This MA thesis attempts to achieve three main goals in setting the stage for a case study on Afro-Brazilian community social organizations. First among these goals is to demonstrate that scholarly and activist criticism of community organizations’ inability to generate broad-based political constituencies overlooks a key component of what community organizations actually strive for, and thus, characterizing them as an inappropriate use of resources is an error. This is accomplished through a discussion of the reluctance of Afro-Brazilians to self-identify as such and the need to support consciousness-raising with a valorization effort that addresses the negative stigma associated with blackness. Second, this essay looks to theories of education, specifically the racialized nature of the educational experience, as an indication that valorization efforts must focus on supplementing or countering the racial subjectivities that schools establish with more positive experiences of blackness. Third, this essay considers how community social capital is among the most influential sources of valorization, and establishes several hypotheses about the mechanisms of community organizations that garner effective valorization. These hypotheses are tested in a case study of community organizations in Salvador da Bahia. / text

Ce travail de thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre de la valorisation du glycérol par polycondensation catalytique. L'objectif est l'obtention de nouveaux catalyseurs basiques hétérogènes actifs et sélectifs pour effectuer la polycondensation directe du glycérol en polymères contenant plus de 5 unités monomères, tout en évitant les sous-produits toxiques (acroléine) et les polymères cycliques. Des précurseurs de catalyseurs associant le lanthane et les différents cations alcalino-terreux ont été obtenus par co-précipitation conventionnelle ou par une voie originale utilisant des ionogels bi-cationiques d'alginate. L'influence de la méthode de préparation, de la température d'activation, de la nature et du contenu en cations alcalino-terreux sur les propriétés physico-chimiques (composition, nature des phases, surfaces spécifiques) et la basicité des catalyseurs a été étudiée. Elles ont été reliées à l'activité et la sélectivité des produits obtenus dans la réaction de polycondensation du glycérol effectuée à 533 K en réacteur batch. / This PhD work deals with the valorization of glycerol by catalytic polycondensation. The main objective is to obtain new heterogeneous basic catalysts, active and selective, able to perform the direct polycondensation of glycerol into polymers containing more than 5 monomer units, avoiding toxic by-products (acrolein) and cyclic polymers. Catalyst precursors involving lanthanum and the various alkaline earth metal cations have been obtained by conventional co-precipitation or by an original route using bi-cationic ionogels of alginate. The influence of the preparation method, the activation temperature, the nature and the content of alkaline earth cations on the physico-chemical properties (composition, nature of the phases, specific surface area) and the basicity of the catalysts was studied. They were related to the activity and selectivity of the products obtained in the polycondensation reaction of glycerol performed at 533 K in batch reactor.

A profissionalização da docência, elemento partícipe dos processos de racionalização e modernização da escola e da sociedade, é entendida como um percurso sócio-histórico que apresenta como eixo a busca por um status social de profissão ao magistério. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho apresenta e analisa a Lei nº 2.338/1954, primeiro Estatuto exclusivo ao magistério estadual do Rio Grande do Sul, importante momento na profissionalização da categoria docente sul-rio-grandense. Para tal, analisou-se o texto a partir das discussões de Pierre Bourdieu a respeito do Estado, bem como as construções teóricas de E. P. Thompson sobre a Lei e suas ferramentas de legitimação simbólica. O estudo realizado a partir do Estatuto de 1954 apontou que, mesmo com os avanços na profissionalização da docência materializados no texto legal, houve a permanência de elementos que remetem à docência como ação vocacionada, hierarquização entre os âmbitos público e privado, vinculação entre magistério e gênero feminino, interferência estatal na experiência docente, o que implicou em oposições à profissionalização da categoria docente, atuando de forma contrária à valorização social do magistério. A fim de observar as possibilidades de atuação do magistério na busca pela profissionalização da categoria, bem como a atuação das categorias de Estado na experiência do professorado, foi utilizado o conceito de experiência de E. P. Thompson e tomado como fonte o documento “Suely de Oliveira: Perfil Biográfico, Depoimentos e Discursos (1915-1994)” Suely de Oliveira foi professora estadual e a primeira mulher deputada sul-rio-grandense, eleita em 1950. A partir da análise dos discursos proferidos pela Deputada, percebeu-se a inserção na Assembleia Legislativa das discussões sobre profissionalização do magistério