Anaerobic co-digestion of organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW), with thickened waste activated sludge (TWAS) and primary sludge (PS) has the potential to enhance (biodegradation) of solid waste, increase longevity of existing landfills and lead to more sustainable development by improving waste to energy production. This study reports on mesophilic batch anaerobic biological methane potential (BMP) assays carried out with different concentrations and combinations (ratios) of OFMSW, TWAS (microwave (MW) pre-treated and untreated) and PS to assess digester stability and potential improved specific biodegradability and potential increased specific biogas production by digestion of OFMSW with PS and TWAS in various tri-substrate mixtures. Results indicated improvements in specific biogas production with concomitant improvements in COD and volatile solid (VS) removal for co-digestion of OMSW, TWAS and PS vs. controls. In terms of improvements in biogas production and digester stability the OFMSW:TWAS:PS:50:25:25 ratio with or without TWAS MW treatment was deemed best for further continuous digester studies. At a 15d HRT which is the regulatory policy in the province of Ontario for municipal mesophilic anaerobic TWAS:PS treatment, co-digestion of OFMSW:TWAS:PS, and OFMSW:TWASMW:PS resulted in a 1.38 and 1.46 fold relative improvement in biogas production and concomitant waste stabilization when compared to TWAS:PS and TWASMW:PS digestion at the same HRT and volumetric VS loading rate respectively. Treatment of OFMSW with PS and TWAS provides beneficial effects that could be exploited at MWWTP that are being operated at loading rates less than design capacity.

Anaerobic co-digestion of organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW), with thickened waste activated sludge (TWAS) and primary sludge (PS) has the potential to enhance (biodegradation) of solid waste, increase longevity of existing landfills and lead to more sustainable development by improving waste to energy production. This study reports on mesophilic batch anaerobic biological methane potential (BMP) assays carried out with different concentrations and combinations (ratios) of OFMSW, TWAS (microwave (MW) pre-treated and untreated) and PS to assess digester stability and potential improved specific biodegradability and potential increased specific biogas production by digestion of OFMSW with PS and TWAS in various tri-substrate mixtures. Results indicated improvements in specific biogas production with concomitant improvements in COD and volatile solid (VS) removal for co-digestion of OMSW, TWAS and PS vs. controls. In terms of improvements in biogas production and digester stability the OFMSW:TWAS:PS:50:25:25 ratio with or without TWAS MW treatment was deemed best for further continuous digester studies. At a 15d HRT which is the regulatory policy in the province of Ontario for municipal mesophilic anaerobic TWAS:PS treatment, co-digestion of OFMSW:TWAS:PS, and OFMSW:TWASMW:PS resulted in a 1.38 and 1.46 fold relative improvement in biogas production and concomitant waste stabilization when compared to TWAS:PS and TWASMW:PS digestion at the same HRT and volumetric VS loading rate respectively. Treatment of OFMSW with PS and TWAS provides beneficial effects that could be exploited at MWWTP that are being operated at loading rates less than design capacity.

Anaerobic co-digestion of organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW), with thickened waste activated sludge (TWAS) and primary sludge (PS) has the potential to enhance (biodegradation) of solid waste, increase longevity of existing landfills and lead to more sustainable development by improving waste to energy production. This study reports on mesophilic batch anaerobic biological methane potential (BMP) assays carried out with different concentrations and combinations (ratios) of OFMSW, TWAS (microwave (MW) pre-treated and untreated) and PS to assess digester stability and potential improved specific biodegradability and potential increased specific biogas production by digestion of OFMSW with PS and TWAS in various tri-substrate mixtures. Results indicated improvements in specific biogas production with concomitant improvements in COD and volatile solid (VS) removal for co-digestion of OMSW, TWAS and PS vs. controls. In terms of improvements in biogas production and digester stability the OFMSW:TWAS:PS:50:25:25 ratio with or without TWAS MW treatment was deemed best for further continuous digester studies. At a 15d HRT which is the regulatory policy in the province of Ontario for municipal mesophilic anaerobic TWAS:PS treatment, co-digestion of OFMSW:TWAS:PS, and OFMSW:TWASMW:PS resulted in a 1.38 and 1.46 fold relative improvement in biogas production and concomitant waste stabilization when compared to TWAS:PS and TWASMW:PS digestion at the same HRT and volumetric VS loading rate respectively. Treatment of OFMSW with PS and TWAS provides beneficial effects that could be exploited at MWWTP that are being operated at loading rates less than design capacity.

