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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Kinetic studies of lactic acid production from wood extract hydrolysate via batch and continuous fermentation processes

Buyondo, John Paul 03 May 2014 (has links)
<p> The research work presented in this dissertation describes kinetic studies of batch and continuous fermentation of hemicelluloses to lactic acid. Sugar maple wood chips were subjected to hot water to extract hemicelluloses, predominantly as oligomers. Hemicelluloses oligomers were hydrolyzed to fermentable monomeric sugars by dilute acid hydrolysis and concentrated by nanofiltration process. The concentrated wood extract hydrolysate contained 138.7 g/L xylose, 22.2 g/L mannose, 18.7 g/L glucose, 10.7 g/L galactose, 4.6 g/L arabinose, and 5.2 g/L rhamnose. The effect of initial sugar loading was investigated by diluting the concentrated wood extract hydrolysate to obtain desired total sugar concentrations. In the batch fermentation process lower total sugar concentration led to the highest lactic acid yield of 0.83 g/g using <i> Lactobacillus pentosus</i> ATCC 8404 cells. Acetic acid was produced as the byproduct. Adaptation of <i>Lactobacillus pentosus</i> strain to concentrated wood extract hydrolysate led to 10 h reduction in batch fermentation time and 15.5% increase in lactic acid production. </p><p> Adapted <i>Lactobacilus</i> pentosus cells were used to study the kinetics of lactic acid production via batch and continuous fermentation processes. The continuous fermentation process led to higher lactic acid productivity and lower acetic acid to lactic acid ratios ranging between 0.27 and 0.60 as compared to the batch fermentation process which had 0.62 acetic acid to lactic acid ratio. For both batch and continuous fermentation processes all wood hemicellulosic sugars were utilized with glucose being the preferred sugar whereas the rest of sugars were simultaneously utilized. </p><p> A kinetic model for batch lactic acid fermentation from hemicellulosic sugars was developed. Kinetic parameters were determined by ODEXLIMS routine to solve a set of ordinary differential equations for biomass growth rate, product formation rate and substrate utilization rate while minimizing the variance between experimental and predicted values using Microsoft Excel<sup> &reg;</sup> solver. The model performed satisfactorily for predicting the transient responses of biomass growth, product formation and substrate utilization with squared Pearson correlation coefficient (R<sup>2</sup>) ranging between 0.97 and 0.99 for the initial substrate (total hemicellulosic sugar) concentrations of 40.0 g/L and 55.0 g/L.</p>
2

Extracellular electron shuttle mediated biodegradation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine /

Kwon, Man Jae. January 2009 (has links)
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2009. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-06, Section: B, page: 3713. Adviser: Kevin T. Finneran. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 159-175) Available on microfilm from Pro Quest Information and Learning.
3

The influence of shear on extracellular polymeric substance production in membrane bioreactors /

Menniti, Adrienne L. January 2009 (has links)
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2009. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-06, Section: B, page: 3714. Adviser: Eberhard Morgenroth. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 125-132) Available on microfilm from Pro Quest Information and Learning.
4

Kinetic and mechanistic investigation of reductive dechlorination at iron surfaces

