Yes / We report the encapsulation of highly hydrophobic 16-electron organometallic ruthenium and osmium carborane complexes [Ru/Os(p-cymene)(1,2-dicarba-closo-dodecarborane-1,2-dithiolate)] (1 and 2) in Pluronic® triblock copolymer P123 core–shell micelles. The spherical nanoparticles RuMs and OsMs, dispersed in water, were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM), and synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS; diameter ca. 15 and 19 nm, respectively). Complexes 1 and 2 were highly active towards A2780 human ovarian cancer cells (IC50 0.17 and 2.50 μM, respectively) and the encapsulated complexes, as RuMs and OsMs nanoparticles, were less potent (IC50 6.69 μM and 117.5 μM, respectively), but more selective towards cancer cells compared to normal cells. / We thank the Leverhulme Trust (Early Career Fellowship no. ECF-2013-414 to NPEB), the University of Warwick (Grant no. RDF 2013-14 to NPEB), the Swiss National Science Foundation (Grant no. PA00P2_145308 to NPEB and PBNEP2_142949 to APB), the ERC (Grant no. 247450 to PJS), EPSRC (EP/G004897/ 1 to APB, and EP/F034210/1 to PJS), Institute of Advanced Study (IAS) – University of Warwick (Fellowship to JJSB), and Science City (AWM/ERDF) for support. We thank the Wellcome Trust (055663/Z/98/Z) for funding to the Electron Microscopy Facility, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-06-15T14:22:16Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertaçao final-Colaço.pdf: 884713 bytes, checksum: fca04fb02a3890a222aaff75e2759910 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-15T14:22:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertaçao final-Colaço.pdf: 884713 bytes, checksum: fca04fb02a3890a222aaff75e2759910 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-29 / CNPq / O câncer é uma das principais causas de morte no mundo e alberga intensos e crescentes investimentos em pesquisa oriundos dos setores público e privado. Considerando os alarmantes indicadores epidemiológicos registrados e a visível carência de medicamentos mais eficazes e menos tóxicos para esta patologia, o Laboratório de Planejamento e Síntese de Fármacos vem, desde o final da década de 1980, desenvolvendo moléculas com potenciais propriedades anticâncer. A meta é minimizar o impacto dessa doença no Brasil e no mundo. Para tanto, conhecendo-se as propriedades anticâncer de derivados da acridina, este trabalho teve como objetivo preparar, determinar as características físico-químicas, caracterizar estruturalmente e avaliar a atividade anticâncer de oito moléculas originais derivadas da acridina. Nos ensaios in vitro foram utilizadas linhagens celulares T47D, NG97, HEPG2, Jurkat e Raji. Para a realização das sínteses, foram realizadas reações de N-alquilação, condensação, ciclização e adição de Michael. As moléculas obtidas foram comprovadas através de métodos espectroscópicos no infravermelho, ressonância magnética nuclear de hidrogênio e espectrometria de massas. Os resultados revelam que o composto 3-(acridin-9-ilmetil)-5-(5-bromo-1H-indol-3-ilmetileno)-tiazolidana-2,4-diona (LPSF/AA-29) se destacou por apresentar menores valores de viabilidade celular para as linhagens T47D, HEPG2 e NG97 de células testadas, chamando atenção para a dose de 50 μM que foi a melhor. Também foi possível observar que o substituinte triazol presente no composto LPSF/AA-48 possibilitou uma maior toxicidade frente as linhagens Raji e Jurkat, principalmente na dose de 100 μM. / Cancer is a leading cause of death in the world and is home to intense and increasing investments in research coming from the public and private sectors. Whereas the alarming epidemiological indicators recorded and visible lack of more effective and less toxic drugs for this condition, the Laboratory Planning and Synthesis of Pharmaceuticals has, since the late 1980s, developing molecules with potential anticancer properties. The goal is to minimize the impact of this disease in Brazil and worldwide. To do so, knowing the anticancer properties of acridines derivatives, this study aimed to prepare, determine the physico-chemical characteristics, structurally characterize and evaluate the anticancer activity of eight original molecules derived from acridines. In vitro cell lines T47D, NG97, HEPG2, Jurkat and Raji were used. To perform the synthesis, reactions of N-alkylation, condensation, Michael addition and cyclization were performed. The molecules obtained were confirmed by spectroscopic methods in the infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry. The results show that compound 3 - (acridin-9-ylmethyl)-5-(5-bromo-1H-indol-3-ylmethylene)-tiazolidana-2,4-dione (LPSF/AA-29) stood out with lower values for T47D cell viability, and HEPG2 NG97 tested cell lines, calling attention to the dose of 50 mM which was the best. Was also observed that the triazole substituent present in the compound LPSF/AA-48 allowed greater toxicity across the Raji and Jurkat cell lines, especially at a dose of 100 mM.