Today 88 % of the world energy comes from fossil fuels. Greenhouse gas emissions are increasing and the fossil fuels energy sources will decrease at some point. Other alternatives must be found, to substitute and lower the usage of fossil fuels. Biogas is one of these other options. It is a versatile fossil free fuel that can be used for heat, power and fuel for vehicles. Many different substrates have been used for biogas production over the years, and now algae are examined as a substrate. Algae have advantages over the former substrates used for biogas production. Laboratory experiments were conducted to examine the co-digestion potential of algae and biosludge, which is a rest product from a wastewater treatment plant at a pulp and paper mill. The profitability aspect of using algae and biosludge for biogas production has been examined as well.The result shows that unmixed algae were the highest methane producing substrate, which produced a maximum of 203,5 Nml/g VS. An interesting result was that both algae and biosludge separately produced more methane gas than the mixtures. The profitability aspect of the thesis showed that it is not profitable to use algae primarily for biogas production, based on the conditions of today.

Several operational and environmental conditions can result in poor biogas yield during the operation of anaerobic digesters and anaerobic bioreactor landfills. Over time, anaerobic co-digestion and leachate blending have been identified as strategies that can help address some of these challenges to improve biogas production. While co-digestion entails the co-treatment of multiple substrates, leachate blending involves combination of mature and young landfill leachate. Despite the benefits attributed to these strategies, their impact on recirculating bioreactor landfill scenarios and anaerobic digesters requires further investigation. In the first phase of this thesis, an attempt to assess biogas production improvement from organic fraction of municipal solid waste in simulated bioreactor landfills through recirculation of blended landfill leachate was conducted. Real old and new leachate blends (67%New leachate:33%Old leachate, 33%New leachate:67%Old leachate) as well as 100%New and 100%Old leachate were recirculated through six laboratory-scale bioreactors using open-loop and closed-loops modes. Compared with the control bioreactor where 100% new leachate was recirculated and operated as a closed-loop, cumulative biogas production was improved by as much as 77 to 193% when a leachate blend of 33%New:67%Old was recirculated. Furthermore, comparison of the results from open-loop and closed-loop operated bioreactors indicated that there was approximately 28 to 65% more biogas in open-loop bioreactors. The Gompertz model applied to the methane data produced a better fit (R2 > 0.99) than first order and logistic function models. Leachate blending reduced the lag phase by almost half and thus helps in alleviating the ensiling during the start-up phase. In the second phase, a biochemical methane potential (BMP) assay was conducted to investigate the synergistic effect of percentage sewage scum addition; 10%, 20% and 40% (volatile solids basis) on biogas production during mesophilic co-digestion with various organic substrates viz; organic fraction of municipal solid waste, old leachate, new leachate and a leachate blend prepared from 67%old leachate and 33%new leachate under sub-optimal condition. Results show that the net cumulative bio-methane yield was improved with increased sewage scum percentage during co-digestion because of positive synergism. Meanwhile, the addition of 40% sewage scum to the individual co-substrates improved net cumulative bio-methane yield by 28% - 67% when compared to their respective mono-substrate digestion bio-methane yield. Furthermore, reactors containing leachate blends consistently produced more biogas over other sets because of blending. Kinetic modelling applied to the bio-methane production data shows modified Gompertz equation achieved a better fit with up to an R2 value of 0.999. Finally, co-digestion substantially reduced the lag time encountered during mono-digestion. In the last phase, the biomethane potential involved in the ACo-D of sewage scum, organic fraction of municipal solid waste was investigated in this phase using either thickened waste activated sludge or leachate blend (67%old leachate and 33%new leachate) as a tertiary component. Compared to the mono-digestion of TWAS, results shows that biomethane yield was enhanced in by as much as 32 - 127% in trinary mixtures with SS and OFMSW mainly due to the effect of positive synergism. Furthermore, LB addition improved biomethane production in trinary mixtures of SS:LB: OFMSW by 38% than in corresponding trinary mixtures of TWAS. Whereas an optimal combination of 40%SS:10%TWAS:50%OFMSW and 20%SS:70%LB:10%OFMSW produced the highest biogas yield of 407mL.gVS-1 and 487mL.gVS-1 respectively. The application of the first order model showed that lower hydrolysis rates promoted methanogenesis with k = 0.04day-1 in both 20%SS:70%LB:10%OFMSW and 20%SS:50%LB:30%OFMSW. Estimations by the modified Gompertz and logistic function were conclusive methane production rate improved by as much a 60% in a trinary mixture over the production rate during mono-digestion of TWAS alone. The results of the various experiments of this thesis therefore suggest that leachate blending can be used as a strategy to improve biogas production in both bioreactor landfills and anaerobic digesters. Also, sewage scum as an energy-rich substrate can be better utilized during co-digestion with other low-energy substrates.