Li, Tie January 2002 (has links)
The long-term performance of zero-valent iron for reductive dechlorination of trichloroethylene (TCE) and perchloroethylene (PCE) was investigated. The effects of elapsed time, mass transfer limitations, influent halocarbon concentration, and water chemistry on reductive dechlorination rates were studied in a series of column reactors. Dechlorination rates were pseudo-first order in reactant concentration for submillimolar halocarbon concentrations. With increasing elapsed time, reaction rates deviated from pseudo-first order behavior due to reactive site saturation, and increased iron surface passivation towards the influent end of each column. Corrosion current measurements indicated that halocarbon reduction on fresh iron surfaces was cathodically controlled, whereas on aged iron surfaces, iron corrosion was anodically controlled. The decrease in TCE reaction rates over time can be attributed to anodic control of iron corrosion, and not to increasing reactant mass transfer limitations associated with diffusion through porous corrosion products. The disparity between amperometrically measured reaction rates and those measured in the column reactor indicated that halocarbon reduction may occur via direct electron transfer or may occur indirectly through reaction with atomic hydrogen absorbed on the iron surface. The kinetics, reaction mechanisms, and current efficiencies for electrochemical reduction of TCE and CT were investigated using flow-through, iron electrode reactors. Typical reduction half-lives for TCE and CT in the iron reactor were 9.4 and 3.7 minutes, respectively. Comparisons of amperometrically measured current efficiencies with those measured in the flow-through reactors, and the weak effect of electrode potential on TCE reaction rates, indicated that the primary pathway for TCE reduction by iron and palladized iron electrodes was indirect, and involves atomic hydrogen as the reducing agent. For CT, similar amperometric and analytically measured current efficiencies indicated that the primary mechanism for CT reduction is direct electron transfer. Chronoamperometry (CA) and chronopotentiometry (CP) analyses were used to determine the kinetics of CT and TCE reduction by a rotating disk electrode in solutions of constant halocarbon concentration. The transfer coefficient for CT was independent of temperature, while that for TCE was temperature dependent. This indicated that CT reduction was limited by the rate of electron transfer. The temperature dependent transfer coefficient for TCE indicated that its reduction was limited by chemical dependent factors. In accord with a rate limiting mechanism involving an electron transfer reaction, the apparent activation energy (Ea) for CT reduction was found to decrease with decreasing electrode potential. Conversely, the Ea for TCE reduction showed a slight increase with decreasing electrode potential, supporting the conclusion that its reaction rate was not limited by the rate of electron transfer.
5

Investigation of the mechanisms controlling chromate and arsenate removal from water using zerovalent iron media

Melitas, Nikos January 2002 (has links)
This research investigated the mechanisms controlling chromate and arsenate removal by zerovalent iron media. The removal kinetics of aqueous Cr(VI) and As(V) were studied in batch experiments for initial concentrations ranging from 100 to 10,000 μg/L. Removal kinetics were also studied in columns packed with zerovalent iron filings over this same concentration range. Electrochemical analyses were used to investigate the electron transfer reactions occurring on the iron surface, and to determine the effect of chromate and arsenate on the iron corrosion behavior. The removal mechanism for chromate involved reduction to Cr(III) and the formation of hydroxide precipitates. Increasing chromate concentrations resulted in decreasing removal rates due to iron surface passivation. Even at low concentrations, chromate acts as a corrosion inhibitor and decreases iron corrosion rates. The condition of the iron surface prior to exposure to chromate determined the chromium removal kinetics. Air-formed oxides significantly inhibited chromate removal, whereas oxides formed in anaerobic, chromate-free water resulted in higher removal rates. Although direct reduction of chromate at cathodic sites on the iron surface was observed at early elapsed times, chromate removal eventually became limited by the rate at which Fe²⁺ could be generated at anodic sites. The removal mechanism for arsenate did not involve reduction and was due to the formation of inner-sphere, bidentate complexes with iron corrosion products. At low arsenate concentrations the rate of arsenate removal was limited by diffusion to adsorption sites. At high concentrations the rate of arsenate removal was limited by the rate of adsorption site generation resulting from iron corrosion. Adsorbed arsenate blocked electroactive sites on the iron surface and decreased iron corrosion rates. Arsenate is expected to remain as the principal adsorbed species in iron filter media because electrochemical reduction of As(V) to As(III) is not favorable under the conditions relevant to freely corroding iron.
6

Development and field evaluation of molecular techniques for monitoring toxigenic cyanobacteria in water