partindo da compreensão da docência como ação vocacionada, para posteriormente pontuar os debates sobre carreira e remuneração a partir de marcos racionais. Suely de Oliveira apresentou reivindicações do magistério estadual gaúcho pela necessidade de elaboração de um Estatuto exclusivo à categoria docente, bem como modos de avaliação dos docentes a partir de referências racionais e burocráticas. Ainda, ao proceder a análise dos depoimentos produzidos sobre a Deputada por seus contemporâneos, foi possível perceber que as categorias afirmadas sobre o magistério e o feminino, como paciência, abnegação, moralidade e atuação no espaço doméstico formaram características legitimadoras da atuação política de Suely de Oliveira. / The professionalization of the teaching, an element that is part of the process of the rationalization and modernization of the school and the society, it’s understood as a sociohistorical process which present as an axis the search for a social status as profession to the state teaching. Thereby, the aim of this study is to score the Law 2338/1954, the first exclusive Statute to the Teaching of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, as a mark in the professionalization of the state teaching. For this purpose, the text is analyzed based on Pierre Bourdieu discussions about The State as well as the theoretical constructions from E. P Thompson on The Law and its tools of legitimacy symbolic constructions. As the results of this work, it is signalized that, even with some advances in the professionalization of the teaching materialized by the Statute, repeated elements that refer to teaching as a devoted action, ranking between the public and the private sphere, the link between teaching and female gender cause oppositions to the professionalization of the teaching category, acting in a contrary way to the social valorization of the teaching. In order to make an observation about the possibilities of the action on teaching of the in the searching for the professionalization of the category, as well as in the State categories in the teaching experience, it was used the concept of experience from E. P. Thompson and was taken the text “Suely de Oliveira: Perfil Biográfico, Depoimentos e Discursos (1915-1994)” as a source Suely de Oliveira was a state teacher and the first congresswoman from Rio Grande do Sul, elected in 1950. It was noted, from the analysis of the Congresswoman speeches, an insertion about professionalization of the Teaching starting from the teaching comprehension as a devoted action, to subsequently point out debates about professional career and remuneration from rational frameworks. Suely de Oliveira presented demands of the state teaching for a strong need to construct an exclusive Statute to the teaching category, as well as forms of evaluation of the teachers from the rational and bureaucratic references. Furthermore, proceeding the interview analyses produced by her contemporaries about the Congresswoman, was possible to tell that the features said about the Teaching and the feminine, as patience, self-denial, morality and acting in the household spaces had formed features of legitimacy in the Suely de Oliveira political activity.

La digestion anaérobie représente un élément clé dans la dynamique de développement durable contribuant à la valorisation verte des déchets organiques sous forme de biogaz et d'engrais. Dans le cadre de ce travail de thèse franco-libanais, nous cherchons à valoriser le marc de raisin, déchet majeur et principal sous-produit issu de la viniculture, par la digestion anaérobie, afin de générer de l’énergie dite verte sous forme de méthane. Dans un premier temps, le potentiel méthane du marc de raisin est démontré, validant notre biomasse végétale comme source potentielle d’énergie. Des informations détaillées sur les productions maximales de méthane à partir du marc entier, des pulpes et des pépins, séparément, sont obtenues en mode batch à 37 °C. La faisabilité technique du procédé est alors validée suite à une extrapolation au mode continu. De plus, des essais d’acclimatation du digesteur continu à la température moyenne de la vallée de la Bekaa (25 °C) permettent de simuler et d’adapter le système au milieu libanais. D’autre part, nous avons mené une caractérisation bio-physico-chimique de différents cépages de marcs de raisins en provenance de différentes régions viticoles. La diversité du contenu lignocellulosique et du potentiel méthanogène des substrats choisis a été mise en évidence. Une corrélation négative existe, en particulier, entre le potentiel méthane et les teneurs en lignine et en cellulose. Afin d’intensifier la production de méthane, le dimensionnement des digesteurs anaérobies en mode continu est optimisé en déterminant un optimum de fonctionnement pour une charge appliquée de 3,7 kg DCO m-3 j-1 et un temps de séjour de 20 jours. Enfin, nous évaluons les effets d’une variété de prétraitements (congélation, traitement alcalin, traitement acide, ultrasons et champs électriques pulsés) sur la production de méthane et sur la biodégradabilité des fractions. Le couplage du traitement alcalin à 10% NaOH