Die doel van die navorsing was om vanuit „n waarderingsperspektief 'n kwalitatiewe ondersoek te doen oor ouers se betrokkenheid by hul kinders se leerproses in 'n landelike omgewing. Die populasie het bestaan uit ouers met kinders in 'n primêre skool in 'n landelike omgewing, te Wellington. Inligting is bekom deur die voer van individuele onderhoude met ouers en 'n fokusgroeponderhoud. Data is ontleed en drie temas met subtemas en kategorieë is geïdentifiseer. Bevindinge en gevolgtrekkings is gemaak met betrekking tot ouers se betrokkenheid by hul kinders se leerproses. Daar is bevind dat ouers wel betrokke is by hul kinders se leerproses. Ten opsigte van hierdie navorsingstudie word tot die slotsom gekom dat die ouers deurentyd betrokke is by hul kinders se leerproses en hoë ideale vir hulle kinders koester. Ongeag lang werksure probeer hulle steeds betrokke wees. Die ouers wil graag vir hul kinders net die beste gee en koester beter beroepe vir hulle kinders. / MA (Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Die doel van die navorsing was om vanuit „n waarderingsperspektief 'n kwalitatiewe ondersoek te doen oor ouers se betrokkenheid by hul kinders se leerproses in 'n landelike omgewing. Die populasie het bestaan uit ouers met kinders in 'n primêre skool in 'n landelike omgewing, te Wellington. Inligting is bekom deur die voer van individuele onderhoude met ouers en 'n fokusgroeponderhoud. Data is ontleed en drie temas met subtemas en kategorieë is geïdentifiseer. Bevindinge en gevolgtrekkings is gemaak met betrekking tot ouers se betrokkenheid by hul kinders se leerproses. Daar is bevind dat ouers wel betrokke is by hul kinders se leerproses. Ten opsigte van hierdie navorsingstudie word tot die slotsom gekom dat die ouers deurentyd betrokke is by hul kinders se leerproses en hoë ideale vir hulle kinders koester. Ongeag lang werksure probeer hulle steeds betrokke wees. Die ouers wil graag vir hul kinders net die beste gee en koester beter beroepe vir hulle kinders. / MA (Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Natuuromgewingsinvloede en die psigologie : Algemeen en wetenskaplik word besef dat die mens deur sy omgewing beinvloed word. Hierdie omgewing word gevorm deur o.a. die sosiale milieu, die beskawings- en kultuurmilieu en die natuuromgewing . Die natuurmilieu kan in vier hoofverskyningsvorme ingedeel word: weer, klimaat, landskap en bodem .Die natuuromgewing kan die mens op velerlei wyses beinvloed. Eerstens kan die werking meer indirek van aard wees bv. die bodem en lug is draers van siektekieme, die natuur verskaf aan die mens voeding, water, voorsien die mens van die nodige roustowwe vir kleding, behuising, vir die ontwikkeling van die tegniek ens. Hierdie indirekte invloede word nie deur die "Geopsigologie" bestudeer nie , selfs al is daaruit weer invloede op die psige aantoonbaar. Dit sal wel nodig wees om in sommige opsigte daarna te verwys. / Proefskrif, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam 1955

Natuuromgewingsinvloede en die psigologie : Algemeen en wetenskaplik word besef dat die mens deur sy omgewing beinvloed word. Hierdie omgewing word gevorm deur o.a. die sosiale milieu, die beskawings- en kultuurmilieu en die natuuromgewing . Die natuurmilieu kan in vier hoofverskyningsvorme ingedeel word: weer, klimaat, landskap en bodem .Die natuuromgewing kan die mens op velerlei wyses beinvloed. Eerstens kan die werking meer indirek van aard wees bv. die bodem en lug is draers van siektekieme, die natuur verskaf aan die mens voeding, water, voorsien die mens van die nodige roustowwe vir kleding, behuising, vir die ontwikkeling van die tegniek ens. Hierdie indirekte invloede word nie deur die "Geopsigologie" bestudeer nie , selfs al is daaruit weer invloede op die psige aantoonbaar. Dit sal wel nodig wees om in sommige opsigte daarna te verwys. / Proefskrif, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam 1955

Banks play an increasingly important role in the economy because they are in a position to, inter alia, promote development of the environment by utilising their financial resources. In some instances lenders who took up finance from banks are responsible for damage to the environment. Why should banks that financed projects, in the normal course of events, be held liable for damage to the environment caused by borrowers? The question may be answered by a comparative legal study of the 2002 European Union Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on Environmental Liability with regard to the prevention and remedying of environmental damage; the Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA) of the United States; Part IIA of the Environmental Protection Act of 1990 (EPA) of the United Kingdom and section 28 of the National Environmental Management Act of 1998 (NEM A). NEMA, has its foundation in section 24 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa. It incorporates sustainable development as a tool to harmonise the necessity to develop with the need to protect the environment. At the same time NEMA emphasises the role of the principle of intergenerational equity, which presupposes the duty of the current generation to hand over the earth in a better condition than in which it was received from the previous generation. In the future banks, when finance is considered for projects that may harm the environment, must take environmental as well as economical factors into account. Purely economical reasons cannot be the only relevant factor. Development that is financially sound will have to be weighed