Felexce, Fru Ngwa January 2013 (has links)
Increased incidences of toxigenic cyanobacterial blooms in freshwater bodies pose significant threats to human and ecosystem health worldwide. Microcystins (MCs), produced mostly by Microcystis, Anabaena, and Planktothrix spp., are amongst the most prevalent freshwater cyanotoxins. Characterization of toxigenic blooms by conventional microscopy is often challenging because of co-occurrence of morphologically indistinguishable toxic and non-toxic strains of cyanobacteria. This research project therefore sought to develop and evaluate polymerase chain reaction (PCR) approaches for improved monitoring of toxigenic cyanobacteria in Canadian freshwater lakes. Preliminary studies evaluating the utility of a suite of microcystin synthetase (mcy) genes for quantitative PCR-based detection of microcystin-producing Microcystis revealed that assays targeting portions of the mcyA, mcyE, and mcyG genes successfully estimated potential microcystin-producing Microcystis genotypes in water samples collected from Baie Missisquoi (Missisquoi Bay), Quebec. The qPCR-based Microcystis mcyA, mcyE, or mcyG toxigenic cell equivalents showed significant associations (p<0.05; R2>0.90) with total Microcystis counts determined by microscopy. Furthermore, all three assays successfully quantified potentially toxic Microcystis cells in samples with undetectable microcystin concentrations, suggesting their potential usefulness in early warning systems for toxigenic cyanobacteria. To further ascertain the utility of developed molecular assays in estimating toxigenic Microcystis concentrations, laboratory studies were conducted to investigate how mcy gene concentrations and biomass of mixed assemblages of a toxic Microcystis sp. and non-toxic Anabaena sp. varied under different nitrogen, phosphorus, temperature, and light regimes. Results demonstrated dependence of growth rates, microcystin cellular and mcyE gene quotas not only on nutrients and temperature conditions, but also the presence of competing cyanobacteria. The fact that changes in mcyE copies often mirrored changes in M. aeruginosa CPCC 299 cellular growth rates implied possible coupling of mcyE production to cellular growth; thus validating use of mcyE gene concentrations as indicators of toxigenic Microcystis.The third phase of this study involved development and utilization of a multiplex qPCR approach for simultaneous quantification of microcystin-producing Anabaena, Microcystis, and Planktothrix genotypes in Missisquoi Bay. Laboratory evaluation showed the multiplex assay to be highly sensitive and specific for mcyE-containing Anabaena, Microcystis, and Planktothrix genotypes, with assay standards achieving R2 values above 0.99 and reaction efficiencies greater than 90%. Analyses of water samples from Missisquoi Bay showed Microcystis spp. as the main putative microcystin producer, with patchy occurrence of toxigenic Anabaena and Planktothrix genotypes during the 2010 and 2011 sampling periods.Finally, the developed qPCR assays were utilized to study Microcystis and Planktothrix mcyE gene expression, concomitantly with changes in mcyE copies, cyanobacterial biomass and MC concentrations, in order to derive the most reliable indicator of microcystin risk. McyE transcripts were generally lower in mixed cultures relative to monocultures, in agreement with depressed growth recorded in the mixed cultures. Whereas concentrations of mcyE gene copies, cell counts, and chl-a correlated significantly (p<0.01) with microcystins in laboratory cultures, McyE gene transcripts levels associated very poorly with MC. Furthermore, mcyE copies showed the strongest positive association with MCs in field samples, suggesting that mcyE copies are better indicators of MC risks rather than McyE transcripts or traditional biomass proxies. / L'occurrence très fréquente d'efflorescences en