avec la congélation à -20 °C s’avère être le meilleur procédé d’intensification. / Anaerobic digestion is considered to be a crucial part of a sustainable development strategy, contributing to the green valorization of organic waste as biogas and fertilizers. As part of this doctoral thesis, we explored the valorization of grape pomace, the major waste and main by-product of winemaking, by anaerobic digestion, to generate green energy in the form of methane. Firstly, the methane potential of grape pomace is demonstrated, validating our vegetal biomass as a potential source of energy. Detailed information on the maximum production of methane from whole pomace, pulps and seeds are obtained in batch mode at 37 °C. The technical feasibility of the process is then validated following an extrapolation to the continuous mode. Moreover, the acclimation of the continuous digester at the average temperature of the Beqaa valley (25 °C) allowed to simulate and adapt the current system to the Lebanese environment. On another note, we carried out a bio- physico-chemical characterization of different grape varieties from different wine-growing areas. The diversity of the lignocellulosic content and the methane potential of the selected substrates was highlighted. A negative correlation exists, in particular, between the methane potential and the lignin and cellulose fractions. In order to intensify methane production, we conducted an optimization of anaerobic digesters dimensioning in continuous mode by determining an optimum of operation for an applied load of 3.7 kg COD m-3 d-1 and a residence time of 20 days. Finally, we evaluated the effects of a variety of pretreatments (freezing, alkaline treatment, acid treatment, ultrasounds and pulsed electric fields) on the methane production and the biodegradability of lignocellulosic fractions. The coupling of the alkaline treatment using 10% NaOH with freezing at -20 °C seems to be the best intensification process.

A profissionalização da docência, elemento partícipe dos processos de racionalização e modernização da escola e da sociedade, é entendida como um percurso sócio-histórico que apresenta como eixo a busca por um status social de profissão ao magistério. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho apresenta e analisa a Lei nº 2.338/1954, primeiro Estatuto exclusivo ao magistério estadual do Rio Grande do Sul, importante momento na profissionalização da categoria docente sul-rio-grandense. Para tal, analisou-se o texto a partir das discussões de Pierre Bourdieu a respeito do Estado, bem como as construções teóricas de E. P. Thompson sobre a Lei e suas ferramentas de legitimação simbólica. O estudo realizado a partir do Estatuto de 1954 apontou que, mesmo com os avanços na profissionalização da docência materializados no texto legal, houve a permanência de elementos que remetem à docência como ação vocacionada, hierarquização entre os âmbitos público e privado, vinculação entre magistério e gênero feminino, interferência estatal na experiência docente, o que implicou em oposições à profissionalização da categoria docente, atuando de forma contrária à valorização social do magistério. A fim de observar as possibilidades de atuação do magistério na busca pela profissionalização da categoria, bem como a atuação das categorias de Estado na experiência do professorado, foi utilizado o conceito de experiência de E. P. Thompson e tomado como fonte o documento “Suely de Oliveira: Perfil Biográfico, Depoimentos e Discursos (1915-1994)” Suely de Oliveira foi professora estadual e a primeira mulher deputada sul-rio-grandense, eleita em 1950. A partir da análise dos discursos proferidos pela Deputada, percebeu-se a inserção na Assembleia Legislativa das discussões sobre profissionalização do magistério partindo da compreensão da docência como ação vocacionada, para posteriormente pontuar os debates sobre carreira e remuneração a partir de marcos racionais. Suely de Oliveira apresentou reivindicações do magistério estadual gaúcho pela necessidade de elaboração de um Estatuto exclusivo à categoria docente, bem como modos de avaliação dos docentes a partir de referências racionais e burocráticas. Ainda, ao proceder a análise dos depoimentos produzidos sobre a Deputada por seus contemporâneos, foi possível perceber que as categorias afirmadas sobre o magistério e o feminino, como paciência, abnegação, moralidade e atuação no espaço doméstico formaram características legitimadoras da atuação política de Suely de Oliveira. / The professionalization of the teaching, an element that is part of the process of the rationalization and modernization of the school and the society, it’s understood as a sociohistorical process which present as an axis the search for a social status as profession to the state teaching. Thereby, the aim of this study is to score the Law 2338/1954, the first exclusive Statute to the Teaching of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, as a mark in the professionalization of the state teaching. For this purpose, the text is analyzed based on Pierre Bourdieu discussions about The State as well as the theoretical constructions from E. P