The Master Thesis outlines planning and valuation of solid waste incinerator with energy recovery. The focus of due diligence, made before valuation, is on the assessment of the input data in regard to current and future market situation. The beginning of the thesis explains the valuation process with methods used later on. The two subsequent parts describe respectively current market situation and define data for valuation process made in Excel sheet attached. Before concluding the outcomes are compared with other possibilities with changes in financing structure.

The diploma thesis deals with the real estate tax in the Czech Republic and the mutual dependence between the fees for municipal waste and local coefficients. It deals with the degree of dependence between the rate of charge for municipal waste and local coefficient. There are also examined historical context leading to the introduction of a fee for municipal waste. The amount of local rate and charge rate for municipal waste are in full responsibility of municipalities and depends on them what position they take. The main aim of this study was to determine whether municipalities will compensate the higher value of the local coefficient of real estate tax by reduction rate for municipal waste. Analysis showed that this behavior occurs only rarely and can not be regarded as a model. The research was conducted on a sample of 20 municipalities in the Central Region. Based upon research, it was found that the relationship between these variables is not.

Collection of waste is one of the most important public services provided by municipalities. This expenditure has a significant impact on the budget of the municipality and therefore it is important to know the factors that affect it. In addition to other factors, there can exist a phenomenon called suburbanization. This phenomenon of recent years, the city has been extended in width, which is followed by a reduction in population density. Carruthers and Úlfarsson (2008) in his work write that for many public services, the cost per unit, ie per person or household, higher output at low population density, because here you can not take advantage of economies of scale that are achievable, if users are concentrated in one place. This work seeks to examine whether this hypothesis is true for czech villages. On data from hundred municipalities in the Czech Republic for the year 2011 were able to demonstrate that if population density rises by 1 %, expenditure on collection of municipal waste will decrease by 10,41 CZK per capita.

Thesis analyses the current state of waste management of Czech Republic and the issue of production of various kinds of waste. Real data about production and composition of waste flows of Jihlava have been used. In addition, thesis evaluates the impact of local conditions on production of isolated constituents of municipal waste within the town. Influences such as density of population, housing development or form of heating have been monitored. A method on the town level for estimation and evaluation of production of municipal waste is designed in the thesis. Tools such as descriptive statistics, correlative analysis or association rules are used.

Energy is considered as the foremost significant factor towards socio-economic growth. Due to the rapid growth of industrialization in Bangladesh, the need of energy is increasing day by day. Considering the environmental issues, sustainable solutions are needed to address the energy crisis. Energy generation from waste through biogas can be a good solution that can address both the energy demand as well as the waste management issue.    The overall aim of this master thesis is to analyze Hazaribagh’s biogas potential from municipal waste and agricultural residues and estimate how much electricity that can be generated from the produced biogas. The feasible sources of Hazaribagh were considered in order to get the information that would be later on analyzed to estimate possible biogas production. The potential sources include wastes from two markets, six slaughterhouses, domestic wastes, three large-scale tanneries and two small scale tanneries, one poultry farm and three crop lands. The calculations made in this thesis to roughly estimate the amount of biogas and electricity from the described sources are done in a simple way, just to illustrate the potential. The result shows that the tannery waste has the highest potential followed by slaughterhouse waste. Furthermore, the calculations show that the tannery waste contributes most for electricity generation also followed by slaughterhouse waste. In order to implement biogas solutions, several actors should be involved like government, future owners, local people etc. Different tools like legislation, financial support etc. are also important for implementing the biogas solutions.   In summary, there is a good potentiality of biogas production and electricity generation from municipal wastes and agricultural residues of Hazaribagh. Biogas solutions from waste and agricultural residues can be beneficial from both the energy and the waste management perspective.

The purpose of this study was to investigate how successful the goal and follow-up measures of the municipal waste plans are, but also how the follow-up measures can contribute to achieving environmentally sustainable development in accordance with the national environmental diversity goals. Methods used were a literature study and a questionnaire, which was sent to people responsible for the follow-up of the waste plans. The results of this study showed that a large part of the follow-ups worked well. The national environmental diversity goals were integrated through various activities in the waste plans, for example information efforts regarding minimizing plastic use. It was not possible to see any statistical differences between follow-up frequency and municipality size. However, the common aspect was that an improved structure would improve the goal and measures fulfilment. A part of the survey was to investigate the need for a structured digital system for monitoring the waste plan. In order to function and be adequate, it was important that the digital system was integrated into the company's own operations. A structured digital system for monitoring the waste plan can increase recycling rates. It can contribute to increase the chances of achieving the national environmental diversity goals and reach circular economy.