eau douce constitue une importante menace à la santé humaine et environnementale. Les microcystines sont les cyanotoxines les plus communes et la caractérisation microscopique d'efflorescences toxigènes pose souvent un défi. Ce projet de recherche vise à développer et évaluer des approches axées sur l'amplification en chaîne par polymérase (ACP) pour améliorer le suivi des cyanobactéries toxigènes dans les lacs d'eau douce du Canada. Des études préliminaires évaluant l'utilité, dans la détection quantitative par ACP (qACP) de souches de Microcystis actives ou inactives en production de microcystine, d'une série de gènes codant pour les sous-unités de la microcystine synthétase (mcy), démontra que les tests visant l'identification d'une portion des gènes mcyA, mcyE, ou mcyG permit l'estimation de la quantité de souches de Microcystis toxigènes dans des échantillons d'eau de la Baie Missisquoi, Québec. Les équivalents en cellules de Microcystis toxigènes pour les gènes mcyA, mcyE, ou mcyG furent fortement associés (p<0.05; R2>0.90) au compte total de Microcystis obtenu par microscopie. De plus, les trois tests réussirent à quantifier les cellules de Microcystis ayant le potentiel d'être toxigènes dans des échantillons ayant une teneur en microcystine indétectable, laissant présager leur utilité potentielle dans un système d'alerte précoce pour les cyanobactéries toxigènes. Afin d'évaluer l'utilité des tests moléculaires élaborés pour estimer la teneur en Microcystis toxigènes, des études en laboratoire furent entreprises afin d'évaluer comment la teneur en gènes mcy et la biomasse de différents assemblages mixtes d'une espèce toxigène de Microcystis et d'une espèce non-toxigène d'Anabaena pourraient varier sous divers régimes d'azote, de phosphore, de température et de lumière. Les résultats démontrent une dépendance des taux de croissance, quotas en microcystine cellulaire et gène mcyE sur les nutriments et conditions de température et sur la présence de cyanobactéries compétitrices. Les changements dans le nombre de copies de mcyE furent souvent le reflet du taux de croissance de M. aeruginosa CPCC 299, ce qui implique un jumelage entre la production de mcyE et la croissance cellulaire.L'étude développa et adopta une approche qACP multiplexe pour la quantification simultanée des génotypes d'Anabaena, Microcystis, et Planktothrix produisant de la microcystine dans la Baie Missisquoi. En laboratoire, le test multiplex s'avéra très sensible et spécifique aux souches d'Anabaena, Microcystis, et Planktothrix portant le gène mcyE. Les valeurs de R2 pour la courbe d'étalonnage excédèrent 0.99, et les efficacités de réaction excédèrent 90%. L'analyse des échantillons souligna que Microcystis spp. était le principal présumé producteur de microcystine durant les périodes d'échantillonnage de 2010 et 2011. Enfin, les tests qACP développés servirent à l'étude de l'expression génique de mcyE dans Microcystis et Planktothrix, en parallèle au changement du nombre de copies de mcyE, la biomasse cyanobactérienne et les concentrations en microcystine, afin d'en dériver un indicateur fiable du risque associé à la microcystine. Les produits de transcription de mcyE furent généralement moins élevés dans les cultures mixtes (vs. monocultures), ce qui s'accorde avec la diminution du taux de croissance en cultures mixtes. Lorsque, en cultures maintenues en laboratoire, les concentrations en copies du gène mcyE, le nombre de cellules, et la teneur en chlorophylle a étaient significativement corrélés (p<0.01) avec la teneur en microcystine, le niveau de transcriptions du gène mcyE s'avéra faiblement corrélé au niveau de microcystine. Dans les échantillons, le nombre de copies de mcyE montra une forte association à la teneur en microcystine, suggérant que le nombre de copies de mcyE pourrait être un meilleur indicateur du risque de contamination en microcystine.
7