Thompson on The Law and its tools of legitimacy symbolic constructions. As the results of this work, it is signalized that, even with some advances in the professionalization of the teaching materialized by the Statute, repeated elements that refer to teaching as a devoted action, ranking between the public and the private sphere, the link between teaching and female gender cause oppositions to the professionalization of the teaching category, acting in a contrary way to the social valorization of the teaching. In order to make an observation about the possibilities of the action on teaching of the in the searching for the professionalization of the category, as well as in the State categories in the teaching experience, it was used the concept of experience from E. P. Thompson and was taken the text “Suely de Oliveira: Perfil Biográfico, Depoimentos e Discursos (1915-1994)” as a source Suely de Oliveira was a state teacher and the first congresswoman from Rio Grande do Sul, elected in 1950. It was noted, from the analysis of the Congresswoman speeches, an insertion about professionalization of the Teaching starting from the teaching comprehension as a devoted action, to subsequently point out debates about professional career and remuneration from rational frameworks. Suely de Oliveira presented demands of the state teaching for a strong need to construct an exclusive Statute to the teaching category, as well as forms of evaluation of the teachers from the rational and bureaucratic references. Furthermore, proceeding the interview analyses produced by her contemporaries about the Congresswoman, was possible to tell that the features said about the Teaching and the feminine, as patience, self-denial, morality and acting in the household spaces had formed features of legitimacy in the Suely de Oliveira political activity.

Les microalgues présentes à la fois dans les eaux douces et salées compteraient plus de 200 000 espèces. Cette diversité en fait une source potentielle de métabolites spécialisés originaux. Parmi les principales familles de substances naturelles valorisées actuellement, on peut citer les pigments, lipides, protéines, polysaccharides, caroténoïdes. Une vision plus globale du métabolome de chacune des espèces apparaît aujourd’hui nécessaire pour mieux mettre en valeur le potentiel commercial que représente cette « microbiodiversité ». Pour cela, nous avons tout d’abord choisi d’approcher le métabolome de différentes souches de microalgues cultivées au sein de la Société Greensea en s’appuyant sur les techniques d’HPTLC, de RMN et d’UHPLC-QTOF pour une visualisation large. Cette étude nous a permis de regrouper les espèces par analogie métabolique après traitement statistique des données. Une seconde partie a consisté en une étude phytochimique approfondie de certaines souches et a conduit à l’isolement et la caractérisation de plusieurs molécules. Ainsi, en plus de métabolites connus, un peptide original portant un motif isoprényl, le cumbriamide a été caractérisé au sein de Lyngbya sp. et une première évaluation de son potentiel thérapeutique a été entreprise. Une large diversité en glycolipides s’est montrée prépondérante dans de nombreuses souches et une méthode de caractérisation a pu être mise au point pour leur identification par UHPLC-QTOF. Enfin, différentes applications des approches métabolomiques ont été envisagées. Ainsi, des études chimiotaxonomiques ont été menées sur les différentes souches de microalgues et l’influence de changements de conditions de culture sur la production de métabolites chez Nannochloropsis oculata a été observée. / Microalgae are present both in Oceans and freshwaters and could include more than 200 000 species. This diversity is a source of original specialized metabolites that can find a large array of applications. Pigments, lipids, proteins, polysaccharides and carotenoids are usual compounds produced by microalgae that have found commercial applications. A global vision of the metabolome of each species has showed promises to highlight the commercial value of this “microdiversity”. We then decided to assess the metabolome of several microalgae species grown at the Greensea company by using HPTLC, NMR and UHPLC-QTOF techniques for a rapid and global overview. A classification of the species according to their metabolomics similarities was obtained after statistics treatment of the data. A second part was dedicated to a phytochemical study of the extracts of selected strains and led to the isolation and characterization of several metabolites. Thus, in addition to known molecules, an original peptide substituted by an isoprenyl moiety and named cumbriamide has been characterized in Lyngbya sp and a first assessment of its therapeutical potential has been undertaken. Glycolipids have been identified as the major metabolites in the extracts of numerous strains and a UHPLC-QTOF method was developed for their identification. Finally, several applications of the metabolomics approaches were considered. Chemotaxonomic studies were first carried out and the influence of growth conditions on the metabolome of Nannochloropsis oculata was observed.

