where Gravelbourg's municipal waste is released.<p>Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) levels were high in the Wood River when compared to similar systems. The mean TP concentration for the Wood River over the two years of this study was 474 Ýg/L (¡Ó 246 STD) while the mean ammonia concentration was 223 Ýg/L (¡Ó 993 STD). These concentrations exceeded water quality guidelines. Algal biomass and nutrient concentrations were higher at sites where nonpoint source pollution from agriculture or point source pollution from sewage effluents was present. Nutrient enrichment bioassays also indicated that the algal population in the Wood River was responsive to additions of nutrients, therefore, increases in nutrients will increase algal biomass in the river. The bioassays also revealed that at the sites where agriculture and municipal waste water were present, the algal population was N limited indicating an excess of P in the river. The municipal point source of pollution had a great effect on algal biomass and these effects lasted for about three weeks after the release. Different land use patterns and municipal waste water effluent were potentially having a negative effect on the water quality of the Wood River. <p>An examination of mitigative strategies available in the Old Wives Lake area revealed that land management tools including the implementation of soil conservation practices and riparian management could be useful in protecting the Wood River from degradation. Neither soil conservation practices nor riparian management are used extensively in the watershed, and both of these practices could help improve the water quality of the Wood River.

Due to national environmental goals, 191 closed landfills were inventoried according to a national methodology for inventory of polluted areas. The inventory took place in thirteen of the municipalities in the region of Västerbotten during the summer of 2013. 159 of the landfills were classified to risk class 3 on a scale of 4. Landfills in this category consist of diverse nature, ranging from adequate coverage but poor placement, to insufficient coverage and visible leakage, but without urgent risk. The purpose of this report was to follow up on the inventory. It resulted in identifying and prioritizing the actions required and a general plan of action for the landfills in the region. The focus was mainly on landfills in class 3, but those in risk class 2 are also included. This report was based mostly on forms for the closed landfills and a survey aimed at regional administrations. The result showed that the most common actions required were clean up, coverage, investigation of leakage and information about the unsuitability of depositing waste, including yard waste, at a closed landfill. A status division of the landfills in class 3 was determined, where the landfills that required actions were assigned the statuses +, 0 or -. Criteria for + includes proximity to vulnerable nature, risk for contamination of drinking water, poor coverage, or visible leakage. The landfills in class 2 should be prioritized for further actions, and after that those in risk class 3 with the + status.

This diploma thesis concentrates on the waste disposal in Třinec. The first chapter of the thesis is focused on the theoretical mooring of the waste disposal issue, both on the basis of the valid legal legislation, and the basis of the literature. The second chapter already concentrates on the area of the Třinec waste management itself. It describes the functioning of the waste management system, informs about the aims of the Waste Management Plan and evaluates their continuous fulfilment. Then it acquaints with the waste disposal of both the corporations and the individuals, and it also names the establishments competent to dispose with the waste, situated in the area of theTřinec town. Further, the thesis analyzes the waste evidence system of the corporations and the individuals authorized to the business, describes the weak points of this evidence and proposes to the necessary solutions. Hereinafter, the thesis focuses on the weak points of the waste management system funding, and also suggests the possible solutions on the basis of the valid legislation.

This thesis is focused on the analysis of the current system of municipal waste management in Jindřichův Hradec. The aim was to evaluate the development of waste in a further evaluate the development of revenue and expenditure of city waste management. Another objective was to determine whether residents of housing estate Hvězdárna and Vajgar in Jindřichův Hradec sort waste and whether the class also biological waste. Also investigated were the reasons why the inhabitants of settlements not sorted waste and organic waste. Furthermore, we were determined according to sorting waste and by age, gender and educational attainment of respondents. This survey was conducted by personal interview in the streets of housing estate Hvězdárna and Vajgar in Jindřichův Hradec. The results of this survey were fundamental for the subsequent third objective, which was to propose appropriate measures that will lead to more efficient collection of sorted waste, and thereby reduce the amount of waste deposited in landfills.

This thesis deals with economy of treating with municipal waste. The municipal waste, which is generated by citizens makes burden not only on public and private budgets, but also on environment. Importance of this burden rise regarding to continuous growth of volume of the municipal waste. This fact implicates need to set up cost efficient and permanent achievable solution. Nowadays there is a suggestion, prepaderd by the Ministry of environment, which suggest using returnable PET bottles, which are important part of the municipal waste. Potentional implementation of returnable PET bottles doesnt have influance only on yield of this type of waste, but it is connected with other parts of the municipal waste such as biological degradable municipal waste and mixed waste. Content of this thesis is presentation of the economic analysis of alternation for treating with three most important parts of the municipal waste on backround of fullfiling conditons set up by European union.