The focus of the current study was on the recovery of carbon from municipal bio-waste streams. Firstly, the relationship between methanogenic pathways and the properties of anaerobic granules was studied using two pilot-scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors with different granule size distribution. UASB1 granules were larger (3-4 mm) with multi-layered internal structure and the archaeal community was dominated by acetoclastic methanogens, while the UASB2 granules were smaller (1-2 mm) without a layered internal structure and the archaeal community was predominated by hydrogenotrophic methanogens. The acetoclastic methanogenic activities of UASB1 (250-437 mL CH4/g VS·d) than UASB2 (150-260 mL CH4/g VS·d), confirming that acetoclastic methanogenesis was more dominant in UASB1. Temperature increase from 20oC to 28oC did not change the microbial community but resulted in increased and stable biogas production for both reactors. There was an increase in chemical oxygen demand (COD) with hydraulic retention time due to increased contact time. The second part of the study focused on anaerobic co-digestion to produce volatile fatty acid (VFA) due to its higher value. The impact of substrate ratio of primary sludge (PS) and external organic waste (OW) and the robustness of the VFA system in the long term were assessed. Lab-scale batch study with different proportions of PS and OW; 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% of OW in terms of COD and scaled up in a semi-continuous pilot reactor with substrate ratio of 50% OW based on the results of the lab-scale study were performed. There was an increase in VFA production with an increase in OW proportion due to the availability of biodegradable organics. Acetic acid was the most dominant VFA in the batch reactors while in the semi-continuous experiment, caproic acid was dominated (50%). As carbon sources, the VFA-rich liquid attained the highest specific denitrification rate when compared with acetate and methanol. / I kommunala avfallsströmmar finns det en stor potential för resursåtervinning på grund av det höga organiska innehållet vilket kan användas för biobaserade produkter. På grundval av detta så fokuserar denna studie på resursåtervinningen av kol från kommunala avfallsströmmar genom att undersöka nuvarande och nytillkomna tekniker för att få vattenreningssystem att också bli resursåtervinningssystem. Första delen av studien undersöker relationen mellan metanproduktion och karaktäriseringen av anaerobiska granuler med ändamålet att förbättra energiproduktionen genom direkt behandling av kommunalt avloppsvatten. För detta ändamål så användes två UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket) pilotreaktorer. Reaktorerna kördes med olika stora granuler, olika temperaturinställningar och olika hydrauliska uppehållstider (HRTs). Storlek, mikrobiell struktur, intern mikrostruktur och specifik metanogenaktivitet av de anaerobiska granulerna analyserades. Granulerna i UASB1 var 3-4 mm stora med interna multilager av mikrostrukturer som bestod av acetoklastika-metanogen arkéer. Granulerna i UASB2 var 1- 2 mm stora utan interna multilager och bestod av hydrogenotrofa metanogener. Aktiviteten i granulerna i UASB1 var 250-437 mL CH4 /g VS·d och i UASB2 var det 150-260 mL CH4 /g VS·d, vilket bekräftar att de acetoklastisk-metanogesa var mer effektiva i UASB1 än de hydrogenotrofa i UASB2. Att öka temperaturen från 20 o C till 28 o C under försöket medförde ingen förändring av den mikrobiologiska strukturen, men gav en ökning i biogasproduktion i UASB1 och högre och stabilare biogasproduktionshastighet i UASB2. Ökningen av biogasproduktion berodde på en reduktion i metans löslighet i utflödet och stabilare metanogenes. Ökning i HRT resulterade i större reduktion av organiskt material mätt som kemisk syreförbrukning (COD) och större biogasproduktion på grund av längre kontakttid mellan substrat och mikroorganismer. Den andra delen av studien fokuserar på att utveckla ett tillvägagångssätt att få en anaerob rötning att producera flyktiga fettsyror (VFA) istället för biogas. Studien fokuserar på effekten som kvoten mellan substraten primärslam och externt matavfall (OW) har och hur robust VFA-systemet skulle vara i stor skala på lång sikt. Olika kvoter av primärslam och matavfall testades i labbskala i batchstudier med 0 %, 25 %, 50 %, 75 % och 100 % COD OW. Baserat på resultaten från labbskala så kördes 50% COD OW i ett semi-kontinuerligt pilotförsök. Batch-testerna i labbskala visade att högre % COD OW, gav högre VFA produktion på grund av högre koncentration av organiskt material. Ättiksyra var den mest förekommande VFAn i batch-testerna medan kapronsyra var högst förekommande (50%) i det semi-kontinuerliga försöket. Denitrifikationsförsök visade att VFA-rik vätska från pilotskalareaktorerna gav den högsta specifika denitrifikationshastigheten i jämförelse med acetat och metanol. Resultaten visar att värdefulla kolkällor kan återvinnas från kommunalt avfall genom anaerob behandling av kommunalt avloppsvatten och samfermentering av primärslam och matavfall. / <p>QC 2020-06-15</p>

