La médina de Tlemcen est une expression patrimoniale multidimensionnelle : urbanistique, architecturale, culturelle et traditionnelle. Fondée par les Almoravides à l’ouest d’Agadir, la médina s’est enrichie par les civilisations qui s’y succèdent (les Almohades, les Abdalwadides, les Mérinides, les Ottomans, les Français et les Algériens). Le cadre bâti, social et culturel de la ville de Tlemcen est issu de cet héritage, plein d’émotion et de douleur, forgé dans des conditions de prospérité et de lutte. Chaque monument, espace, ouvre d’art ou objet ordinaire, ont un récit à transmettre. Cet ensemble complexe constitue un héritage pour de nombreuses nations, particulièrement pour celles qui partage la Méditerranée. Bien qu’il ait traversé des siècles, l’héritage matériel et immatériel de cette ville reste tributaire des différents facteurs de dégradations anthropiques et naturels qui nuisent à sa stabilité et à sa pérennité. C’est dans ce contexte, et face à cette complexité qu’une approche globale et multidisciplinaire nous a paru nécessaire afin de d’étudier le patrimoine de la Medina de Tlemcen. Nous avons choisi d’aborder ce sujet en trois parties : la première est consacrée à l’histoire de la région de la ville de Tlemcen, une première approche qui explore le terreau qui est à l’origine de cette médina. La seconde partie analyse les forces qui ont façonné la ville de Tlemcen, ses composantes patrimoniales, et leur état au cours l’époque récente. Enfin, la dernière partie est consacrée à la mise en place d’une approche visant à la prise en charge et la mise en valeur du patrimoine de la médina de Tlemcen. / The medina of Tlemcen is an expression of a multidimensional heritage, urban, architectural, cultural and traditional. Founded western of Agadir by the Almoravids, the medina has been enriched throughout centuries by civilizations which succeeded it (the Almohads, the Abdalwadides, the Merinids, the Ottomans, the French and the Algerians). The social and cultural footprints on the city of Tlemcen is the result of this legacy, full of emotion and pain, forged by prosperity and struggle.Eachsite, monument, art work or ordinary object, has a story to pass on. This complex combination is a legacy for many nations, especially those of the Mediterranean.Although the tangible and intangible heritage of the city has stood the effect of time, it remains dependent on various anthropogenic and natural factors that affect its resistance to degradation and its sustainability.It is in this context, and faced with this complexity of the heritage, it appears that a comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach is necessary to study the Medina of Tlemcen. We have chosen to tackle the subject from three angles: the first focuses on the history of the city of Tlemcen region, an approach that explores the potting soil of the medina. The second perspective aims to analyzing the forces that have shaped the city of Tlemcen in recent times. The last part lays out an approach to the management and the valorization of the heritage of the medina of Tlemcen.

Ce travail entremele des concepts de la géographie avec la pédagogie de Paulo Freire. Cela permet de réflechir sur la pratique pédagogique adoptée dans les écoles situées dans la campagne de la municipalité de São Sebastião do Caí – RS. Reprend la mémoire des communautés scolaire et celle des anciens éducateurs ruraux. Recherche la possibilité de rupture entre le rural et l’enseignement en classe. Tels sujets sont abordés avec un regard pédagogique selon la méthodologie de l’action-refléxion-action et aussi selon les histoires de vie et oral. Cette recherche, elaborée parmi une pratique qui a la réfléxion, la participation et l’intégration, vise la valorization de la vie quotidienne, de lieu, de la culture et de l’identité des communautés ruraux. Tout cela a permis la singnification de l’espace vécu, la valorization des savoirs et la construction d’une pratique pédagogique réglé par le dialogue avec la réalité. Cet étude vise promouvoir avec les vrais agents changeants de l’éducation (élèves, éducateurs et communauté scolaire) un acte de prise de conscience dont la conséquence est la valorization et le changements de la vie quotidienne. / Esta dissertação entrelaça conceitos da Geografia com a Pedagogia Freireana o que permite refletir a respeito da prática pedagógica adotada nas escolas localizadas na zona rural em São Sebastião do Caí-RS. Resgata a memória das comunidades escolares e de antigos educadores rurais e investiga uma possível ruptura entre o rural e a sala de aula. Tais temas são abordados com um enfoque pedagógico que se baseia numa metodologia que enfatiza a ação-reflexão-ação e também na metodologia de histórias de vida e histórias orais. Esta pesquisa construída através de uma prática reflexiva, participativa e integradora busca a valorização da vida cotidiana, do lugar, da cultura e da identidade das comunidades rurais, possibilitando a significação do espaço vivido, a valorização dos saberes e a construção de uma prática pedagógica pautada no diálogo com o mundo real; ainda visa promover junto aos verdadeiros agentes transformadores da educação (educandos, educadores e comunidade escolar) um ato de conscientização o que implica na valorização e na mudança do cotidiano vivido.