Os ensaios celulares têm ganhado relevância na gênese planejada de fármacos, devido a sua utilização nas diversas etapas envolvidas neste processo. Estes ensaios envolvem a caracterização da atividade farmacológica, propriedades farmacocinéticas e atividade tóxica para compreender a atividade biológica das moléculas de interesse. Neste trabalho, os ensaios celulares foram usados para identificar a atividade anticancerígena e a atividade tóxica de moléculas, uma vez que a morte celular é o parâmetro avaliado em ambos os casos. No presente estudo foram avaliados 34 compostos, sendo dezessete moléculas do grupo NEQUIMED, determinando-se sua atividade citotóxica na célula neoplásica de fígado (HepG2) e na célula de fibroblasto (V79-4). A determinação da atividade citotóxica dos compostos bioativos foi realizada por o método colorimétrico de triagem envolvendo o MTT (brometo de 3-(4,5-dimetiltiazol-2-il)-2,5-difeniltetrazólio), que é metabolizado pela mitocôndria da célula viva, com confirmação da atividade biológica realizada por citometria de fluxo para a linhagem de fibroblasto. As triagens iniciais foram estabelecidas para determinar a atividade biológica, sendo que as moléculas Neq256, Neq385 e Neq388 apresentaram atividade citotóxica frente à célula HepG2 (caracterizando assim a atividade anticancerígena), enquanto que Neq385 apresentou seletividade em relação a atividade nas células de fibroblasto. Dentre as moléculas de referência, YM-155 apresentou os melhores resultados de atividade citotóxica com IC50 (HepG2) de 0,094 µmol L-1 e IC50 (V79-4) > 100 µmol L-1, sendo muito seletiva para a linhagem cancerígena. Os resultados demonstraram que as moléculas Neq265, Neq385 e Neq388 são promissoras e serão usadas para o planejamento de modificações estruturais que visa obter moléculas com maior potência e seletividade frente às células cancerígenas. Outra vertente do trabalho envolve o planejamento de inibidores da survivina, que apresentam grande potencial para a descoberta e desenvolvimento de estratégias quimioterápicas seletivas. / Cell-based assays are gaining relevance in the drug discovery and development area, being in use almost throughout the whole process. These assays are applied to characterize the pharmacological, pharmacokinetic and toxic activities of new molecules. In this work, cell-based assays were performed to identify anticancer and toxic activities of novel compounds, once the cell death process is the parameter that was evaluated in both cases. In this work, 34 compounds were evaluated (17 of them from the NEQUIMED database) in which the cytotoxic activity in liver cancer cells (HepG2) and hamster fibroblast cells (V79-4) were determined by means of the MTT colorimetric screening. The biological activity in fibroblast cells was further confirmed by using flow cytometry. Out of the whole set, molecules Neq256, Neq385 e Neq388 were cytotoxic to HepG2 (having anticancer activity). Neq385 was selective towards the liver hepatocellular carcinoma when compared with the fibroblasts. Among the reference compounds, YM-155 was the most selective and potent anticancer molecule: IC50 (HepG2) 0.094 µmol L-1 and IC50 (V79-4) > 100 µmol L-1. Taken together, these results provide promissing new molecules (Neq265, Neq385 e Neq388) for further optimization of the potency and selectivity using drug design. Another important outcome for further exploration is the design of survivin inhibitors bearing a huge potential for novel selective chemotherapeutic approaches.