up against social factors as well as the impact that it will have on the environment. Section 28 of NEMA places a general duty of care on every person who causes, has caused or may cause significant pollution or degradation of the environment to prevent such pollution or degradation from occurring, continuing or recurring. The persons saddled with the duty of care are the owner, the person in control, or the person who has the right to use land or premises. Banks may, under certain circumstances, be considered to be the owner, person in control, or even the person who has the right use land or premises. The polluter pays principle is introduced by section 28 as a basis for liability but the principle is expanded to include, not only the polluter, but also entities, such as banks, who in no way whatsoever, contributed to pollution or degradation. NEMA affords no protection to banks in cases where banks became owner of land by virtue of their security interest in the property. By following established commercial practices, banks may be held liable for environmental damage caused by their clients or erstwhile clients. The traditional role of banks as financial institutions has to change because of the duty placed on banks by the Constitution and NEMA to act as instruments in the protection of the environment. By exerting their influence and by implementing new procedures banks will be able to draw the attention of prospective clients to the need to comply with environmental legislation. In terms of the 2002 Directive of the European Union, the operator who directs an operation by which damage is caused can be held liable for environmental damage. It is necessary to prove that the bank exercised operational control over the business of the borrower. The 2002 Directive is more restrictive than section 28 of NEMA. CERCLA is the primary federal legislation dealing with pollution of hazardous substances. The Environmental Protection Agency has the authority to recover the costs for the reparation of damage to the environment. After the US v Fleet Factors Corporation decision the position was that banks might be held liable if their involvement with the management decisions of the borrower are such that they are in a position to influence the decisions of the borrower. The Asset Conservation Lender Liability and Deposit Insurance Protection Act of 1996 (ACA) changed the magnitude of the Fleet Factors decision. Provision is made by ACA to exempt lenders who held security in terms of a secured creditor exemption, on the condition that the property is alienated at the earliest practicable commercially reasonable time after acquiring it. The requirement for liability is that banks must exercise control over the day-to-day activities of a borrower. The Environmental Protection Act of 1990 in the United Kingdom states that the owner (other than the mortgagee in possession) is the person who has the right to receive the rent of the property if the property was let out. It includes the occupier of the property. The test is whether such a person is in control of the property. If the inference can be drawn that the lender is in control then it can be held liable for environmental damage. EPA, CERCLA as well as the Directive makes it clear that if sufficient control is exercised by a lender over the business of a borrower it may be held liable for damage to the environment. The emphasis should rather be placed on the ability of banks, generally, to influence borrowers than to hold them liable for damage caused to the environment by borrowers. / Thesis (LL.M. (Import and Export Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

Banks play an increasingly important role in the economy because they are in a position to, inter alia, promote development of the environment by utilising their financial resources. In some instances lenders who took up finance from banks are responsible for damage to the environment. Why should banks that financed projects, in the normal course of events, be held liable for damage to the environment caused by borrowers? The question may be answered by a comparative legal study of the 2002 European Union Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on Environmental Liability with regard to the prevention and remedying of environmental damage; the Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA) of the United States; Part IIA of the Environmental Protection Act of 1990 (EPA) of the United Kingdom and section 28 of the National Environmental Management Act of 1998 (NEM A). NEMA, has its foundation in section 24 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa. It incorporates sustainable development as a tool to harmonise the necessity to develop with the need to protect the environment. At the same time NEMA emphasises the role of the principle of intergenerational equity, which presupposes the duty of the current generation to hand over the earth in a better condition than in which it was received from the previous generation. In the future banks, when finance is considered for projects that may harm the environment, must take environmental as well as economical factors into account. Purely economical reasons cannot be the only relevant factor. Development that is financially sound will have to be weighed up against social factors as well as the impact that it will have on the environment. Section 28 of NEMA places a general duty of care on every person who causes, has caused or may cause significant pollution or degradation of the environment to prevent such