Les systèmes de complexes récifaux de l’archipel de la Nouvelle-Calédonie sont explorés depuis près de quarante années pour leur exceptionnelle biodiversité. En effet, de part une position sous-tropicale unique, proche de zones tectoniques actives et du sous-continent Australien, les récifs et lagons néo-calédoniens abritent une importante faune et flore marine relativement protégée des perturbations climatiques. Ces organismes marins se sont avérés être un réservoir considérable de molécules des plus originales et ayant une forte propension à présenter un intérêt thérapeutique notamment dans le cadre du traitement du cancer. L’objectif de cette thèse était de poursuivre cette quête en puisant les substances naturelles dans des macroalgues de Nouvelle-Calédonie. La modulation de la mort cellulaire programmée a notamment été ciblée. Ainsi, les travaux réalisés sur sept espèces de macroalgues rouges (Rhodophyceae) et brunes (Phaeophyceae) collectées dans le lagon Sud de la Nouvelle-Calédonie (arrêté N°197-2016/ARR/DENV) ont permis de révéler leur potentiel dans l’inhibition de la prolifération de cellules cancéreuses en culture. Une espèce de macroalgue rouge a plus particulièrement été travaillée et a conduit à la caractérisation de deux molécules bioactives, dont une n’avait pas été décrite auparavant.  L’étude de leur mécanisme d’action cellulaire a révélé que celles-ci pouvaient constituer de nouvelles pistes thérapeutiques intéressantes dans la recherche de nouveaux traitements en chimiothérapie en tant qu’agents antimitotiques inhibiteurs de kinase. Des activités biologiques très intéressantes ont également été révélées pour des fractions issues de deux espèces de macroalgues brunes démontrant une sélectivité significative pour les cellules cancéreuses. Inscrite dans la continuité de multiples bioprospections menées dans les lagons de Nouvelle-Calédonie à la recherche de produits naturels marins d’intérêt thérapeutique, cette thèse de doctorat témoigne du potentiel de plusieurs espèces de Rhodophyceae et Phaeophyceae jusqu’alors très peu explorées chimiquement. / Marine zones associated with coral reef systems of the New Caledonia archipelago have been investigated for almost forty years with respect to their plant and invertebrate biodiversity and chemodiversity. In particular, thanks to their unique subtropical position close to tectonically active zones and to the Australian subcontinent, the complex reef systems of New Caledonia’s lagoons are home to a highly diverse marine fauna that is relatively protected from climatic disturbances. This is reflected by the score of novel bioactive molecules that have been discovered and characterized, several of which have been actively investigated for their antineoplastic and antitumoral potential activities. We paid particular attention to macroalgal species that induce programmed cell death, as an approach to detecting original anticancer bioactivities. Seven species of red (Rhodophyceae) and brown (Phaeophyceae) macroalgae collected in the South lagoon of New Caledonia (decree N°197-2016/ARR/DENV) have demonstrated interesting in vitro anticancer activity. In particular, one red macroalgal species led to the characterization of two bioactive natural products, the structure of one of which has not been described to date. Biological tests have shown that these two compounds could be promising candidates as antimitotic kinase inhibitors agents for the development of targeted anticancer chemotherapies. Interesting biological activities have also been revealed from several molecular isolates from two species of brown macroalgae, showing high selectivity towards non-cancerous cells. In the continuing investigations of the therapeutic potential of natural products isolated from New Caledonian marine organisms, this doctoral thesis has highlighted the therapeutic potential of several species of Rhodophyceae and Phaeophyceae which has hitherto been largely unexplored.