Os ensaios celulares têm ganhado relevância na gênese planejada de fármacos, devido a sua utilização nas diversas etapas envolvidas neste processo. Estes ensaios envolvem a caracterização da atividade farmacológica, propriedades farmacocinéticas e atividade tóxica para compreender a atividade biológica das moléculas de interesse. Neste trabalho, os ensaios celulares foram usados para identificar a atividade anticancerígena e a atividade tóxica de moléculas, uma vez que a morte celular é o parâmetro avaliado em ambos os casos. No presente estudo foram avaliados 34 compostos, sendo dezessete moléculas do grupo NEQUIMED, determinando-se sua atividade citotóxica na célula neoplásica de fígado (HepG2) e na célula de fibroblasto (V79-4). A determinação da atividade citotóxica dos compostos bioativos foi realizada por o método colorimétrico de triagem envolvendo o MTT (brometo de 3-(4,5-dimetiltiazol-2-il)-2,5-difeniltetrazólio), que é metabolizado pela mitocôndria da célula viva, com confirmação da atividade biológica realizada por citometria de fluxo para a linhagem de fibroblasto. As triagens iniciais foram estabelecidas para determinar a atividade biológica, sendo que as moléculas Neq256, Neq385 e Neq388 apresentaram atividade citotóxica frente à célula HepG2 (caracterizando assim a atividade anticancerígena), enquanto que Neq385 apresentou seletividade em relação a atividade nas células de fibroblasto. Dentre as moléculas de referência, YM-155 apresentou os melhores resultados de atividade citotóxica com IC50 (HepG2) de 0,094 µmol L-1 e IC50 (V79-4) > 100 µmol L-1, sendo muito seletiva para a linhagem cancerígena. Os resultados demonstraram que as moléculas Neq265, Neq385 e Neq388 são promissoras e serão usadas para o planejamento de modificações estruturais que visa obter moléculas com maior potência e seletividade frente às células cancerígenas. Outra vertente do trabalho envolve o planejamento de inibidores da survivina, que apresentam grande potencial para a descoberta e desenvolvimento de estratégias quimioterápicas seletivas. / Cell-based assays are gaining relevance in the drug discovery and development area, being in use almost throughout the whole process. These assays are applied to characterize the pharmacological, pharmacokinetic and toxic activities of new molecules. In this work, cell-based assays were performed to identify anticancer and toxic activities of novel compounds, once the cell death process is the parameter that was evaluated in both cases. In this work, 34 compounds were evaluated (17 of them from the NEQUIMED database) in which the cytotoxic activity in liver cancer cells (HepG2) and hamster fibroblast cells (V79-4) were determined by means of the MTT colorimetric screening. The biological activity in fibroblast cells was further confirmed by using flow cytometry. Out of the whole set, molecules Neq256, Neq385 e Neq388 were cytotoxic to HepG2 (having anticancer activity). Neq385 was selective towards the liver hepatocellular carcinoma when compared with the fibroblasts. Among the reference compounds, YM-155 was the most selective and potent anticancer molecule: IC50 (HepG2) 0.094 µmol L-1 and IC50 (V79-4) > 100 µmol L-1. Taken together, these results provide promissing new molecules (Neq265, Neq385 e Neq388) for further optimization of the potency and selectivity using drug design. Another important outcome for further exploration is the design of survivin inhibitors bearing a huge potential for novel selective chemotherapeutic approaches.

Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmaceutical Botany Candidate: Aneta Ritomská Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Ing. Lucie Cahlíková, Ph.D. Title of diploma thesis: Derivatives of Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids as Drugs Plants of the family Amaryllidaceae belong to the widespread species. They contain a large amount of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids (AA) which are known for their biological activity. AA possess a broad spectrum of biological activities including an antiviral, antimalarial, antitumor, cholinesterase's inhibitory activity and others. An interesting AA is ambelline which occurs mainly in plants of the genus Crinum and Nerine. So far the biological activity of this compound has been studied only marginally. In the studies conducted, this substance appears to be less interesting. A series of aliphatic and aromatic derivatives of ambelline has been prepared in the framework of this thesis. Subsequently, their cholinesterase inhibitory activity and GSK-3β inhibitory activity were studied. Cytotoxic activity on a panel of selected tumor and resting cell lines was also screened. Of the prepared derivatives, LC-125 (3-methoxybenzoylambellin) had an interesting biological activity. This substance showed a promising activity in all biological studies. GSK-3β inhibitory...

Chemotherapy is the first line of treatment used in cancer. Chemotherapy drugs such as cisplatin, carboplatin and oxaliplatin are used in treatment. Cisplatin enters the cell through copper transporter CTR1 by passive diffusion and bind to DNA and proteins. Cisplatin is found to inhibit several enzymes targeting cysteine, histidine and methionine residues, which are expected to be responsible for its anticancer activity. A better understanding of how the size and shape and leaving ligands of platinum complexes affect cysteine protease, papain enzyme are studied. This could give new ways to optimize anticancer activity. The activity of papain enzyme was measured on UV-Visible spectroscopy. The inhibition profile of papain with different platinum (II) complexes, and with different combinations was studied.

Les systèmes de complexes récifaux de l’archipel de la Nouvelle-Calédonie sont explorés depuis près de quarante années pour leur exceptionnelle biodiversité. En effet, de part une position sous-tropicale unique, proche de zones tectoniques actives et du sous-continent Australien, les récifs et lagons néo-calédoniens abritent une importante faune et flore marine relativement protégée des perturbations climatiques. Ces organismes marins se sont avérés être un réservoir considérable de molécules des plus originales et ayant une forte propension à présenter un intérêt thérapeutique notamment dans le cadre du traitement du cancer. L’objectif de cette thèse était de poursuivre cette quête en puisant les substances naturelles dans des macroalgues de Nouvelle-Calédonie. La modulation de la mort cellulaire programmée a notamment été ciblée. Ainsi, les travaux réalisés sur sept espèces de macroalgues rouges (Rhodophyceae) et brunes (Phaeophyceae) collectées dans le lagon Sud de la Nouvelle-Calédonie (arrêté N°197-2016/ARR/DENV) ont permis de révéler leur potentiel dans l’inhibition de la prolifération de cellules cancéreuses en culture. Une espèce de macroalgue rouge a plus particulièrement été travaillée et a conduit à la caractérisation de deux molécules bioactives, dont une n’avait pas été décrite auparavant.  L’étude de leur mécanisme d’action cellulaire a révélé que celles-ci pouvaient constituer de nouvelles pistes thérapeutiques intéressantes dans la recherche de nouveaux traitements en chimiothérapie en tant qu’agents antimitotiques inhibiteurs de kinase. Des activités biologiques très intéressantes ont également été révélées pour des fractions issues de deux espèces de macroalgues brunes démontrant une sélectivité significative pour les cellules cancéreuses. Inscrite dans la continuité de multiples bioprospections menées dans les lagons de Nouvelle-Calédonie à la recherche de produits naturels marins d’intérêt thérapeutique, cette thèse de doctorat témoigne du potentiel de plusieurs espèces de Rhodophyceae et Phaeophyceae jusqu’alors très peu explorées chimiquement. / Marine zones associated with coral reef systems of the New Caledonia archipelago have been investigated for almost forty years with respect to their plant and invertebrate biodiversity and chemodiversity. In particular, thanks to their unique subtropical position close to tectonically active zones and to the Australian subcontinent, the complex reef systems of New Caledonia’s lagoons are home to a highly diverse marine fauna that is relatively protected from climatic disturbances. This is reflected by the score of novel bioactive molecules that have been discovered and characterized, several of which have been actively investigated for their antineoplastic and antitumoral potential activities. We paid particular attention to macroalgal species that induce programmed cell death, as an approach to detecting original anticancer bioactivities. Seven species of red (Rhodophyceae) and brown (Phaeophyceae) macroalgae collected in the South lagoon of New Caledonia (decree N°197-2016/ARR/DENV) have demonstrated interesting in vitro anticancer activity. In particular, one red macroalgal species led to the characterization of two bioactive natural products, the structure of one of which has not been described to date. Biological tests have shown that these two compounds could be promising candidates as antimitotic kinase inhibitors agents for the development of targeted anticancer chemotherapies. Interesting biological activities have also been revealed from several molecular isolates from two species of brown macroalgae, showing high selectivity towards non-cancerous cells. In the continuing investigations of the therapeutic potential of natural products isolated from New Caledonian marine organisms, this doctoral thesis has highlighted the therapeutic potential of several species of Rhodophyceae and Phaeophyceae which has hitherto been largely unexplored.