pollution or degradation from occurring, continuing or recurring. The persons saddled with the duty of care are the owner, the person in control, or the person who has the right to use land or premises. Banks may, under certain circumstances, be considered to be the owner, person in control, or even the person who has the right use land or premises. The polluter pays principle is introduced by section 28 as a basis for liability but the principle is expanded to include, not only the polluter, but also entities, such as banks, who in no way whatsoever, contributed to pollution or degradation. NEMA affords no protection to banks in cases where banks became owner of land by virtue of their security interest in the property. By following established commercial practices, banks may be held liable for environmental damage caused by their clients or erstwhile clients. The traditional role of banks as financial institutions has to change because of the duty placed on banks by the Constitution and NEMA to act as instruments in the protection of the environment. By exerting their influence and by implementing new procedures banks will be able to draw the attention of prospective clients to the need to comply with environmental legislation. In terms of the 2002 Directive of the European Union, the operator who directs an operation by which damage is caused can be held liable for environmental damage. It is necessary to prove that the bank exercised operational control over the business of the borrower. The 2002 Directive is more restrictive than section 28 of NEMA. CERCLA is the primary federal legislation dealing with pollution of hazardous substances. The Environmental Protection Agency has the authority to recover the costs for the reparation of damage to the environment. After the US v Fleet Factors Corporation decision the position was that banks might be held liable if their involvement with the management decisions of the borrower are such that they are in a position to influence the decisions of the borrower. The Asset Conservation Lender Liability and Deposit Insurance Protection Act of 1996 (ACA) changed the magnitude of the Fleet Factors decision. Provision is made by ACA to exempt lenders who held security in terms of a secured creditor exemption, on the condition that the property is alienated at the earliest practicable commercially reasonable time after acquiring it. The requirement for liability is that banks must exercise control over the day-to-day activities of a borrower. The Environmental Protection Act of 1990 in the United Kingdom states that the owner (other than the mortgagee in possession) is the person who has the right to receive the rent of the property if the property was let out. It includes the occupier of the property. The test is whether such a person is in control of the property. If the inference can be drawn that the lender is in control then it can be held liable for environmental damage. EPA, CERCLA as well as the Directive makes it clear that if sufficient control is exercised by a lender over the business of a borrower it may be held liable for damage to the environment. The emphasis should rather be placed on the ability of banks, generally, to influence borrowers than to hold them liable for damage caused to the environment by borrowers. / Thesis (LL.M. (Import and Export Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

A broader research project was conducted about intergenerational relationships. The focus of this study was about adolescents’ experiences of care in relationships with people older than 60 years, who live in an environment where resources are constrained. Care usually occurs in relationships and can take either the form of practical care or emotional care, or both which can occur simultaneously. Practical care involves behaviours, while emotional care involves feelings. Both are aimed at attending to other people’s needs. Previous studies on intergenerational relationships and care largely focused on either informal and practical care-giving, which are mainly provided by adult children to older people; or on the informal and practical care-giving provided by grandparents to grandchildren. Research on relational experiences between Setswana-speaking older people and young adults in South Africa has indicated ambivalence in their relationships. While another South African study on the relational experiences between Setswana-speaking older people and their grandchildren, who are in their middle childhood, reported supportive and caring relationships. Limited research exists about care in the relationships between adolescents and older people. Care as a relational phenomenon in intergenerational relationships is explained by the Self-Interactional Group Theory (SIGT), and is used in this study as the theoretical framework. SIGT explains the interactional manifestation of intergenerational relations, and conceptualises that intergenerational relationships are continuously created and co-created, which influences the meaning that is attached to care. This theory further explains the intra-individual, inter-individual and group level interactions that take place between the adolescents and older people. According to SIGT, intergenerational interactions are embedded in the socio-cultural, socio-economical, socio-political and the physical environments in which they take place. This study was conducted in Vaalharts, situated in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa. This community is economically vulnerable and resources are