Characterization of nickel hydroxide sludge using the variable pressure SEM

Robertson, Kevin January 2004 (has links)
Acid mine drainage lime treatment sludge is characterized with the variable pressure scanning electron microscope. The major components are shown to be detrital material such as silicates and clay minerals and neutralization products such as gypsum and metal hydroxides. / X-ray mapping and progressive sludge leaching experiments are performed to locate the major nickel bearing species. Progressive leaching was performed for two hours at pH 4, 3.5, and 3. It is observed that there is incomplete nickel extraction for all leach conditions. X-ray mapping establishes that the remaining nickel is due to minor amounts of Ni/S and Ni/O and more significantly colloidal sized nickel-silicon-aluminum complexes; which seem to result from neutralization. / Charge contrast imaging was also considered for characterization. It was studied on the mineral gibbsite to establish optimum working conditions for maximum contrast. Pressure, working distance, bias, scan rate and beam current are varied independently while the specimen current was monitored. Maximum contrast is shown to occur consistently at a specimen current of 3 nA. This implies that the user can operate over a wide range of conditions as long as the specimen current is maintained at its optimum value. This technique is then applied to the analysis of precipitated nickel hydroxides. Charge contrast proved not too informative because the particles are too small. Large electron doses at high magnifications can mask the subtle variation in local charging.
8

Shotgun proteomic analysis of Clostridium acetobutylicum during butanol fermentation