Ce travail entremele des concepts de la géographie avec la pédagogie de Paulo Freire. Cela permet de réflechir sur la pratique pédagogique adoptée dans les écoles situées dans la campagne de la municipalité de São Sebastião do Caí – RS. Reprend la mémoire des communautés scolaire et celle des anciens éducateurs ruraux. Recherche la possibilité de rupture entre le rural et l’enseignement en classe. Tels sujets sont abordés avec un regard pédagogique selon la méthodologie de l’action-refléxion-action et aussi selon les histoires de vie et oral. Cette recherche, elaborée parmi une pratique qui a la réfléxion, la participation et l’intégration, vise la valorization de la vie quotidienne, de lieu, de la culture et de l’identité des communautés ruraux. Tout cela a permis la singnification de l’espace vécu, la valorization des savoirs et la construction d’une pratique pédagogique réglé par le dialogue avec la réalité. Cet étude vise promouvoir avec les vrais agents changeants de l’éducation (élèves, éducateurs et communauté scolaire) un acte de prise de conscience dont la conséquence est la valorization et le changements de la vie quotidienne. / Esta dissertação entrelaça conceitos da Geografia com a Pedagogia Freireana o que permite refletir a respeito da prática pedagógica adotada nas escolas localizadas na zona rural em São Sebastião do Caí-RS. Resgata a memória das comunidades escolares e de antigos educadores rurais e investiga uma possível ruptura entre o rural e a sala de aula. Tais temas são abordados com um enfoque pedagógico que se baseia numa metodologia que enfatiza a ação-reflexão-ação e também na metodologia de histórias de vida e histórias orais. Esta pesquisa construída através de uma prática reflexiva, participativa e integradora busca a valorização da vida cotidiana, do lugar, da cultura e da identidade das comunidades rurais, possibilitando a significação do espaço vivido, a valorização dos saberes e a construção de uma prática pedagógica pautada no diálogo com o mundo real; ainda visa promover junto aos verdadeiros agentes transformadores da educação (educandos, educadores e comunidade escolar) um ato de conscientização o que implica na valorização e na mudança do cotidiano vivido.

L'entreprise de demain n'aura pas les mêmes caractéristiques de celle d'aujourd'hui ! Parmi, les nombreux leviers de ce changement, le business model est un concept récent qui connaît chez les praticiens et les académiques un fort intérêt. Le business model est un cadre mental qui décrit comment l'entreprise fonctionne, plus précisément comment l'entreprise créée et capture de la valeur (Teece, 2010). L'innovation technologique est aussi un levier qui requiert parfois une innovation de business model (Chesbrough 2002). Quand la technologie est à un stade embryonnaire, l'entrepreneur fait face à l'incertain. Il ne sait pas encore dans quelle offre sa technologie sera déployée. À quels segments de marché, l'offre sera-t-elle commercialisée ? Quels sont les partenariats qu'il devra nouer pour que l'offre encore peu définie soit commercialisée ? Comment fera-t-il pour générer des revenus et assurer la survie de son entreprise ? D'un point de vue académique, la littérature a principalement porté son regard sur les composants du business model et sur les mécanismes de son évolution. Cependant, en tant que cadre mental, le business model est un modèle (Baden-Fuller et Morgan, 2010) et un modèle sert à raisonner (Le Moigne, 1999). En revenant sur les fondamentaux des objectifs qu'il dessert, nous nous posons la question suivante : comment raisonne-t-on dans un processus de conception de business model ? La recherche suit les principes d'une recherche des sciences de la conception organisationnelle (Hatchuel 2001; Romme 2003; Morhman 2007) autour d'une étude de cas unique et un mode de recherche collaboratif. L'instrumentation de gestion combine plusieurs méthodes (séance de créativité, technique de mise en récit, mise en carte du réseau de valeur et modélisation financière). Afin de répondre à cette question, nous avons mis en place un dispositif méthodologique dans lequel nous avons récolté le discours du processus instrumenté de scénarios de business models chez Schneider Electric. Le cas Calorie est un cas de valorisation d'une technologie innovante qui permet de réaliser des économies d'énergie substantielles sur les machines de production de froid. Ce cas a de l'intérêt, car il pose un véritable problème de business model. En passant par le business model dominant du groupe, la technologie n'est pas valorisée à sa juste valeur. Ce cas a été l'occasion de concevoir deux scénarios innovants de business models en partenariat avec une équipe d'innovation du groupe Schneider Electric. Nous avons analysé les modes de raisonnement de ce processus grâce à un cadre d'analyse que nous avons construit : le modèle des modes de raisonnement. Le travail théorique a permis en effet d'identifier le mode de raisonnement analytique, systémique, causal, narratif, calculatoire, analogique, effectual, d'identification de problèmes et de conception. Les résultats permettent de montrer de manière quantitative la part de chacun de ces modes de raisonnement et leur évolution au cours de ce processus. Dans un style narratif, nous proposons aussi une interprétation qualitative. L'apport académique réside dans le fait que nous espérons avoir donné des clefs de compréhension d'un