When increasing the amount of recycled material in production the input materials are rarely homogenous which results in unavoidable waste streams. Utilizing this waste is of high importance when moving towards a Circular Economy and for firms to keep their circular identity. However, to achieve this, collaborations between firms are crucial. The purpose of this single case study is to develop a road map for how firms can create collaboration to strategically valorize waste streams from circular processes. Through a qualitative study based on 23 semi structured interviews the subject was investigated. The interviews were held in three phases with respondents from four different groups: the case company, potential collaborators, other firms with waste streams as well as subject experts. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed through a thematic analysis resulting in five themes. Moreover, this study resulted in a road map with three gears and multiple steps that companies should follow to create collaboration for valorizing waste streams. The three gears are: Gear 1: Internal preparation, Gear 2: Finding the right partner and Gear 3: Forming the collaboration. The study fills the gap in existing literature regarding the lack of a firm perspective of a concrete road map by which companies can go from producing a waste stream to creating a collaboration to valorize it. Both the managers of a company as well as an assigned person responsible for waste streams can benefit from the road map. Although the road map contains three consecutive gears, the containing steps can be considered individually or partly depending on the company’s circumstances. In addition, companies without circular processes can be inspired from the road map in their work of becoming more sustainable. / När mängden återvunnet material ökar i produktioner är ingångsmaterialen sällan homogena vilket resulterar i oönskade restströmmar. För att röra sig mot en cirkulär ekonomi och för att företag ska behålla sin cirkulära identitet är det av stor vikt att ta tillvara på avfallet. För att uppnå detta är samarbeten mellan företag mycket viktiga. Syftet med denna enfallsstudie är att utveckla en roadmap över hur företag kan skapa samarbeten för att strategiskt valorisera restströmmar från cirkulära processer. Genom en kvalitativ studie baserad på 23 semistrukturerade intervjuer undersöktes området. Intervjuerna genomfördes i tre faser med respondenter från fyra olika grupper: fallstudieföretaget, potentiell samarbetspartner, andra företag med restströmmar samt ämnesexperter. Intervjuerna transkriberades och analyserades genom en tematisk analys som resulterade i fem teman. Studien resulterade därmed i en roadmap bestående av tre växlar och flera steg vilka företag kan följa för att skapa samarbeten för att valorisera sina restströmmar. De tre växlarna är: Växel 1: Interna förberedelser, Växel 2: Hitta den rätta samarbetspartnern och Växel 3: Utforma samarbetet. Studien fyller gapet i den existerande litteraturen då företagsperspektivet i en konkret roadmap som beskriver hur företag kan gå från att producera en restström till att skapa samarbeten för att valorisera den saknas. Ledarna i ett företag samt en designerad person ansvarig för restströmmarna kan få nytta av av roadmapen. Trots att roadmapen består av tre påföljande varandra växlar kan de olika växlarna i roadmapen nyttjas individuellt eller delvis beroende på företagets omständigheter. Därtill kan även företag utan cirkulära processer inspireras av roadmapen i deras arbete att bli mer hållbara.