Sivagnanam, Kumaran January 2013 (has links)
Shotgun proteomic technology is a powerful characterization tool that can be used to investigate the global status of an organism at the molecular level. This dissertation presents the shotgun proteomic analysis of Clostridium acetobutylicum which is capable of converting different sugars present in the lignocellulosic biomass to acetone, butanol, and ethanol through fermentation. In the first study, glucose was found to be the preferred substrate of C. acetobutylicum for butanol production and the subsequent shotgun proteomic analysis identified over 400 proteins using a 6-step mass spectrometry based shotgun proteomics approach. The identified proteins were used to construct a C. acetobutylicum protein interaction map which was the first report of pathways interaction network for C. acetobutylicum. The second study employed a 12-step shotgun proteomics approach and a total of 894 proteins were identified in C. acetobutylicum during butanol fermentation between glucose and xylose substrates. This study revealed significant changes in the proteomic profile of C. acetobutylicum involved in chemotaxis and flagellar mechanisms during butanol fermentation between glucose and xylose substrates. In the third study, the proteomic profile of C. acetobutylicum was analyzed between two different phases of butanol fermentation using xylose substrate. Interestingly, the C. acetobutylicum proteomic profile was found to be significantly different between the exponential growth and stationary growth phases, with proteins directly involved in the butanol production pathway found to be highly expressed in the exponential growth compared to the stationary phase. The final study of this dissertation reports the proteomic analysis of C. acetobutylicum during butanol fermentation using a glucose/xylose mixture. Over 800 C. acetobutylicum proteins were identified and compared with the previous studies. The comparative analysis revealed protein expression from C. acetobutylicum were lower in the glucose/xylose mixture when compared to the preferred glucose substrate for biochemical processes that are vital for fermentation, such as carbohydrate metabolism, butanol production pathway and chemotactic and motility behaviour. These findings provide an in-depth proteomic knowledge base of C. acetobutylicum fermentation and butanol production using the two major sugars present in lignocellulosic biomass. Furthermore, the data presented can be used to develop better fermentation monitoring systems to construct an optimized environment for butanol production and serves as a base for future molecular level butanol research. / La technologie de protéomique shotgun est un outil puissant de caractérisation au niveau moléculaire qui peut être utilisé pour l'investigation sur la situation globale d'un organisme. Cette thèse présente l'analyse protéomique shotgun du Clostridium acetobutylicum qui est capable de convertir les différents sucres présents dans la biomasse lignocellulosique en acétone, butanol et éthanol par fermentation. Dans la première étude, le glucose a été jugé le substrat préféré du C. acetobutylicum pour la production de butanol et l'analyse protéomique shotgun ultérieure a identifié plus de 400 protéines en utilisant l'approche protéomique shotgun basée sur une spectrométrie de masse de 6 étapes. Les protéines identifiées ont été utilisées pour construire une carte d'interactions proteinées du C. acetobutylicum qui était le premier rapport d'un réseau d'interaction protéine-protéine pour C. acetobutylicum. La deuxième étude a utilisé une approche de protéomique shotgun en 12 étapes et un total de 894 protéines ont été identifiées dans C. acetobutylicum pendant la fermentation du butanol entre les substrats glucose et xylose. Cette étude a révélé des changements significatifs dans le profil protéomique du C. acetobutylicum impliqués dans les mécanismes de chimiotactisme et flagellaires pendant la fermentation du butanol entre les substrats glucose et xylose. Dans la troisième étude, le profil protéomique du C. acetobutylicum a été analysé entre deux phases différentes de la fermentation du butanol en utilisant le substrat xylose. Fait intéressant, le profil protéomique du C. acetobutylicum a été jugé significativement différent entre les phases de croissance exponentielle et de croissance stationnaire, où les protéines directement impliquées dans la filière de production de butanol ont été trouvées être fortement exprimées dans la croissance exponentielle par rapport à la phase stationnaire. La dernière étude de cette thèse rend compte de l'analyse protéomique du C. acetobutylicum pendant la fermentation du butanol en utilisant un mélange de glucose/xylose. Plus de 800 protéines du C. acetobutylicum ont été identifiées et comparées avec les études antérieures. L'analyse comparative a révélé que l'expression des protéines du C. acetobutylicum était plus faible dans le mélange de glucose/xylose par rapport au glucose, le substrat préfère les processus biochimiques qui sont vitales pour la fermentation, tels que le métabolisme des glucides, filière de la production de butanol et les comportements chimiotactiques et de motilité. Ces résultats fournissent une connaissance approfondie de la protéomique de la fermentation du C. acetobutylicum et de la production de butanol en utilisant les principaux sucres présents dans la biomasse lignocellulosique. En outre, les données présentées peuvent être utilisées pour développer de meilleurs systèmes de surveillance de fermentation pour la construction d'un environnement optimisé pour la production de butanol et sert de base pour l'avenir de la recherche du butanol au niveau moléculaire.
9

Evaluation of biochar soil amendments in reducing soil and water pollution from pathogens in poultry manure

