O trabalho busca debater as principais dificuldades e potencialidades da inserção urbana das infraestruturas hídricas de drenagem. O objeto de estudo é o Sistema de Reservatórios de Amortecimento de Cheias, conhecidos como piscinões, na interface com a estrutura urbana da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. Busca-se, ao entender o existente, redefinir e ampliar seu significado. O principal objetivo da pesquisa é contribuir com uma abordagem mais abrangente e multidisciplinar do entendimento da reservação da água pluvial na metrópole, entendendo-o não somente como mero sistema de fluxos cuja única finalidade é a eficiência técnica. Evidencia-se que o sistema de contenção de águas pluviais tem potencial para desempenhar um papel relevante na qualificação espacial em diversas escalas e contribuir para a estruturação e legibilidade das localidades as que pertencem. / The objective of this research is to discuss the main challenges and potentials of integrating water infrastructure in urban morphology. The case study that will be examined is the Flood Storage Reservoirs System, or as it is colloquially referred to piscinões, along with its interface with the urban structure of the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo. This research aims to contribute to the understanding of drainage through a more comprehensive approach, beyond that of its technical efficiency as a flow system. It is clear that the flood storage system has the potential to play an important role in the qualification of its urban space at various scales and contribute to the locality structure.

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / Gully erosion and headcut migration has been at the crux of wetland degradation in South Africa. The resulting erosion and draining effect has seen more than 50% of wetlands in the country degraded. This study investigated the degradation of indigenous Palmiet, peat forming, wetlands through headcut erosion. This was done by exploring the relationship between headcut migration rate and morphodynamic characteristics through the use of multiple regression analysis. Wetlands investigated in this study occurred in the Kromme River catchment and Nuwejaars River catchment, in the Eastern Cape and Western Cape respectively. Morphodynamic characteristics assessed include headcut dimensions, gully characteristics, soil characteristics and drainage basin characteristics. These parameters were determined either through infield assessment, image analysis or laboratory analysis. Three headcut migration rate types were calculated through a combination of infield measurements and image analysis techniques executed within ArcGIS. These migration rate types include apex advancement (m/a), gully expansion (m2/a) and volume erosion (m3/a). Statistical analysis revealed significant relationships between morphodynamic characteristics and both volume erosion and gully expansion. Morphodynamic characteristics such as drop height, apex width, gully width, drainage rate and sand content were found to have a direct relationship with migration rates, whereas characteristics such as average drainage basin slope, clay content, silt content, SOM content and soil saturation were found to have an indirect relationship with headcut migration rates. Results provide insight into the headcut migration process, its influencing factors and the potential for headcut migration rate prediction. An evaluation of these results using WET-Health found that the wetland management tool captures wetland geomorphic controls to an accuracy of 68% and 70%. Furthermore, the influence of morphodynamic characteristics on migration rates contributes to the wetland rehabilitation process as it allows for the identification of headcut sites most susceptible to erosion. This will then allow for timely wetland rehabilitation, decreasing the rate of net wetland degradation and improving the management and efficiency of wetland restoration.