processus de conception de business model grâce au modèle de raisonnements que nous avons fourni à la communauté scientifique. Par ailleurs, nous montrons que la conception de business model relève principalement d'une démarche systémique. Pour l'apport pratique, ce travail propose aux praticiens une méthode fonctionnelle pour concevoir des scénarios de business models. / The company of the future will not have the same characteristics as today! Among the many levers of change, the business model is a recent concept familiar to practitioners and academics. They have a strong interest for it. The business model is a mental framework that describes how the business works, specifically how the company created and capture value (Teece, 2010). Technological innovation is also a lever that sometimes requires business model innovation (Chesbrough 2002). When technology is at an embryonic stage, the entrepreneur faces uncertainty. He does not know yet what will offer its technology deployed. On the academic point of view, the literature has focused on the components ant its mechanisms of evolution. However, as a mental framework, the business model is a model (Baden-Fuller and Morgan, 2010) and a model used to think (Le Moigne, 1999). Returning to the basic goals it serves, we ask the question: how do we reason in the process of designing business model? The research follows the principles of a science research organization design (Hatchuel 2001, Romme 2003; Morhman 2007) around a single case study and a mode of collaborative research. The management instrumentation combines several methods (brainstorming session, technique of narration, setting the value network card and financial modeling). To answer this question, we set up a methodology in which we collected the speech process instrumented business model scenarios at Schneider Electric. Calorie case is a case of valuation of an innovative technology that can achieve energy savings on production machines cold. This case is of interest because it is a real problem of business model. Through the dominant business model of the group, the technology is not valued at fair value. This case was the opportunity to design two scenarios of innovative business models in partnership with a team of Schneider Electric innovation. We analyzed the patterns of reasoning process using an analytical framework that we built: the model modes of reasoning. The results allow us to show quantitatively the contribution of each of these modes of reasoning and their evolution during this process. In a narrative style, we also offer a qualitative interpretation. The academic contribution lies in the fact that we hope to have given the keys to understanding the design process of a business model with the model of reasoning we have provided the scientific community. Moreover, we show that the design of business model is primarily a systemic approach. For practical contribution, this work proposes a method for practitioners to design functional business model scenarios.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:36:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FadylaKRA_DISSERT.pdf: 610669 bytes, checksum: 71e7d1412c5c686c7288fcda5ace9dc9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-09-21 / This work discusses about the teacher salary in the primary school after the creation of the Fundo de Manuten??o e Desenvolvimento do Ensino Fundamental e Valoriza??o do Magist?rio (Fundef), in the public schools in Natal/RN, from 1996 to 2006. The salary is considered one of the politic dimensions of the valorization of teaching. We aim to analyze the implication of this fund to the teacher remuneration, with different levels of training, in the early career, comparing it to the annual minimum salary, during the same period. This study has a historic-critic approach, establishing the relationship between the elements into a particular context (valorization of teaching/ teacher salary) and the elements from general contexts (financing/ Fundef). Analyzing data of the teacher remuneration from municipal payroll and comparing them to the annual national minimum salary gave us the result that the teachers, in their early career, do not have remuneration with a satisfactory evolution. Teachers that finished high school received until three minimum salaries before the creation of Fundef (1996-1997), after that (in 1998) they received under two minimum salary. In addition to this, independently of the level of the teacher training, their remuneration is under three minimum salaries. Hence, we can infer that the politic of funds is distant from the ideal to valorize the professional of the municipal teaching / Este trabalho discute a remunera??o de professores do ensino fundamental em face da implementa??o do Fundo de Manuten??o e Desenvolvimento do Ensino Fundamental e Valoriza??o do Magist?rio (Fundef), na rede p?blica municipal de Natal/RN no per?odo de 1996 a 2006. Considera-se, pois, a remunera??o como uma das dimens?es da pol?tica de valoriza??o do magist?rio. O objetivo ? analisar as implica??es desse Fundo na remunera??o dos docentes, com diferentes n?veis de forma??o, em in?cio de carreira, comparando-a com o sal?rio m?nimo nacional anual, no per?odo citado. O estudo efetivou-se numa abordagem hist?rico-cr?tica, estabelecendo a rela??o entre os elementos situados em um contexto particular (valoriza??o do magist?rio/remunera??o docente) com elementos em contextos gerais (financiamento/Fundef). Ao analisar, dados da remunera??o dos professores, oriundos das folhas de pagamento do munic?pio e compar?