Arief Ismail, Shoieb Akaram January 2013 (has links)
This project addresses concerns from the Canadian public about the quality of water in regions where many agricultural operations are located. Fecal coliforms are endemic in poultry and are difficult to eradicate from production facilities. Poultry manure is a reservoir of Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli (including O157:H7) and Salmonella spp. Biochar, the charcoal produced from pyrolysis of biomass, is gaining global recognition due to its unique properties when applied as a soil amendment. Biochar could play an important role in controlling the mobility of pathogens in soil and water environment. Its half-life is estimated to be hundreds of years so it is expected that its role in reducing agricultural pollution could be very long-lasting, and hence very cost-effective.In this study we investigated the effectiveness of biochar in preventing the leaching of fecal coliforms into surface water. The target organisms in this study were Escherichia coli (E .coli) and total coliform. E. coli is widely recognized as the indicator organism for presence of fecal coliform and total coliforms to determine disinfection rate. The study was divided into two components, namely laboratory study and field study.In laboratory study, the effectiveness of three different types of biochar (variation based on production temperature, time and raw material) in adsorption and desorption of E. coli was studied. In adsorption test, a comparative analysis was carried out to understand the differences between biochar, soil amended biochar (soil to biochar ratio of 99:1) and un-amended soil in the removal of E. coli. The statistical analysis showed the adsorption of E. coli was significantly higher in the soil amended biochar treatment. The soil amended biochar and the un-amended soil treatments were further subjected to desorption to test their retention capacity. The statistical analysis showed that two types of soil amended biochars (slow pyrolysis biochar and fast pyrolysis biochar) retained E. coli significantly better. The adsorption capacity of biochar was directly proportional to its porosity and inversely proportional to its ash content. The two types of soil amended biochar were shortlisted based on sorption and retention capacity and were used as treatments in the field study.A sixty-day study was conducted using field lysimeters to evaluate the effectiveness of soil amended biochar in removing or reducing the leaching of fecal coliforms (E. coli) from poultry manure. Lysimeter with only soil was used as control and the shortlisted biochars (slow pyrolysis biochar and fast pyrolysis biochar) were used as treatments. In the biochar-amended treatments, the top 0.05 m of soil was amended with biochar in a proportion of 1:99 biochar:soil. Poultry manure was spread over the soil in all lysimeters. The lysimeters were protected from natural rainfall, and the simulated rainfall was applied as 4 events over a sixty day period. Both soil (3 sampling depths) and leachate samples were collected and analyzed at predetermined time intervals. In the experiment, E. coli and total coliform were found to leach down through the soil profiles, and their concentrations decreased with soil depth and time. The statistical analysis of soil samples and leachate showed that the concentration of E. coli in the treatments at the three sampling depths and in the leachate were significantly different from control (P ≤ 0.05), which is attributed to the effectiveness of the treatments in reducing the leaching of fecal coliforms. However, the concentration of total coliforms was significant (P ≤ 0.05) on certain intervals and insignificant in the others; this can be attributed to already present total coliforms in the soil system and effectiveness of the treatments to hinder coliform transport. Soil biochar amendment was thus seen to be effective in reducing the leaching of fecal coliforms through soil profiles and providing fecal coliforms free leachate. / Ce projet répond aux préoccupations du public canadien au sujet de la qualité de l'eau dans les régions où de nombreuses exploitations agricoles sont présentes. Les coliformes fécaux sont endémiques chez les volailles et sont difficiles à éradiquer des sites de production. Le biochar, un charbon produit par pyrolyse de la biomasse, gagne de plus en plus de reconnaissance à l'échelle mondiale en raison de ses propriétés uniques lorsqu'il est utilisé comme amendement de sol. Sa demi-vie est estimée à des centaines d'années. Par conséquent, son rôle dans la réduction de la pollution agricole pourrait s'étendre sur une longue période.Dans cette étude, nous examinons l'efficacité du biochar dans la prévention de la lixiviation des coliformes fécaux dans l'eau de surface. Les organismes ciblés dans cette étude sont Escherichia coli (E coli.) et les coliformes totaux. E. coli est reconnu comme étant l'organisme indicateur de la présence de coliformes fécaux et les coliformes totaux comme étant révélateur du taux de désinfection. L'étude est composée de deux parties, l'une effectuée en laboratoire et l'autre sur le terrain.Dans l'étude en laboratoire, l'efficacité d'absorption et de désorption d'E. coli de trois différents types de biochar a été étudiée. Par le moyen de tests d'adsorption, une analyse comparative a été effectuée afin de déterminer la différence entre du biochar pur, un sol amendé par du biochar et un sol non-amendé dans leur efficacité d'élimination d'E. coli. Les analyses statistiques ont montré que le biochar comme amendement du sol joue un rôle important dans l'adsorption d'E. coli.Le sol amendé par du biochar et le sol non-amendé ont ensuite été soumis à un test de désorption afin de tester leur capacité de rétention. Les analyses statistiques ont démontré que deux types de sol amendés de biochar (l'un issu de la pyrolyse lente et l'autre de la pyrolyse rapide) retenaient E. coli. La capacité d'adsorption du biochar s'est révélée être directement proportionnelle à sa porosité et inversement proportionnelle à sa teneur en cendres. Les deux types de biochars ont été sélectionnés et utilisés comme traitements dans l'étude de terrain. L'étude de terrain a été réalisée sur des lysimètres pendant soixante jours afin d'évaluer l'efficacité du biochar dans l'élimination et la réduction du lessivage des coliformes fécaux (E. coli) venant du fumier de volaille. Le témoin contenait seulement du sol et le biochar sélectionné (l'un issu de la pyrolyse lente et l'autre de la pyrolyse rapide) a été utilisé comme traitement. Le biochar a été mélangé avec 5 cm de sol en partant de la surface (rapport de sol a biochar de 99:1). Le fumier de volaille a été répandu sur le sol dans tous les lysimètres. Les lysimètres ont été protégés de la pluie afin de simuler l'irrigation. L'irrigation a été simulée en 4 événements au cours des soixante jours. Le sol (3 profondeurs d'échantillonnage) et les échantillons de lixiviat ont été prélevés et analysés à des intervalles temporels prédéterminés. Dans cette étude, E. coli et les coliformes totaux se sont infiltrés à travers les profils de sol, et leurs concentrations ont diminués avec le temps et la profondeur du sol. Les analyses statistiques (P ≤ 0.05) des échantillons de sol et des lixiviats ont montré que la concentration d'E. coli dans les traitements aux trois profondeurs et dans le lixiviat étaient différente du contrôle, ce qui est attribué à l'efficacité des traitements de réduction du lessivage des coliformes fécaux. Cependant, la concentration de coliformes totaux était significatif (P ≤ 0.05) sur certains intervalles et insignifiant sur d'autres, ce qui peut être lié a une présence antérieure de coliformes totaux dans le sol et a l'efficacité des traitements qui suggèrent un taux de désinfection efficace. Le sol amendé de biochar a donc été considéré comme étant efficace dans la réduction du lessivage des coliformes fécaux a travers les profils de sol.
10