Photocopy of typescript. / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

A estruturação urbana da Região Metropolitana de Belém (RMB) é estritamente relacionada à sua rede hídrica. A várzea dos rios e igarapés da região conforma um território classificado como baixada, conceituado por condicionantes físicas (cotas altimétricas suscetíveis à inundação) e socioeconômicas do sítio referentes ao perfil da população residente. Sob o contexto de desigualdades estruturais no país, observadas na concentração de renda e benefícios, incluindo o acesso à terra, as baixadas são a expressão local para favelas que se formaram como a alternativa viável para moradia da população migrante que se estabeleceu na capital entre os anos 1950 e 1970. A omissão do Estado na provisão de habitação de interesse social e de infraestrutura urbana básica, aliada a um padrão de rendimentos baixos fazem com que a RMB figure entre as metrópoles mais precárias do país. Dados censitários de 2010 a classificam como a metrópole brasileira com maior percentual de população vivendo em aglomerados subnormais (53,9%). Por outro lado, nos últimos 10 anos, houve uma inédita e vultosa provisão de investimentos para o desenvolvimento urbano da RMB, por meio do incentivo federal dado pelo Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento (PAC), em eixos voltados para a Urbanização de Assentamentos Precários e para a provisão de Saneamento Básico nas áreas de baixadas. Esta pesquisa pretende analisar, à luz da morfologia urbana e de conceitos compreensivos de soluções de drenagem, as seguintes intervenções do PAC em desenvolvimento em Belém: a Macrodrenagem e Urbanização da Bacia da Estrada Nova e a Urbanização da Comunidade Taboquinha. Busca-se identificar quais as alterações físico-urbanísticas previstas e qual padrão de soluções sanitárias e ambientais dado aos igarapés e canais das áreas em questão. Isso porque intervenções desta natureza na cidade partem, historicamente, de um padrão conservador e sanitarista que não alcança as melhorias pretendidas com projetos de urbanização de favelas. Pretende-se, portanto, contribuir na discussão sobre os modelos de intervenção desenvolvidos pelo PAC, identificando os avanços e limites que o programa apresenta para RMB. / The Metropolitan Region of Belém (RMB) urban structure is strictly related to its water bodies and hydrologic network. The rivers and streams floodplains in the region conforms a territory classified as lowlands, conceptualized by its physical (elevations susceptible to flooding) and socioeconomic constrains concerning the resident population profile. In the context of structural inequalities in the country, observed in the concentration of income and benefits, including access to land, lowlands are the slums local expression that were formed as a viable housing alternative to migrants who settled in the capital between 1950s and 1970s. The State\'s omission in providing social interest housing and basic urban infrastructure, combined with a low incomes standard means that the RMB is among the poorer cities in the country. This Brazilian city is classified by the 2010 census data as with the highest percentage of population living in subnormal settlements (53.9%). On the other hand, in the last 10 years there has been an unprecedented and massive provision of investments for RMB urban development, through federal incentive given by the Growth Acceleration Program (PAC), in axes focused on the Urbanization of Slums and for sanitation provision in the lowland areas. This research aims to examine, in the light of urban morphology and comprehensive concepts of drainage solutions, the following in progress interventions of PAC in Belém: the Macrodrainage and Urbanization of Estrada Nova Bacin and the Urbanization of Taboquinha Community. The aim is to identify the physical and urban expected changes and what standard of basic sanitation and environmental solutions is given to streams and drainage channels in question. That\'s because interventions of this nature in the city depart, historically, from a conservative and sanitary standard that does not reach the intended improvements in slums urbanization projects. It is intended, therefore, to contribute in the discussion of intervention models developed by the PAC and to identify the advances and limitations that the program provides for RMB.

Often where water is artificially applied to land, means must be provided for removal of some of this water. Too much water is just as bad as too little. The increased use of irrigation water in Utah has caused an increased need for drainage. Some irrigated lands are poorly drained. With high water table, yield of crops has been materially decreased, and with present drainage methods only a part of possible production had been attained.

Acid rock drainage (ARD) is recognised as one of the most serious environmental issues currently facing the mining industry. ARD management strategies rely heavily on the ability to measure the ARD potential of waste materials to ensure strategies are appropriate to the ARD risks. It is apparent that improvements to the understanding of ARD test methods and development of methods to better represent the ARD potential of samples will contribute significantly to the value and reliability of ARD assessment. The research described in this thesis focused on critical assessment and improvement of: ARD test methodology; approach to testing; and interpretation of results for coal mine wastes. Kaltim Prima Coal Mine (KPC) in Kalimantan, Indonesia was selected as a case study site to help focus the research, with the understanding that the broad similarities of coal sequences in general would allow broader application of the findings. / Thesis (PhDApSc(MineralsandMaterials))--University of South Australia, 2005

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Nevada, Reno, 2005. / "December, 2005." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 80-85). Online version available on the World Wide Web.

Mining for silver, lead, zinc, and copper in Zimapan, Hidalgo State, Mexico has been ongoing since 1576. Unsecured tailings heaps and associated acid mine drainage have presented problems related to soil quality, water quality, and dust emission control in the Zimapan area. Objectives of the study of the mine tailings are (1) to determine mineralogy of the tailings in order to identify acid-producing minerals and heavy metals at risk for release in acidic conditions, and (2) to quantify carbonate minerals and (3) to determine heavy metal content that may be released by the products of sulfide mineral weathering. Representative mine tailings have been sampled from a site located north of Zimapan. Mineralogical characterization has been conducted with X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning and transmission electron microscopes (SEM and TEM). Total carbonates have been determined the Chittick procedure. X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) has been utilized to determine total elemental composition. XRD and SEM analyses have confirmed the presence of pyrite and arsenopyrite indicating a potential for acid mine drainage. Calcite has been confirmed to have a significant presence in the unweathered samples by XRD and the Chittick procedure, with some samples containing an average of 19.4% calcite. NAA and XRF have revealed significant concentrations of toxic elements such as As, Pb and Zn in both the oxidized and unoxidized samples.

B. A. Richeverry in his book, Land Drainage and Flood Protection, states that inadequate drainage causes: (1) a public health menace, (2) an animal health menace, (3) lower grade plant life, (4) inadequate soil aeration, (5) lower soil temperatures, (6) shallow root penetration and, therefore, plant suffering in late summer months from effects of drought, (7) poor soil texture and workability, (8) increased surface washing and erosion of land surface, and (9) alkali and saline conditions, other factors such as poorer roads and highways, decreased tax revenues, ets., might be added to this list. The advantages of aequate drainage are absence of these disadvantages. Many public as well as privae benefits are realised from land drainage.