-los com o sal?rio m?nimo nacional anual, observou-se que os professores, em inicio de carreira, n?o apresentam uma remunera??o com evolu??o consider?vel. Professores com n?vel m?dio de forma??o que ganhavam at? tr?s sal?rios m?nimos antes da implementa??o do Fundef (1996-1997), passaram a receber menos de dois sal?rios ap?s a sua implementa??o, ou seja, em 1998. Notou-se ainda que, independente do n?vel de forma??o do professor, o total de sal?rios m?nimos a que corresponde suas remunera??es n?o ultrapassou a tr?s. Portanto, pode-se inferir que a pol?tica de Fundos apresenta, ainda, um distanciamento do ideal para se valorizar o profissional do magist?rio municipal

Les déchets ménagers sont devenus un problème crucial qui inquiète de plus en plus municipalité et population à Conakry. Car l’actuel mode de gestion des déchets est marqué par d’importants dysfonctionnements. Le taux de collecte qui était de 70 % en 1997 atteint à peine aujourd’hui les 20 % alors que la quantité de déchets produits continue d’augmenter (600 t en 1997 à plus 1500 t en 2015). Le caractère inopérant des structures de collecte et d’évacuation des déchets ménagers favorise l’implantation des dépotoirs sauvages incontrôlés partout dans la ville. Les immondices non ramassés, les eaux usées non canalisées, les voiries dégradées sont devenus le cauchemar des habitants. Suite à cette insalubrité croissante, Conakry affiche l’image d’une ville prise en otage par des "montagnes d’immondices". Ces derniers sont devenus le reflet d’une configuration socio-spatiale duale avec l’existence d’une sorte de « ségrégation » dans le service de pré-collecte et d’élimination des déchets. Au moment où les principaux axes, les centres administratifs, commerciaux et les quartiers riches bénéficient d’un service minimum de collecte, les quartiers populaires et pauvres où pourtant les densités élevées de populations conduisent à la production d’importantes quantités de déchets sont totalement ignorés. On assiste ainsi, à travers la gestion des déchets à deux villes dans la même cité : une ville moderne avec plus ou moins de collecte et l’autre, délaissée avec des quartiers insalubres. Devant ces disparités, les autorités ont développé et expérimenté des outils et essaient de trouver des stratégies de gestion optimale. Malheureusement, les outils mis en œuvre ont montré leurs limites, car ils se sont révélés inefficaces. Notre thèse essaie d’analyser les raisons de ces échecs de gestion dans un contexte de ségrégation socio-spatiale et de construire une perspective de gestion qui prend en compte le traitement et la valorisation en vue de l’amélioration de la situation environnementale et sanitaire du pays. Les données qui ont permis d’aboutir à ces résultats proviennent d’une recherche documentaire menée en France et en Guinée, d’un travail de géolocalisation des emplacements des déchets ménagers, d’entretiens auprès des acteurs institutionnels et non institutionnels, et d’enquêtes auprès des ménages de la ville. / Household wastes have become a crucial problem which worries more and more municipality and population in Conakry. Because the current way of managing of waste is marked by important dysfunctions. The rate of collection which of 70% was in 1997 reached hardly today the 20% whereas the quantity of waste produced keeps on increasing, (600 T in 1997 to more 1500 T in 2015). The inoperative character of the structures of collection and evacuation of household wastes promote the establishment of the uncontrolled wild dumps everywhere in the city. The rubbish not collected, the sewage not channelled, the degraded roadway systems have become the nightmare of the inhabitants. Following this increasing insalubrity, Conakry displays the image of a city taken hostage by “mountains of rubbish”. The latter has become the reflection of a dual socio-spatial configuration with the existence of a kind of “segregation” in the service of pre-collection and waste disposal. At the time when the main axes, the administrative centres, shopping precinct and the rich districts profit from a minimum service of collection, the popular quarters and the poor where however the high densities of populations lead to the production of important quantities of waste are completely ignored. One attends thus through waste management two cities in the same city: a modern city with more or less of collection and the other, forsaken with unhealthy districts. In front of these disparities, the authorities developed and tried out tools and try to find strategies of optimal management. Unfortunately, the tools implemented showed their limits, because they appeared ineffective. Our thesis tries to analyse the reasons of these failures of management in a context of socio-space segregation and to build a prospect for management which takes into account the treatment and valorisation for the improvement of the environmental and medical situation of the country. The data which made it possible to lead to these results come from a document retrieval undertaken in France and Guinea, of a work of geolocation of the sites of household wastes, talks near the institutional and no institutional actors, and investigations near the households of the city.