<p>U okviru disertacije ispitana je mogućnost eksploatacije nusproizvoda (nastalih tokom procesa hladnog presovanja ulja) kao izvora prirodnih fenolnih kiselina. Odabir je obuhvatio uzorke uljane tikve, crnog kima, lana i nara. Radi oslobađanja vezanih fenolnih kiselina i u cilju procene njihovog ukupnog sadržaja i distribucije (u čvrstim uzorcima), primenjena je alkalna hidroliza sa dodatkom L-askorbinske kiseline i EDTA. Dobijeni rezultati pokazuju da se sve analizirane pogače mogu se koristiti za dobijanje vrednih fenolnih kiselina, pri čemu raspodela fenolnih kiselina zavisi od vrste uljane pogače. Koncentracija slobodnih fenolnih kiselina se pokazala značajnom za pogaču uljane tikve, estarski vezanih za pogače nara i lana, a nerastvornih-vezanih za pogače crnog kima i nara. Od svih analiziranih uzoraka kora nara je sadržala najvi&scaron;e estarski vezanih fenolnih kiselina zahvaljujući veoma visokom sadržaju galne kiseline. Nakon određivanja fenolnih kiselina u nusproizvodima, analiza glavnih komponenti (PCA) je omogućila razdvajanje biljnih uzoraka u grupe prema poreklu i smanjila broj fenolnih kiselina neophodnih za njihovu karakterizaciju, &scaron;to može imati potencijalnu primenu u skriningu fenolnih kiselina i određivanju kvaliteta/autentičnosti uljarica i njihovih nusproizvoda.</p> / <p>Within the thesis, the possibility of by-products (formed during the process of cold oil pressing) exploitation as a source of natural phenolic acids was examined. Selection of the samples included pumpkin, black cumin, flax and pomegranate. For the purpose of bonded phenolic acids release and for the total phenolic acids content and distribution (in the solid samples) assessment, the alkaline hydrolysis with the addition of L-ascorbic acid and EDTA was employed. The results show that all analyzed cakes can be used to obtain valuable phenolic acids, while the distribution of phenolic acids depends on the type of oil cakes. The concentration of free phenolic acids proved to be significant for a pumpkin oil cake, ester for pomegranate and flax oil cakes, and insoluble-bound for black cumin and pomegranate oil cakes. Of all analyzed samples, pomegranate hull contains the highest content of ester-linked phenolic acids, due to a very high content of gallic acid. After phenolic acids determination in the by-products, principal components analysis (PCA) allowed the separation of plant samples in groups according to origin and reduced the number of phenolic acids necessary for their characterization, which may have potential application in the screening of phenolic acids and determining the quality/authenticity oilseeds and their by-products.</p>

Le présent travail se propose de contribuer à l'analyse du processus de patrimonialisation dans le village de Chenini (gouvernorat de Tataouine, sud-est tunisien). À travers l'analyse des différentes phases de patrimonialisation, l'implication et le positionnement des différents acteurs ont été mis en exergue au niveau des actions de conservation et de valorisation du patrimoine local. L'approche méthodologique adoptée est axée sur deux étapes. La première étape consiste à identifier le capital patrimonial dans le village de Chenini à travers l'outil SWOT, qui permet d'analyser les forces, les faiblesses, les menaces et les opportunités du territoire de Chenini. Dans une deuxième étape, l'approche de l'analyse de jeux d'acteurs et la performance du tissu institutionnel local ont été utilisées comme support pour montrer l'influence de la gestion actuelle du patrimoine local sur le processus de patrimonialisation. L'outil MACTOR (Méthode Acteurs, Objectifs, Rapports de force) et la matrice intérêt/pouvoir des acteurs ont servi comme outils analytiques, pour étudier les convergences et divergences des acteurs vis-à-vis des objectifs associés à la valorisation et la conservation du patrimoine local. Les données et les informations ont été collectées par des enquêtes par questionnaire et des entretiens semi-directifs auprès des acteurs publics, privés, associatifs et la population locale. Nos résultats ont montré que la spécificité du territoire, ses capacités et ses contraintes, ainsi que les conditions économiques, sociales et politiques ont permis le développement d'un savoir-faire ancestral pour s'adapter à un environnement contraignant. En dépit de l'importance de ce patrimoine berbère authentique et son identité socioculturelle confirmée, le village de Chenini semble ne pas amorcer une véritable dynamique territoriale. En effet, la divergence