The Ontario biogas industry is relatively young and the overall objective of this research was to help support the growth of the industry with investigating the use of co-substrates and reactor design to enhance biogas production, recommend guidelines on the operation of full scale systems to optimize performance and characterize digestate quality. Laboratory studies evaluated the use of various substrates in the co-digestion with liquid dairy manure. These studies were used to establish ultimate biogas yields, % volatile solids (VS) reduction and minimum hydraulic retention times (HRTs). Box-Wilson Central Composite design models for corn thin stillage and waste grease (as co-substrates with dairy manure) suggest methane yields optimize with increasing proportion of the feed VS from co-substrates (constant total VS in all assays) and increasing temperatures; however, temperature had a great effect. Bench scale studies were conducted to determine a change in digester design to optimize biogas yields and increase digestate stability. A two-phase digestion system was implemented for co-digestion systems using thin stillage and waste grease with dairy manure, and methane yields showed to increase by over 22% when compared with single-phase systems. Based on current FIT contracts of 18 to 20¢/kWhe, the increased electricity and heat production could make the two-phase system economically attractive for producers. Organic loading rates (OLRs) over 4.4 g VS/L led to digester upset and OLRs of over 4.2 g VS/L·day are not recommended. On-farm anaerobic digester systems were studied for digester performance and digestate quality. Residual biogas potential (RBP) yields were effective at evaluating the stability of digestate and the U.K. PAS 110:2014 limit of 0.45 L biogas/g VS (28 days incubation) was assessed too lenient for the Ontario systems studied. A limit of 0.25 L biogas/g VS after 28 days of incubation or 0.45 L biogas/g VS after 60 days of incubation are recommended. VS reductions ranged from 56 to 76% and easily achieved the O. Reg. 267/03 regulated 50% VS reduction. E.coli and Salmonella were typically 1 to 3 logs CFU/100 mL lower than raw manure and increased HRT did not demonstrate a significant impact on the bacterial log reductions. Intermediate alkalinity (IA)/partial alkalinity (PA) proved to be a valuable tool in determining potential digester upset and has been recommended as a standard performance parameter for on-farm systems.

Two different sludge pretreatments were investigated in an attempt to improve the management and performance of processes for the co-digestion of biosolids with fats, oils, and grease (FOG). The mechanisms of long chain fatty acids (LCFA) degradation in thermal hydrolysis pretreatment and the influence of pH on LCFA degradation in two-phase co-digestion systems were studied. LCFA thermal hydrolysis was investigated at different temperatures (90-250 °C) and reaction times (30 minutes and 8 hours). Approximately 1% of saturated fatty acids were degraded to shorter chain fatty acids at 140 and 160 °C (8-hr thermal hydrolysis). Only 1% or less of unsaturated fatty acids were degraded from 90 to 160 °C (8-hr thermal hydrolysis). Little degradation (< 1%) of both saturated and unsaturated LCFAs was observed at a 30-min reaction time. Both groups of LCFAs were stable up to 250 °C (30-min hydrolysis). The use of chemical-thermal treatments was also investigated. Only unsaturated LCFAs, C18:1 and C18:2, were degraded when thermally hydrolyzed with hydrogen peroxide coupled with activated carbon or copper sulfate. Semi-continuous, acid-phase digesters (APDs) under different pH conditions were studied in order to understand the effects of pH on FOG degradation. Increases in soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) were observed in all APDs. However, the APDs with pH adjustment appeared to perform better than the controls in terms of solubilizing organic compounds. Approximately 38% and 29% of total COD (TCOD) was solubilized, and maximum volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations of 10,700 and 7,500 mg/L TCOD were achieved at pH 6 and 7, respectively; It is useful to note that the feed sludge had a VFA concentration of 2,700 mg/L COD. Higher pH (6.0-7.0) showed less accumulation of LCFA materials and more soluble LCFAs in the APDs. This indicates that the lower pH in the APDs was most likely the cause of precipitation and accumulation of LCFAs due to saturation of unsaturated LCFAs. / Master of Science