Este estudo teve por objetivo analisar as repercussões do FUNDEF/FUNDEB na valorização dos profissionais do magistério da rede estadual de ensino de educação básica do Pará no período de 1996 a 2009. Configura-se como uma análise de políticas públicas, tendo como foco o exame das implicações da política de fundos para a efetivação/materialização da valorização docente no Estado. Para a realização da pesquisa, foi desenvolvida uma revisão bibliográfica sobre financiamento, política de fundos e valorização docente, com base nos trabalhos e obras de autores renomados da área. A pesquisa também envolveu a análise documental da legislação federal e estadual referente ao financiamento e à valorização docente, de documentos elaborados pelos órgãos oficiais do Estado e por outras instituições tais como sindicatos da categoria. Foi organizada de modo a articular informações quanti-qualitativas, tal como proposto por Gamboa (1995) dos indicadores de remuneração docente, carreira e formação dos professores na rede estadual de ensino do Estado do Pará durante o período de vigência do FUNDEF (1996 a 2006) e os três primeiros anos de vigência do FUNDEB (2007 a 2009). A análise dos dados foi complementada com a realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas com ex-presidente do INEP (2003-2004) e ex-assessor de financiamento educacional da UNDIME Nacional (2004-2006); aos membros dirigentes do SINTEPP, membros do Conselho Estadual de Educação (CEE) e aos representantes da categoria docente no Conselho do FUNDEF/FUNDEB. A pesquisa permitiu concluir que, embora a implementação do FUNDEF e do FUNDEB no âmbito do Estado e, nacionalmente, tenha estimulado alguns avanços legais no sentido de garantir aos profissionais do magistério, direitos importantes relacionados à formação inicial e continuada, a um plano de carreira e a melhor remuneração como elementos de valorização docente, ainda está longe de proporcionar a sua real valorização. Na rede estadual de ensino do Pará, a partir da implementação da política de fundos, foi possível perceber que, com o estímulo financeiro, ainda que mínimo, proporcionado pelo FUNDEF/FUNDEB, houve uma tendência ao longo do período no sentido de reduzir o número de professores leigos. Embora se perceba aumento significativo no número de professores com o ensino superior completo, os mesmos não possuíam formação em cursos de licenciatura, o que se configura como um grave problema para a educação no Estado. Em termos de vencimento-base, constatou-se que os mesmos recebem valores abaixo do valor do piso salarial estabelecido pela Lei 11.738/2008. No período analisado tanto o professor AD-1 quanto o AD-2 registraram uma pequena elevação de sua remuneração com o pagamento dos abonos. No que diz respeito ao professor AD-4, este sofreu desvalorização de sua remuneração ao longo do período. Todavia, a análise dos dados da PNAD tornou evidente que a remuneração do professor no Estado é baixa, tanto em relação aos profissionais com ensino médio, quanto em relação às profissões de maior prestígio social com formação superior. No geral, estes professores, mesmo recebendo o abono FUNDEF/FUNDEB, não conseguiram equiparar sua remuneração com as destes profissionais. No que se refere à carreira, apesar da conquista da categoria ao aprovar o PCCR, nem este instrumento e tampouco o Estatuto conseguiram estabelecer regulamentações capazes de dar conta, efetivamente, da valorização do magistério no Pará. Faz-se necessário garantir em termos percentuais e financeiros aumentos reais à remuneração dos professores com a obtenção das progressões e titulações. / This study aimed to analyse the repercussion of FUNDEF/FUNDEB in the valorization of mastership professionals in the State Education Network of elementary Education in Pará, in the period from 1996 to 2009. It figures as an analysis of public policies, focusing the examination of the implies of the policy of funds to effect/materialize of teachers valorization in the State. To do the research, was developed a bibliographic review about financing, policy of funds and teachers` valorization, based on the work of renowed authors in the field. The research also developed a documental analysis of the state and federal law about the financing and the teachers valorization, the document elaborated by the State official agencies and by other institutions such as class syndicates. It was organized in a way to articulate quantitative and qualitative information, as proposed by GAMBOA (1995) the teachers` indicators of remuneration, career and formation in the State Education Network of Pará during the standing period of FUNDEF (1996 to 