des objectifs d'acteurs en termes d'exploitation de ce patrimoine a mis en cause sa conservation, sa valorisation et son intégration économique. La multiplicité des acteurs intervenant sur le territoire à différentes échelles et les conflits d'intérêt émergeant entre eux se sont traduits par des stratégies désordonnées en termes de valorisation des ressources locales par les activités économiques. Le travail a permis de conclure que la valorisation des ressources patrimoniales pour générer des richesses supplémentaires et la conservation de l'attractivité de ce potentiel à long terme, nécessiterait de nouvelles pratiques de gouvernance locale davantage concertées qui contribueraient vraisemblablement au dépassement des conflits entre acteurs pour répondre aux problématiques spécifiques de ce territoire. / The main objective of the thesis is to analyse the "heritagization" process in Chenini, an historical village located in south-eastern Tunisia. Involvement and positioning of actors, as agents of development, concerning the conservation and the make use of the local heritage capital have been highlighted. Qualitative analysis of actors's games and the performance of the local institutional network have been performed. SWOT method has been used to identify the heritage capital in Chenini and to analyse the strengths and weaknesses, and to identify both the opportunities and the threats faced by local stakeholders. MACTOR method and power and interest matrix have been used to gauge the balance of power between actors and study their convergences and divergences when faced with a certain number of associated stakes and objectives. Data have been gathered using structured questionnaires, semi-structured interviews and focus group together with public and private actors, NGOs and local population. Our results showed that the specificity of the territory, its capabilities and constraints, as well as economic, social and political conditions have allowed the development of an ancestral know-how adapted to a harsh environment. Despite the importance of this authentic Berber heritage and the confirmed socio cultural identity, the village of Chenini cannot initiate a real territorial dynamic. In fact, the divergence of actor's objectives caused a drawback of the conservation, and development of the local heritage capital and their economic integration. The multiplicity of actors involved in the territory at different scales and emerging conflicts of interest between them resulted in disorderly development strategies enable to make use of the local resources. We conclude that the additional income-generation and the sustainability of the local heritage capital need the development of new modes of governance based on the local specificities which allows the overcoming of conflicts between actors.

A atual destinação dos resíduos de pescado é uma problemática real que tem impactado o cenário ambiental, sobretudo em regiões litorâneas. Devido a sua elevada carga orgânica e inorgânica, os resíduos de pescado possuem acelerada atividade de deterioração e contribuem para a formação de compostos químicos, os quais podem contaminar e prejudicar substancialmente a qualidade do ar, do solo e dos corpos hídricos. A disposição inadequada dos resíduos de pescado relaciona-se direta e indiretamente com a ocorrência de enfermidades, sendo, portanto, uma relevante questão de saúde pública. As principais tecnologias envolvem a elaboração de farinha, óleo, adubo e silagem de pescado proveniente da aquicultura e industrialização. A necessidade de se obter diretivas e alternativas viáveis envolvendo os resíduos de pescado é de ordem econômica, social, cultural e ambiental e baseia-se em sua valorização e gerenciamento adequado e para isso, o conhecimento da origem e das características do material a ser aproveitado é necessário para que as operações sejam controladas e esse item não se torne um problema futuro. Os objetivos deste estudo foram caracterizar e comparar os resíduos do pescado provenientes dos principais pontos de comercialização das cidades de Santos, São Vicente e Peruíbe/SP, e prospectar alternativas para sua aplicação, além de avaliar o perfil dos geradores de resíduos envolvidos no estudo. Foram realizadas 10 coletas em cada município entre dezembro de 2015 e fevereiro de 2016. Recolheu-se aproximadamente 5kg de resíduos de cada ponto de coleta, formando um \"pool\" do qual foi retirada uma amostra de 5Kg. Foram realizadas análises de composição gravimétrica, microbiológicas (psicrotróficos totais, estafilococos coagulase positiva, coliformes fecais e Escherechia coli e determinação de Salmonella sp), físico-químicas (bases nitrogenadas voláteis, proteína bruta, umidade, cinza, lipídeos totais) e perfil de ácidos graxos. Além das análises laboratoriais, foi realizada pesquisa semiestruturada junto aos responsáveis pelos estabelecimentos estudados. Os dados gerados pelas análises físico-químicas, microbiológicas e pelas questões abordadas na entrevista foram convertidos em médias percentuais e dispostos na forma de gráficos e tabelas. Foi calculado o desvio padrão para avaliação da dispersão dos resultados ao longo das repetidas coletas. Os resíduos caracterizaram-se em resíduos não comestíveis e apresentaram composição satisfatória para aplicação em produtos relacionados a alimentação animal e adubos orgânicos. Os teores de bases nitrogenadas voláteis e os resultados microbiológicos indicaram estágio avançado de deterioração dos resíduos. A quantidade diária de resíduo gerada informada no presente estudo foi bastante variável entre os pontos de coletas e também entre os períodos considerado alta e baixa temporada na região, limitando a aplicação para algumas tecnologias. Analisando-se os dados obtidos pela aplicação do questionário observou-se que, em geral, a estrutura do estabelecimento é precária e dificulta a conservação e aproveitamento dos resíduos por parte dos geradores. / The current destination of waste of fish is a real problem that has impacted the environmental scenario, especially in coastal regions. Due to its high organic and inorganic load, the waste of fish have accelerated activity of decay and contribute to the formation of chemical compounds, which can contaminate and substantially damage the quality of the air, soil and hydric bodies. The inadequate placement of the waste of fish is related directly and indirectly with the occurrence of illnesses, and is therefore a relevant public health issue. The main technologies involve the preparation of flour, oil, manure and silage of fish from aquaculture and industrialization. The need to obtain policies and viable alternatives involving the waste of fish is of economic, social, cultural and environmental system and are based on its valuation and proper management and for this reason, the knowledge of the origin and characteristics of the material to be used is necessary so that the operations are controlled and this item does not become a future problem. The objectives of this study were to characterize and compare the waste of fish from the main points of trading of the cities of Santos, São Vicente and Peruíbe/SP, and to prospect alternatives for its application, as well as to evaluate the profile of the waste generators involved in the study. Ten collections were performed in each municipality between December 2015 and February 2016. It was gathered approximately 5 kg of waste from each collection point, forming a \"pool\". It was removed a portion of 5Kg in this pool, which was considered \"sample\". Analyzes were carried out by gravimetric composition, microbiological (psychrotrophic total, coagulase positive staphylococci, fecal coliforms and Escherechia coli and determination of Salmonella sp), physical-chemical (volatile nitrogenous bases, crude protein, moisture, ash, total lipids) and fatty acids profile. In addition to the laboratory analysis, it was performed semi-structured research with those that are responsible for the establishments studied. The data generated by physical-chemical, microbiological analysis, and issues addressed in the interview were converted into average of the percentage and arranged in the form of charts and tables. It was calculated the standard deviations for evaluation of the dispersion of results over the repeated collections. They have been characterized in waste that are not edible and showed satisfactory composition, suggesting routing for products related to animal feed and organic fertilizers. The levels of volatile nitrogen bases (VNB) and the results of microbiological indicate an advanced stage of deterioration of the waste. The daily amount of generated residue informed in this study was highly variable among the collection points and also the periods considered high and low season in the region, limiting the application to some technologies. In relation to the applied questionnaire, it was observed that, in general, the structure of the establishment is precarious and makes it difficult for the conservation and recovery of waste.