La digestion anaérobie représente un des acteurs majeurs du développement durable et de l'économie circulaire dans le concept « des déchets à l'énergie ». Compte-tenu de la grande diversité des déchets organiques, son développement passe par l'optimisation de la co-digestion. D’où la nécessité de développer des outils simples pour caractériser les substrats et pour prédire les performances des digesteurs afin d'optimiser leur fonctionnement. Cette thèse porte sur la caractérisation de la biodégradation des substrats solides par digestion anaérobie et l'optimisation de leur co-digestion à l'aide d'une approche de modélisation simple. En premier lieu, un nouveau protocole pour la quantification du potentiel méthane en mode batch a été mis en œuvre, intégrant une phase d'acclimatation entre l’inoculum et le substrat. Ensuite, un modèle simple a été développé sur la base du fractionnement de la matière organique en trois sous-fractions. Cette approche a permis de développer une base de données incluant les cinétiques et les potentiels en méthane (BMP) de 50 substrats. En second lieu, des expériences de co-digestion de deux substrats solides ont été menées en mode semi-continu à une charge appliquée (cva) constante puis à des charges appliquées croissantes. Les rendements expérimentaux en méthane ont toujours été supérieurs aux valeurs des BMP des mélanges calculées à partir des BMP de chaque substrat, soulignant l'importance de la respiration endogène. Quatre modèles incluant la respiration endogène avec des hypothèses différentes ont été proposés et évaluées pour prédire la production de méthane brute de digesteurs semi-continus en utilisant les données des substrats (BMP et cinétiques) acquises en mode batch. Deux modèles pour lesquels la production expérimentale de méthane à des cva croissantes correspondait bien aux données modélisées ont été validés. L'approche de modélisation retenue a été ensuite appliquée à des mélanges plus complexes de 3 et 5 substrats ainsi qu’à des biodéchets. Enfin, la réponse d’un digesteur fonctionnant en mode de production flexible, c’est-à-dire recevant des surcharges organiques ponctuelles régulièrement a été également modélisée avec succès. L'approche de modélisation proposée fournit un outil simple, pouvant être utilisé par les bureaux d'études, les constructeurs et les exploitants d’unités de méthanisation pour l'optimisation des mélanges de co-digestion et de la cva à utiliser en mode continu. Cela doit permettre de réduire le risque de défaillance et d’optimiser la rentabilité des unités de co-digestion. / Anaerobic digestion represents one of the major actors of sustainable development and the circular economy in the concept of "Waste to Energy". Given the great diversity of organic waste, its development requires the optimisation of co-digestion. Hence, it is needed to develop simple tools to characterize substrates and predict digester performance in order to optimize their operation. This thesis focuses on the characterization of biodegradation of solid substrates by anaerobic digestion and optimization of co-digestion using a simple modelling approach. First, a new batch protocol was implemented to quantify the Biochemical Methane Potential (BMP), integrating an acclimatization phase between the inoculum and the substrate. Then, a simple model was developed based on the fractionation of organic matter into three sub-fractions. This approach has allowed to develop a database including kinetics and BMPs of 50 substrates. Second, co-digestion experiments of two solid substrates were conducted in semi-continuous mode at a constant organic loading rate (OLR) and then at increasing applied loads. The experimental methane yields were always higher than the BMP values of the mixtures calculated from the BMPs of each substrate, underlining the importance of endogenous respiration. Four models including endogenous respiration with different assumptions were proposed and evaluated to predict raw methane production from semi-continuous digesters using substrate data (BMP and kinetics) acquired in batch mode. Two models for which the experimental methane production at increasing OLR corresponded well to the modelled data were validated. The chosen modelling approach was then applied to more complex mixtures of 3 and 5 substrates and to bio-waste. Finally, the response of a digester operated in flexible production mode, i.e. receiving regular punctual organic overloads, was also successfully modelled. The proposed modelling approach provides a simple tool that can be useful to design offices, manufacturers and operators of co-digestion units for the optimisation of feed mixtures and OLR to be used in continuous mode. This should reduce the risk of failure and optimise the profitability of co-digestion units.