2006) and the three first years of the standing period of FUNDEB (2007 to 2009). The data analysis was complemented with semi structured interviews with the former president of INEP (2003 2004) and the former assessor of educational financing of national UNDIME (2004-2006); the leader members of SINTEPP, members of the State Council of Education/ CEE and representative of the teachers class in the Council of FUNDEB/ FUNDEF. The research allowed to conclude that though the implantation of FUNDEF and FUNDEB in the State and nationally had encouraged some law advancement in a way to guarantee some important rights to the mastership professionals, important rights related to the basic and continued formation, a career plan and a better remuneration as elements of teachers `valorization, is still far to proportion it`s real valorization. In the State Education Network of Pará, from the implementing of the policy of funds, was possible realize that, with the financial encouragement, even if it`s the minimum proportioned by FUNDEF/ FUNDEB there was a tendency along the period in a way to reduce the number of lay teachers. Though is realized a meaningful number of graduated teachers, the same didn`t have degree of licentiate, what means a serious problem for the education of the State. About the salary basis, was realized that those professionals earn values that are under the value of the salary basis established by the law 11. 738/2008. In the analyzed period, the teacher AD-1 as the AD-2 registered a low increase in their remuneration with the payment of a bonus. About the Teacher AD-4, this one suffered the devaluation of its remuneration along the period. Nevertheless, the analysis of the data of PNAD turned clear that the remuneration of the teacher in the State is low, related to the professionals that concluded high school education, as about the professions with higher social status with superior education. Generally, these teachers, even receiving FUNDEF/ FUNDEB bonus, didn`t get to fit out their remuneration to these professionals. About the career in spite of the conquest of the class in approving the PCCR, neither this instrument nor the statue got to set a regulation able to effectively get a valuation of the mastership in the State. It`s necessary guarantee in the percentage and financial term a real increase in the teachers `remuneration, with the attainment of progress and qualification.

Ce travail entremele des concepts de la géographie avec la pédagogie de Paulo Freire. Cela permet de réflechir sur la pratique pédagogique adoptée dans les écoles situées dans la campagne de la municipalité de São Sebastião do Caí – RS. Reprend la mémoire des communautés scolaire et celle des anciens éducateurs ruraux. Recherche la possibilité de rupture entre le rural et l’enseignement en classe. Tels sujets sont abordés avec un regard pédagogique selon la méthodologie de l’action-refléxion-action et aussi selon les histoires de vie et oral. Cette recherche, elaborée parmi une pratique qui a la réfléxion, la participation et l’intégration, vise la valorization de la vie quotidienne, de lieu, de la culture et de l’identité des communautés ruraux. Tout cela a permis la singnification de l’espace vécu, la valorization des savoirs et la construction d’une pratique pédagogique réglé par le dialogue avec la réalité. Cet étude vise promouvoir avec les vrais agents changeants de l’éducation (élèves, éducateurs et communauté scolaire) un acte de prise de conscience dont la conséquence est la valorization et le changements de la vie quotidienne. / Esta dissertação entrelaça conceitos da Geografia com a Pedagogia Freireana o que permite refletir a respeito da prática pedagógica adotada nas escolas localizadas na zona rural em São Sebastião do Caí-RS. Resgata a memória das comunidades escolares e de antigos educadores rurais e investiga uma possível ruptura entre o rural e a sala de aula. Tais temas são abordados com um enfoque pedagógico que se baseia numa metodologia que enfatiza a ação-reflexão-ação e também na metodologia de histórias de vida e histórias orais. Esta pesquisa construída através de uma prática reflexiva, participativa e integradora busca a valorização da vida cotidiana, do lugar, da cultura e da identidade das comunidades rurais, possibilitando a significação do espaço vivido, a valorização dos saberes e a construção de uma prática pedagógica pautada no diálogo com o mundo real; ainda visa promover junto aos verdadeiros agentes transformadores da educação (educandos, educadores e comunidade escolar) um ato de conscientização o que implica na valorização e na mudança do cotidiano vivido.