constrained. A qualitative research method was used to describe adolescents’ experiences of care. Fourteen adolescents between the ages of 12 and 16 years participated in the research. Non-probability, purposive sampling was used to select the participants. The participants took part in the Mmogo-method ®, which is a visual participatory data gathering method, to elicit the experiences of care. Eight of the participants were part of the care-group, while the other six were part of the respect-group. All 14 participants received a journal with questions about care and respect to enlighten the data further. For this study, only the data about care was used. The Mmogo-method ® required the participants to build a visual presentation using clay, beads and sticks, about their experiences of care in relation to people older than 60 years. On completion, the rest of the participants were then asked to augment the individual’s explanation with their own views. The explanations were recorded and transcribed verbatim, while the visual representations were photographed and served as visual data. The data were analysed by the use of thematic and visual analysis. Trustworthiness was ensured by the use of credibility, dependability, transferability and conformability strategies. Additionally, the ethical guidelines provided by the Health Professions Council of South Africa for Psychologists were followed (Health Professions Act 56 of 1974). It was found that the adolescents were able to identify older people’s practical care and emotional care needs, and take action to provide them with appropriate care. The adolescents showed care in the form of practical activities, emotional support, showing respect, and obtaining an education. Findings further indicated that adolescents received care only in the form of practical care. These findings may be an indication that, from the adolescents’ perspective, there is an imbalance between the giving and receiving of practical and emotional care. Intervention programs can then focus on ways to help ensure that both practical and emotional care occurs in a more balanced manner. / MSc (Research Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

A broader research project was conducted about intergenerational relationships. The focus of this study was about adolescents’ experiences of care in relationships with people older than 60 years, who live in an environment where resources are constrained. Care usually occurs in relationships and can take either the form of practical care or emotional care, or both which can occur simultaneously. Practical care involves behaviours, while emotional care involves feelings. Both are aimed at attending to other people’s needs. Previous studies on intergenerational relationships and care largely focused on either informal and practical care-giving, which are mainly provided by adult children to older people; or on the informal and practical care-giving provided by grandparents to grandchildren. Research on relational experiences between Setswana-speaking older people and young adults in South Africa has indicated ambivalence in their relationships. While another South African study on the relational experiences between Setswana-speaking older people and their grandchildren, who are in their middle childhood, reported supportive and caring relationships. Limited research exists about care in the relationships between adolescents and older people. Care as a relational phenomenon in intergenerational relationships is explained by the Self-Interactional Group Theory (SIGT), and is used in this study as the theoretical framework. SIGT explains the interactional manifestation of intergenerational relations, and conceptualises that intergenerational relationships are continuously created and co-created, which influences the meaning that is attached to care. This theory further explains the intra-individual, inter-individual and group level interactions that take place between the adolescents and older people. According to SIGT, intergenerational interactions are embedded in the socio-cultural, socio-economical, socio-political and the physical environments in which they take place. This study was conducted in Vaalharts, situated in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa. This community is economically vulnerable and resources are constrained. A qualitative research method was used to describe adolescents’ experiences of care. Fourteen adolescents between the ages of 12 and 16 years participated in the research. Non-probability, purposive sampling was used to select the participants. The participants took part in the Mmogo-method ®, which is a visual participatory data gathering method, to elicit the experiences of care. Eight of the participants were part of the care-group, while the other six were part of the respect-group. All 14 participants received a journal with questions about care and respect to enlighten the data further. For this study, only the data about care was used. The Mmogo-method ® required the participants to build a visual presentation using clay, beads and sticks, about their experiences of care in relation to people older than 60 years. On completion, the rest of the participants were then asked to augment the individual’s explanation with their own views. The explanations were recorded and transcribed verbatim, while the visual representations were photographed and served as visual data. The data were analysed by the use of thematic and visual analysis. Trustworthiness was ensured by the use of