Waste disposal has always been one of the challenging aspects of human life mostly in populated areas. In every urban region, various factors can impact both amount and composition of the generated waste, and these factors might depend on a series of parameters. Therefore, developing a predictive model for waste generation has always been challenging. We believe that one main problem that city planners and policymakers face is a lack of an accurate yet easy-to-use predictive model for the waste production of a given municipality. It would be vital for them, especially during business downturns, to access a reliable predictive model that can be employed in planning resources and allocating budget. However, most developed models are complicated and extensive. The objective of this research is to study the trend of solid waste generation in Philadelphia with respect to business cycle indicators, population growth, current policies and environmental awareness, and to develop a satisfactory predictive model for waste generation. Three predictive models were developed using time series analysis, stationary and nonstationary multiple linear regressions. The nonstationary OLS model was just used for comparison purposes and does not have any modeling value. Among the other two developed predictive models, the multiple linear regression model with stationary variables yielded the most accurate predictions for both total and municipal solid waste generation of Philadelphia. Despite its unsatisfactory statistics (R-square, p-value, and F-value), stationary OLS model could predict Philadelphia’s waste generation with a low level of approximately 9% error. Although time series modeling demonstrated a less successful prediction comparing to the stationary OLS model (25% error for total solid waste, and 10.7% error for municipal waste predictions), it would be a more reliable method based on its model statistics. The common variable used in all three developed models which made our modeling different from the Streets Department’s estimations was unemployment rate. Including an economic factor such as unemployment rate in modeling the waste generation could be helpful especially during economic downturns, in which economic factors can dominate the effects of population growth on waste generation. A prediction of waste generation may not only help waste management sector in landfill and waste-to-energy facilities planning but it also provides the basis for a good estimation of its future environmental impacts. In future, we are hoping to predict related environmental trends such as greenhouse gas emissions using our predictive model. / Environmental Engineering

The purpose of this thesis is to design a solution thermal power outlet of incinerator in hot water for the supply this town of heat. First and foremost are described problems landfill society and their implications on the environment. Next some alternatives of the waste and the burning in incinerators are described too. The thesis describes the history of the first incineration plant in the Czech Republic and its subsequent upgrading of the economical and environmentally friendly waste recovery and modernization of flue gas cleaning. Contribution of the work is then proposed as amendments to equipment and wiring for use of steam for the conversion heat output into hot water. This is essentially a calculation of steam water heaters at the end of the expansion of the steam and the related adjustments to the turbine blading. At the conclusion outlines the basic economic calculation and comparison of profits and investment associated with this implementation compared to implementation, which is now projected. It is a calculation of investment efficiency and its possible repayment due to higher profits from the sale of energy. This work serves only as a basis work for future technical realization and it outlines the appropriateness of this alteration.

Magistrantūros studijų baigiamajame darbe pateikiami aliejinių moliūgų sausųjų medžiagų, sunkiųjų metalų: kadmio, švino, chromo, vario, cinko ir nikelio duomenys, gauti juos auginant augalinių ir komunalinių atliekų kompostuose. Darbo objektas – aliejiniai moliūgai (Cucurbita pepo L. var. Styriaca) ‘Olivia’, auginti augalinių ir komunalinių atliekų kompostuose. Darbo metodai. Standartiniais metodais tirta sausųjų medžiagų kiekis aliejinio moliūgo minkštime, žievėje ir sėklose. Sunkiųjų metalų kiekis nustatytas induktyvinės plazmos masės spektrometrijos metodu (LST EN 15621:2012). Analizės atliktos LAMMC Agrocheminių tyrimų laboratorijoje. Darbo rezultatai. Naudoti kompostai, turėjo įtakos sunkiųjų metalų kaupimuisi skirtingose aliejinių moliūgų dalyse. Žievėje ir minkštime daugiausia sausųjų medžiagų sukaupė moliūgai, auginti kontroliniame variante, o sėklose – augalinių ir komunalinių atliekų kompostuose. Švino ir kadmio kiekis ES rekomenduojamos DLK daržovėse neviršijo. Kitų sunkiųjų metalų (Cu, Cr, Ni ir Zn) koncentracijos daržovėse nėra reglamentuotos. Gauti rezultatai parodė, kad jų kiekis, skirtingose moliūgų vaisių dalyse, buvo panašūs. / The master work presents the results of oil pumpkin fruit dry matter, heavu metals: cadmium, lead, chromium, copper, zinc and nickel data derived from the cultivation of plant and municipal waste compost. Object of the work: the oil pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L. var. Styriaca) cultivar 'Olivia'. Method of the work ̶ standard methods were applied to investigate the dry matter content in the flesh, peel and seeds of oil pumpkin. The amount of heavy metals was determined by using inductive plasma mass spectrometry (BS EN 15621:2012). The analyses were carried out in the Agrochemical Laboratory of the Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry. The results of work. The usage of compost in different parts of oil pumpkin had impact on the heavy metal accumulation. The pumpkins of the control variant accumulated the highest amount of peel and flesh solids whereas the pumpkins grown in the municipal waste compost seeds contained the highest amount of seed solids. Lead and cadmium in the EU did not exceed the recommended maximum allowable concentration for vegetable. The concentration of other heavy metals (Cu, Cr, Ni and Zn) in vegetables is not regulated. The results showed that the quantity in different parts of the pumpkin fruit was similar.