A atual destinação dos resíduos de pescado é uma problemática real que tem impactado o cenário ambiental, sobretudo em regiões litorâneas. Devido a sua elevada carga orgânica e inorgânica, os resíduos de pescado possuem acelerada atividade de deterioração e contribuem para a formação de compostos químicos, os quais podem contaminar e prejudicar substancialmente a qualidade do ar, do solo e dos corpos hídricos. A disposição inadequada dos resíduos de pescado relaciona-se direta e indiretamente com a ocorrência de enfermidades, sendo, portanto, uma relevante questão de saúde pública. As principais tecnologias envolvem a elaboração de farinha, óleo, adubo e silagem de pescado proveniente da aquicultura e industrialização. A necessidade de se obter diretivas e alternativas viáveis envolvendo os resíduos de pescado é de ordem econômica, social, cultural e ambiental e baseia-se em sua valorização e gerenciamento adequado e para isso, o conhecimento da origem e das características do material a ser aproveitado é necessário para que as operações sejam controladas e esse item não se torne um problema futuro. Os objetivos deste estudo foram caracterizar e comparar os resíduos do pescado provenientes dos principais pontos de comercialização das cidades de Santos, São Vicente e Peruíbe/SP, e prospectar alternativas para sua aplicação, além de avaliar o perfil dos geradores de resíduos envolvidos no estudo. Foram realizadas 10 coletas em cada município entre dezembro de 2015 e fevereiro de 2016. Recolheu-se aproximadamente 5kg de resíduos de cada ponto de coleta, formando um \"pool\" do qual foi retirada uma amostra de 5Kg. Foram realizadas análises de composição gravimétrica, microbiológicas (psicrotróficos totais, estafilococos coagulase positiva, coliformes fecais e Escherechia coli e determinação de Salmonella sp), físico-químicas (bases nitrogenadas voláteis, proteína bruta, umidade, cinza, lipídeos totais) e perfil de ácidos graxos. Além das análises laboratoriais, foi realizada pesquisa semiestruturada junto aos responsáveis pelos estabelecimentos estudados. Os dados gerados pelas análises físico-químicas, microbiológicas e pelas questões abordadas na entrevista foram convertidos em médias percentuais e dispostos na forma de gráficos e tabelas. Foi calculado o desvio padrão para avaliação da dispersão dos resultados ao longo das repetidas coletas. Os resíduos caracterizaram-se em resíduos não comestíveis e apresentaram composição satisfatória para aplicação em produtos relacionados a alimentação animal e adubos orgânicos. Os teores de bases nitrogenadas voláteis e os resultados microbiológicos indicaram estágio avançado de deterioração dos resíduos. A quantidade diária de resíduo gerada informada no presente estudo foi bastante variável entre os pontos de coletas e também entre os períodos considerado alta e baixa temporada na região, limitando a aplicação para algumas tecnologias. Analisando-se os dados obtidos pela aplicação do questionário observou-se que, em geral, a estrutura do estabelecimento é precária e dificulta a conservação e aproveitamento dos resíduos por parte dos geradores. / The current destination of waste of fish is a real problem that has impacted the environmental scenario, especially in coastal regions. Due to its high organic and inorganic load, the waste of fish have accelerated activity of decay and contribute to the formation of chemical compounds, which can contaminate and substantially damage the quality of the air, soil and hydric bodies. The inadequate placement of the waste of fish is related directly and indirectly with the occurrence of illnesses, and is therefore a relevant public health issue. The main technologies involve the preparation of flour, oil, manure and silage of fish from aquaculture and industrialization. The need to obtain policies and viable alternatives involving the waste of fish is of economic, social, cultural and environmental system and are based on its valuation and proper management and for this reason, the knowledge of the origin and characteristics of the material to be used is necessary so that the operations are controlled and this item does not become a future problem. The objectives of this study were to characterize and compare the waste of fish from the main points of trading of the cities of Santos, São Vicente and Peruíbe/SP, and to prospect alternatives for its application, as well as to evaluate the profile of the waste generators involved in the study. Ten collections were performed in each municipality between December 2015 and February 2016. It was gathered approximately 5 kg of waste from each collection point, forming a \"pool\". It was removed a portion of 5Kg in this pool, which was considered \"sample\". Analyzes were carried out by gravimetric composition, microbiological (psychrotrophic total, coagulase positive staphylococci, fecal coliforms and Escherechia coli and determination of Salmonella sp), physical-chemical (volatile nitrogenous bases, crude protein, moisture, ash, total lipids) and fatty acids profile. In addition to the laboratory analysis, it was performed semi-structured research with those that are responsible for the establishments studied. The data generated by physical-chemical, microbiological analysis, and issues addressed in the interview were converted into average of the percentage and arranged in the form of charts and tables. It was calculated the standard deviations for evaluation of the dispersion of results over the repeated collections. They have been characterized in waste that are not edible and showed satisfactory composition, suggesting routing for products related to animal feed and organic fertilizers. The levels of volatile nitrogen bases (VNB) and the results of microbiological indicate an advanced stage of deterioration of the waste. The daily amount of generated residue informed in this study was highly variable among the collection points and also the periods considered high and low season in the region, limiting the application to some technologies. In relation to the applied questionnaire, it was observed that, in general, the structure of the establishment is precarious and makes it difficult for the conservation and recovery of waste.