credibility, dependability, transferability and conformability strategies. Additionally, the ethical guidelines provided by the Health Professions Council of South Africa for Psychologists were followed (Health Professions Act 56 of 1974). It was found that the adolescents were able to identify older people’s practical care and emotional care needs, and take action to provide them with appropriate care. The adolescents showed care in the form of practical activities, emotional support, showing respect, and obtaining an education. Findings further indicated that adolescents received care only in the form of practical care. These findings may be an indication that, from the adolescents’ perspective, there is an imbalance between the giving and receiving of practical and emotional care. Intervention programs can then focus on ways to help ensure that both practical and emotional care occurs in a more balanced manner. / MSc (Research Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

South Africa currently has one pharmacist per 3849 of the population, which is considerably below the recommendation of one per 2300 of the population. Pharmacists are under a lot of pressure to perform at a certain level with not much to aid them in their day-to-day duties and their psychological needs. If pharmacists‟ stress levels are not managed, their physical and mental health may be compromised, as may their patients‟ safety. The construct of basic need satisfaction may be useful to gain insight in employees‟ functioning and to examine the motivational potential of organisational factors. Information about the need satisfaction of pharmacy employees is important as it may heighten the functioning and productivity of employees to a degree which will reduce costs connected with stress and turnover. This information will aid organisations to create environments that lessen the stress and turnover intentions of employees, thereby reducing the costs related to stress and turnover. The aims of this research were divided into general and specific aims. The general aim of this study was to investigate work related basic need satisfaction and flourishing of employees in a corporate pharmacy environment. A cross-sectional survey design was used. Data was collected through questionnaires in the empirical investigation, namely the Work-related Basic Need Satisfaction Scale (W-BNS) and the Mental Health Continuum Short-Form (MHC-SF). The study sample was compiled from a corporate retail pharmacy group. The satisfaction of the need for relatedness reflected as the most prominent result of the three basic psychological needs. Respondents mostly chose “agree” (mean = 3.9) on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 which is totally disagree to 5 which is totally agree. This indicates that employees feel that their need for relatedness is being satisfied. Respondents that flourish and are moderately mentally healthy differ in how they feel with regard to the satisfaction of their needs for autonomy and relatedness. It was thus shown that the levels of need satisfaction for autonomy and relatedness of flourishing employees are higher than those of the moderately mentally healthy employees. Recommendations for further research are made. / MPham (Pharmacy Practice, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Nursing students in South Africa are exposed to various clinical environments as part of the prescribed curriculum (SANC, 2008). These clinical environments not only positively or negatively influence nursing students but also greatly influence their decisions regarding future specialization. This relationship between the influence of the clinical environment and the decision to apply at a specific hospital was established by Andrews et al. (2005:147), but little is known about how it affects the decision of nursing students to specialize in a specific area. According to the South African Nursing Council‟s statistical data, an additional qualification in operational theatre is one of the least qualifications applied for (SANC, 2012b). This indicates that not many nursing students choose, for example, the theatre as a specialization area when their studies are completed. In light of this evidence, this study aimed to explore the influence that the clinical environment has on the decision of nursing students to specialize in a specific area. An explorative and descriptive design, which is qualitative in nature, was followed to conduct this study. The data collection was conducted in two phases. Phase one: Nursing students‟ experiences after exposure to theatre as a clinical environment were explored by means of reflective essays. Data was analysed according to the principles of Tesch as described in Creswell (1994:154). Meetings between the researcher and an experienced co-coder resulted in consensus regarding the findings. Three main themes and eleven sub themes were identified and provided clarity on the influence of the clinical environment on nursing students. Phase two, consisting of two focus group discussions facilitated by an expert in focus group facilitation, was completed to validate the findings from the reflective essay. This data was transcribed, analysed and the findings validated by the existing data from phase one. Conclusions drawn from this study were that the clinical environment does influence the students‟ decision to specialize in operating theatre, but many choose not to specialize in theatre due to personal preferences. / MCur, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014