La limitation des ressources énergétiques fossiles et les lourds impacts environnementaux pouvant résulter de leur exploitation, entraînent un regain d’intérêt pour la digestion anaérobie. Face aux enjeux énergétiques et sanitaires, la conduite d’un méthaniseur implique l’optimisation de la production de méthane, mais aussi d’assurer la qualité sanitaire du digestat du point de vue des micropolluants. C’est dans ce cadre que s’inscrit ce projet de thèse réalisé en partenariat avec la ferme expérimentale de la Bouzule. L’optimisation de la co-digestion de substrats a montré que l’ajout d’herbe ensilée durant 36 semaines, améliorait le rendement du procédé de 20%. Le suivi des micropolluants (métaux lourds et HAPs) contenus dans les herbes provenant des bordures de route a montré que la qualité du digestat ne serait pas affectée si elles sont incorporées au digesteur. L’étude en réacteur batch de l’impact des antibiotiques sur la production de méthane a montré que : à 8 mg/L et 16 mg/L de tétracycline on observe une baisse de 23% et 28% respectivement, à 14 mg/L de spiramycine on observe une baisse de 40%, et à 20 mg/L de tylosine on observe une baisse de 30%. En réacteur continu, les faibles concentrations de tétracycline (0,2 mg/L et 2 mg/L) amélioraient d’environ 5% de la production de méthane au bout de 7 jours. A 200 mg/L et 2000 mg/L de tétracycline, on atteint des baisses de 30% et 40%, et le système ne récupère pas au bout de 7 jours. Quant à la spiramycine, à 1,4 mg/L, 14 mg/L et 140 mg/L, les baisses ont été de 14%, 24% et 39% respectivement, et au bout de 7 jours, une baisse résiduelle est toujours observable. Par ailleurs, les digestats issus des tests avec les antibiotiques sont en accord avec la réglementation / The limitation of fossil energy resources and heavy environmental impacts arising from their operation, there is a renewed interest for anaerobic digestion. According to the energy, and health issues, the monitoring of an anaerobic digester involves the maximization of the methane production, but also to ensure a good quality of digestate from the perspective of micropollutants. It is within this framework that this project of thesis is realized in partnership with the experimental farm of “La Bouzule”. The optimization of the co-digestion of substrates, showed that the use of 36 weeks grass silage improved the process yield by 20%. The monitoring of heavy metals and PAHs content in the grasses from roadsides showed that these grasses – if used as co-substrate in the digester – will not affect the digestate quality. The study of the impact of antibiotics on methane production in batch reactor showed that: 8 mg/L and 16 mg/L of tetracycline led to 23% and 48% decrease respectively, 14 mg/L of spiramycin led to 40% decrease, and 20 mg/L tylosin to 30% decrease. The monitoring of the continuous reactor showed that low levels of tetracycline (0.2 mg/L and 2 mg/L) led to an improvement of about 5% of the methane production. At 200 mg/L and 2000 mg/L of tetracycline, reductions of 30% and 40% are achieved, and the system did not recover after 7 days. The addition of spiramycin to the continuous reactor at 1.4 mg/L, 14 mg/L and 140 mg/L resulted in decreases of 14%, 24% and 39% respectively. For the latter, after one week, a residual drop is still observable. Furthermore, the digestate resulting from the monitoring of the continuous reactor during the tests with antibiotics is in accordance with current regulations

La co-digestion anaérobie (CoDA) des substrats agro-industriels s’inscrit pleinement dans les objectifs sociétaux d’une gestion optimisée des agroressources, d’une réduction des impacts anthropogéniques, ainsi que d’un développement des énergies renouvelables. Toutefois, en considérant les verrous industriels et scientifiques, il est apparu que la problématique méthodologique, relative à l’étude et à l’optimisation, était primordiale dans l’amélioration des performances méthanogènes en CoDA. En cela, il s’est avéré que le principal actionneur pour l’optimisation de la CoDA soit la formulation du mélange en substrats et co-substrats constituant l’intrant du digesteur. Ainsi, les travaux de thèse étaient inscrits dans un double objectif, industriel et scientifique, dont les résultats ont permis de (i) mettre en œuvre des méthodes simples, peu chronophages et surtout peu coûteuses, pour la caractérisation des intrants et le suivi de la CoDA, (ii) déterminer la relation fondamentale entre la formulation du mélange de substrats et son potentiel biométhanogène, (iii) développer des outils de prédiction du potentiel biométhanogène des mélanges de substrats, ainsi que des biodégradabilités globales et spécifiques de ces derniers, (iv) améliorer la compréhension des interactions entre les substrats codigérés et le consortium microbien de digestion, ainsi que la capacité de ce dernier à s’adapter aux diverses charges organiques qui lui sont appliquées (capacité homéostasique). / The co-digestion of agro-industrial substrates in anaerobic conditions falls within the objectives of an optimized management of agricultural resources along with reduction of anthropogenic impacts and development of renewable energies. Considering scientific and industrial bottlenecks from literature review, it could be identified that a methodological approach was the key to an enhanced understanding of anaerobic co-digestion. Ultimately, formulation of the substrate and co-substrates (digestor’s inputs) appeared to be the main actuator to optimize anaerobic co-digestion. Conciliating both scientific and industrial issues, this thesis led to the following findings : (i) an implementation of simple and cost-saving methods to characterize the inputs of digestor and biogas production, (ii) a determination of fundamental relationship between substrate blend and his biomethane potential, (iii) a development of predictive tools for biomethane potential of substrate blends as well as global and specific biodegradability of substrates, (iv) an enhanced comprehension of first, interactions between codigested substrates and the microbial consortium and second, the adaptation capacity of the microbial consortium to various organic loading (homeostatic capacity).