Drimane and coloratane sesquiterpenoids are present in several plants, microorganisms, and marine life. Because of their cytotoxic activity, these sesquiterpenoids have received increasing attention as a source for new anticancer drugs and pharmacophores. Natural drimanes and coloratanes, as well as their semi-synthetic derivatives, showed promising results against cancer cell lines with in vitro activities in the low micro- and nanomolar range. Despite their high potential as novel anticancer agents, the mode of action and structure–activity relationships of drimanes and coloratanes have not been completely enlightened nor systematically reviewed. Our review aims to give an overview of known structures and derivatizations of this class of sesquiterpenoids, as well as their activity against cancer cells and potential modes-of-action. The cytotoxic activities of about 40 natural and 25 semi-synthetic drimanes and coloratanes are discussed. In addition to that, we give a summary about the clinical significance of drimane and coloratane sesquiterpenoids.

A piplartina é um alcaloide natural conhecido por apresentar diversas atividades biológicas, onde se destaca a ação anticancerígena. Esse produto natural apresentou atividade seletiva frente a vários tipos de células cancerígenas, sendo assim considerado promissor para o desenvolvimento de fármacos. O conhecimento do metabolismo de produtos naturais bioativos é uma importante e necessária etapa para avaliar a eficácia e segurança dessas substâncias. Os micro-organismos são amplamente utilizados em estudos de metabolismo, uma vez que catalisam reações quimio-, régio-, e estereoespecíficas, que muitas vezes são semelhantes às catalisadas pelos seres humanos. Nesse contexto, esse trabalho teve o objetivo de estudar o metabolismo microbiano da piplartina pelos fungos endofíticos Papulaspora immersa SS13 e Penicillium crustosum VR4, de solo Mucor rouxii NRRL 1894, e de coleção comercial Cunninghamella echinulata ATCC 8688a e Beauveria bassiana ATCC 7159. Os experimentos de biotransformação foram monitorados por UPLC-DAD-MS e UPLC-DAD-MS/MS. Todos os fungos utilizados biotransformaram a piplartina, sendo que 14 substâncias majoritárias foram identificadas como produtos de biotransformação nos experimentos em pequena escala. A piplartina e seus derivados apresentaram fragmentações características em IES-EM/EM que foram explicadas utilizando cálculos computacionais. O estudo dessas fragmentações permitiu a identificação e proposição das alterações estruturais que ocorreram nos metabólitos formados. Os fungos P. crustosum VR4 e B. bassiana ATCC 7159 foram selecionados para realizar os experimentos de biotransformação em escala ampliada, pois foram capazes de formar a maior diversidade de derivados da piplartina. Cinco substâncias foram isoladas e identificadas por RMN de 1H, RMN de 13C, HMQC, HMBC, COSY e HRESIMS. Essas substâncias não tinham sido obtidas por biotransformação microbiana anteriormente, sendo que uma ainda não foi descrita na literatura. Foram identificados principalmente produtos formados a partir de reações semelhantes às do metabolismo humano de fase I, como reduções, hidroxilações e hidrólises. Dessa forma, podemos concluir que as culturas microbianas são uma ferramenta útil para estudos preliminares de metabolismo, e para obter padrões de metabólitos que podem ser formados pelo metabolismo humano. / Piplartine is a natural alkaloid recognized by its biological properties, especially the anticancer activity. This natural product showed selective activity against several cancer cells lines, thus being considered a promising hit for drug development. Studies of bioactive natural products metabolism are an important and necessary step for the evaluation