Impact of UV disinfection on the virulence and antibiotic resistance gene profile of Escherichia coli in municipal wastewater and its receiving waters

Yip Woon Sun, Melanie January 2013 (has links)
Fecal water contaminations have been known to cause severe disease outbreaks throughout the world, thus proper wastewater treatment can help to avoid them. Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a well-known microorganism that flourishes in the gut of warm-blooded animals and can cause disease, such as diarrhoea, urinary tract infection, dysentery-like illness, haemorrhagic colitis and neonatal meningitis. Previous studies have shown that the virulence gene profile of E. coli can accurately predict its in vivo pathogenicity in animal models. E. coli in municipal wastewaters was therefore used in this study as a model pathogenic microorganism to examine the effects of activated sludge and UV disinfection on its virulence and its antibiotic resistance gene profile. DNA microarrays were used to conduct genotyping. The virulence and antibiotic resistance gene profile of E. coli in the receiving waters impacted by the treatment plant were also investigated.E. coli isolates (540 in total) were collected in May 2011 from 6 locations at the Skyway Wastewater Treatment Plant (Burlington, Ontario) and the Hamilton Harbour, which is the receiving water body for the treatment plant's effluent. Samples were also collected from an avian-contaminated area to investigate a possible relationship between the pollution in the harbour and the pollution by wild birds and municipal effluents. Results showed that although UV disinfection decreased the E. coli counts by more than 2 logs, the percentage of E. coli with a pathogenic genotype in the surviving population had increased by almost 10%. The activated sludge system proliferated virulence and antibiotic resistance genes. 22.5% of all isolates were uropathogenic E. coli 6.7% incomplete extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli and 1.7% shiga-toxin associated E. coli. No strong correlation was found between the genotypes found in the treatment plant's effluent and the harbour samples. 40% of the treatment plant's isolates carried some antibiotic resistance genes with a higher proportion of isolates carrying multiple antibiotic resistance genes. The majority of the isolates (70%) did not carry any antibiotic resistance (AMR) genes. Most of the AMR genes detected corresponded to beta-lactams (20%), aminoglycosides (19.6%), tetracyclines (19.1%), phenicols (12.6%) and trimethoprim (11.5%). Also, results demonstrated that UV decreased (by 9%) the percentage of isolates that had multiple antibiotic resistance genes, while activated sludge increased this percentage (by 5%). No statistically significant difference was found in the distribution of the antibiotic resistance genes in the harbour samples or between the pathotypes and the presence of antibiotic resistance genes in any samples. / Dans le passé, plusieurs épidémies ont été causées par des eaux contaminées par des matières fécales. Le traitement des eaux usées municipales peut ainsi aider à éviter ces épidémies. Escherichia coli (E. coli) est un microorganisme qui vit dans l'intestin d'animaux à sang chaud. Ceux-ci peuvent causer des maladies, comme la diarrhée, les infections des voies urinaires, la dysenterie, la colite hémorragique et la méningite néonatale. Des études antérieures ont montré que le profil de gènes de virulence de la bactérie E. coli peut prédire avec précision sa pathogénicité in vivo dans des modèles animaux. Dans cette étude, E. coli a été utilisé comme un modèle de microorganisme pathogène pour examiner les effets de la désinfection par UV et des boues activées sur le profile de gènes de virulence et de résistance aux antibiotiques dans les eaux usées municipales. Les puces à ADN ont été utilisées pour effectuer le génotypage. Les effets de la station d'épuration sur le profil de gènes de virulence et de résistance aux antibiotique des E. coli retrouvées dans les eaux réceptrices, impacté par la station d'épuration, ont également été étudiés.Des isolats de E. coli (540 au total) ont été recueillies, en mai 2011, à partir de 6 emplacements à l'usine d'épuration d'eau Skyway (Burlington, Ontario) et du port d'Hamilton, qui est le plan d'eau récepteur pour les effluents de la station d'épuration. Des échantillons ont également été prélevés d'une zone contaminée par des oiseaux sauvages dans le but d'investiguer les liens entre la pollution dans le port d'Hamilton, la pollution par les oiseaux sauvages et les effluents de la station dépuration. Les résultats ont montré que, malgré que la désinfection par UV avait diminué les comptes d'E. coli par plus de 2 logarithmes, le pourcentage d'E. coli ayant un génotype pathogénique, dans la population survivante avait augmenté de près de 10%. Le système de boues activées avait proliféré les gènes de virulence et de résistance aux antibiotiques. 22,5% de tous les isolats étaient des E. coli uro-pathogénique, 6,7% des E. coli pathogénique extra-intestinaux et 1.7% des E. coli produisant de la Shiga-toxine. Aucune corrélation n'a été observée entre les génotypes trouvés dans les effluents de la station d'épuration et les échantillons du Hamilton Harbour. 40 % des isolats de l'usine d'épuration avait des gènes de résistance aux antibiotiques. Une plus grande proportion des ces isolats avait multiples gènes de résistance aux antibiotiques. La majorité des isolats (70%) n'avait pas des gènes de résistance aux antibiotiques. La plupart des gènes de résistance aux antibiotiques correspondent aux bêta-lactamines (20%), les aminosides (19,6%), les tétracyclines (19,1%), phénicols (12,6%) et le triméthoprime (11,5%). En outre, les résultats ont démontré que la désinfection par UV avait diminué de 9% le pourcentage d'isolats qui avait de multiples gènes de résistance aux antibiotiques, tandis que les boues activées avaient augmenté ce pourcentage de 5%. Aucune différence, qui était statistiquement significative, n'a été trouvée dans la distribution des gènes de résistance aux antibiotiques des échantillons provenant du port d'Hamilton ou entre les pathotypes et la présence de gènes de résistance aux antibiotiques dans les échantillons.

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