Water quality degradation is the foremost environmental issue faced by the mining industry. Negative impacts on water quality are commonly associated with unmitigated drainage emanating from sulfide-bearing mine waste deposits. These impacts stem from the liberation of acidity, sulfate, metals (e.g. Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb), and trace elements (e.g. Co, As, Cd, Sb and Tl) during the oxidation of sulfide minerals. Drainage at operational mines is commonly treated using techniques such as chemical oxidation and acid neutralization, which can succeed in achieving regulatory discharge guidelines. However, active treatment techniques are commonly burdened by high capital and operating costs. The development of passive technologies for treatment of mine drainage, which promote sulfate reduction, metal-sulfide precipitation and alkalinity production, therefore present a cost-effective alternative for managing mine drainage quality. This thesis describes laboratory and field evaluations of techniques for passive in situ treatment of acidic and neutral mine waters. Laboratory batch experiments evaluated the treatment of acid mine drainage (AMD) with mixtures of organic carbon and zero-valent iron (ZVI) for use in permeable reactive barriers (PRBs). Modest increases in sulfate-reduction rates up to 15 % were achieved by amending organic carbon mixtures with 5 to 10 % (dry wt.) ZVI. Reactive mixtures containing organic carbon supported growth of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and facilitated removal of Fe, Zn, Cd, Ni, Co and Pb. However, organic carbon was necessary to support SRB growth and sulfate reduction. Removal of Zn, Cd, Ni, Co and Pb in the absence of organic carbon is attributed to sorption and (co)precipitation reactions at the ZVI surface. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy confirmed the presence of secondary Fe-sulfides in mixtures containing organic carbon. The dominant reaction product in these mixtures was identified as disordered mackinawite [Fe1+xS]. The addition of ZVI to organic carbon enhanced AMD treatment over the duration of this experiment; however, long-term evaluation is required to identify optimal reactive mixtures. Field-based investigations into passive management of near-neutral pH tailings pore-water were carried out at the Greens Creek mine, located near Juneau, Alaska, USA. These studies focused on delineation of mechanisms controlling tailings pore-water chemistry, and a evaluation of the effectiveness of organic carbon amendment of tailings for passive in situ management of pore-water quality. Results demonstrate that sulfide-mineral oxidation and carbonate dissolution are the primary influences on tailings pore-water composition. Pyrite [FeS2] accounted for < 20 to > 35 wt. % of the tailings mineral assemblage, whereas dolomite [CaMg(CO3)2] and calcite [CaCO3] were present at ≤ 30 and 3 wt. %, respectively. The sulfide-mineral assemblage was dominated by pyrite; however, sphalerite [(Zn,Fe)S] and galena [PbS] were commonly observed, and tetrahedrite [(Fe,Zn,Cu,Ag)12Sb4S13], arsenopyrite [FeAsS], and chalcopyrite [CuFeS2] were present in lesser amounts. Geochemical analysis of tailings core samples generally agreed with mineralogical data. The occurrence of Cd, Cr, Co, Mo, Ni, Se, and Tl is attributed to their occurrence as impurities in primary sulfide phases. Most probable number (MPN) populations of neutrophilic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (nSOB) and SRB were elevated at several locations within the tailings deposit. Near-neutral pH conditions dominated; however, elevated concentrations of dissolved SO4, S2O3, Fe, Zn, As, Sb, and Tl were observed within and below the oxidation zone. Field-scale experiments conducted over four years evaluated passive in situ treatment of pore-water by amending unoxidized tailings with 5 and 10 vol. % organic carbon. Field-scale cells were constructed to evaluate amendments containing differing mixtures of peat, dried spent brewing grain (SBG), and municipal biosolids (MB). Organic carbon amendment of the tailings supported the development of conditions favorable to sulfate reduction. Decreases in aqueous SO4 concentrations were observed in three cells amended with mixtures of peat, SBG, and MB. Removal of SO4 was generally accompanied by H2S production, enrichment in 34S-SO4, and increased SRB populations. Undersaturation of pore-water with respect to gypsum was observed. Sulfate reduction was sustained for the duration of the experiment in cells amended with 5 vol. % peat + SBG and 10 vol. % peat + SBG + MB. The addition of organic carbon also supported reductive dissolution of Fe(III) (oxy)hydroxides and mobilization of Fe and As. The largest increases in aqueous Fe and As concentrations were observed in cells amended with MB. Subsequent decreases in Fe and As concentrations were observed under sulfate-reducing conditions. Attenuation of Zn, Sb, and Tl accompanied SO4 removal. Mineralogical examination by SEM revealed the presence of secondary Zn-S and Fe-S precipitates on surfaces of organic carbon particles, and carbonate and aluminosilicate grains. This study demonstrates that amendment of tailings with a small and dispersed mass of organic carbon has potential to improve the quality of tailings pore water.