of their efficacy and safety. Microorganisms have been widely employed in metabolism studies, since they may catalyze chemo-, regio- and stereospecific reactions that are similar to human metabolism. This work aimed to study the microbial metabolism of piplartine by different fungal strains: the endophytes Penicillium crustosum VR4 and Papulaspora immersa SS13, the soil strain Mucor rouxii NRRL 1894, and the commercial collection strains Cunninghamella echinulata ATCC 8688a and Beauveria bassiana ATCC 7159. Biotransformation experiments were monitored by UPLC-DAD-MS and UPLC-DADMS/ MS. All the screened fungi were able to biotransform piplartine, and 14 compounds were identified as major biotransformation products in the small scale experiments. Piplartine and its derivatives showed characteristics fragmentations on ESI-MS/MS, which were explained using computer calculations. These fragmentation studies allowed the identification and structural proposition of piplartine metabolites. The fungi P. crustosum VR4 and B. bassiana ATCC 7159 were selected to perform the large scale biotransformation experiments, since they were capable to produce a large diversity of piplartine derivatives. Five compounds were isolated and identified by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, HMQC, HMBC, COSY and HRESIMS data. The isolated products had never been previously identified by microbial biotransformation, and one of them was found to be novel in the literature. All the identified and isolated compounds have been produced by reactions similar to those that occur in phase I of human metabolism, such as reduction, hydroxylation and hydrolysis reactions. Thus, we can conclude that the microbial cultures are useful tools for preliminary metabolism studies, and to obtain chemical standards similar to those produced by human metabolism

Les protéines de la famille Bcl-2 sont des régulateurs-clés de l’apoptose (mort cellulaire), qui agissent en contrôlant la perméabilisation de la membrane mitochondriale externe par un processus encore mal connu. La dérégulation des membres de cette famille est souvent associée à la progression tumorale et à la résistance à la chimiothérapie. Notre projet a cherché à éclaircir le mode d’action de ces protéines en se focalisant sur les déterminants structuraux régissant leur interaction avec les membranes biologiques. Les connaissances glanées ont permis (i) de mieux comprendre les déterminants à l’origine de la divergence évolutive entre membres pro- et anti-apoptotiques de la famille Bcl-2 ; (ii) d’ouvrir la voie à la conception de ‘poropeptides’ conçus sur le modèle des hélices d’insertion membranaire des protéines Bcl-2, et qui pourraient être utilisés pour induire l’apoptose de cellules tumorales ou des cellules endothéliales entourant les tumeurs. / Bcl-2 family proteins, which include pro- and antiapoptotic members, positively or negatively regulate mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization, i.e. a critical step in apoptosis. Over-expression of pro-survival members is associated with tumor progression and may be responsible for chemotherapy resistance. Detailed understanding of the precise mechanisms by which Bcl-2 family members control apoptosis is therefore of considerable therapeutic interest. The overall aim of our project was to delineate a structure-function relationship of Bcl-2 family proteins with emphasis on their membrane-active domains. This analysis has provided a basis (i) to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which different Bcl-2 proteins evolved opposite functions ; (i) to develop a new generation of pore-forming peptides targeting the mitochondrial outer membrane that may be used to kill neoplastic or tumor endothelial cells.