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Yes / A numerical study in 3-D is performed using water as a cooling fluid to investigate the one phase natural convection heat transfer within enclosure. A heat source representing a computer CPU mounted on one vertical wall of a rectangular enclosure is simulated while a heat sink is installed on the opposite vertical wall of the enclosure. The air flow inside the computer compartment is created by using an exhaust fan, and the flow is assumed to be turbulent. The applied power considered ranges from 15 40 W. In order to determine the thermal behaviour of the cooling system, the effect of the heat input and the dimension of the enclosure are investigated. The results illustrate that as the size of the enclosure increase the chip temperature declined. However the drop in the temperature is very small when the width increased more than 50 mm. When the enclosure was filled with water the temperature was reduced by 38%. Also the cooling system maintains the maximum chip temperature at 71.5 C when the heat input of 40 W was assumed and this is within the current recommended computer electronic chips temperature of no more than 85 degrees C.

The manor of Epworth in the Isle of Axholme experienced protracted resistance to drainage and enclosure schemes in the seventeenth century. The thesis places the disputes in the context of the wider social and economic development of the manor during the period, while also comparing the experiences of the manor's member parishes. The history of the drainage is outlined in the introduction. Chapter one surveys the economy and demographic history of the manor, concluding that the wealth of local resources and flexible agrarian system protected the manor from subsistence crises. In chapter two, wills, church court records and parish registers are used to investigate marriage and the role of family, neighbours and kin in forming and sustaining households. The third chapter makes use of wills to examine inheritance strategies as a means of providing for the perpetuation of viable households. Inheritance patterns varied with wealth and proved an important mechanism for social mobility in the manor. Chapter four shows how the flexibility of the manor's economy and inheritance strategies allowed social mobility, resulting in growing social differentiation and some differences between parishes. The fifth chapter explores the religious history of the manor via the church court records, noting the different experiences and reactions to religious change in each parish and revealing something of the unity or divisions among their leading groups. Chapter six details the course of the drainage disputes in the context of changing patterns of social relations within the manor. The conclusion discusses the concentric, intersecting and overlapping communities of the manor, within which the drainage disputes produced their own shifting alliances and loyalties, impinging on other solidarities and cleavages and contributing to the diverging experiences of the manor during the century.

Due to a large number of felid species being endangered they are subjects of conservation projects both in situ and ex situ. Keeping felids in zoos are problematic with stereotypic behaviours such as pacing and reproduction difficulties often occurring. The aim of this study was to review research and zoo husbandry knowledge about which resources are most important for the welfare of zoo kept felids, and in addition perform behavioural observations in seven felid species in four Swedish zoos to try to find an order of priority of resources. Observations were performed during opening hours in 36 sessions per species and zoo. The results showed that studies of felid resource usage are missing. Zoo husbandry practice is probably based mainly on traditions and anecdotal knowledge. The observations showed that except for minor differences felids behave similarly regardless of species but the use of resources varies. Small felid species seems to be hiding rather than pacing as a way of coping. Elevated resources and areas as well as numerous hiding places are important to felids but many factors might affect the choice of resting places. Therefore it is important to provide the felids with multiple choices. It is also important to evaluate both species and individuals when designing enclosures and providing resources. More multi-institutional studies with large number of individuals of all zoo kept felid species are needed to gather knowledge about felids needs and preferences of resources.

Social interaction and the availability of meaningful activities promote the physical and psychological well-being of children and older adults. The development of social interaction is closely related to physical and social environments that complement the therapeutic needs of cognitively impaired elders and the developmental needs of young children. This study examined the effects of the degree of spatial enclosure on social interaction between these two groups during physical exercise in an assisted living facility co-located with a childcare center. The multi-methodological approach allowed for triangulation and employed the following techniques: naturalistic observation, a Web-based and mail out survey, an experiment, semi-structured interviews, sequential analysis, nonparametric analysis, and content analysis. The findings of this study demonstrated that a semi-enclosed spatial plan most influenced the prosocial behavior of older adults and young children. These elder-child prosocial behaviors were likely facilitated by a perception of adequate personal space, openness, and possible spaces for prospect and refuge within the semi-enclosed spatial plan. Elder-child social interaction was positively influenced by several programmatic factors which gave participants some sense of control. These findings led to design recommendations for creating appropriate developmental and therapeutic environments for children and older adults in intergenerational care settings. Recommendations were that a satisfactory balance be maintained between openness and enclosure as these stimulate elder-child social interaction.

In this study, 12 dholes (Cuon alpinus) at Kolmården Wildlife Park were observed to investigate how they use their enclosure and if they tend to share space with each other. Using scan sampling for every five minutes, the location of the dholes was marked on a hand drawn map with 14 zones. The study lasted for a total of 72 observation hours during three weeks.  The results showed that the dholes had marked preferences for certain zones. Within the zones, attractive areas, so-called hotspots, were found. A hotspot includes the majority of the markings in the zones. The number of observations ranged from 1341 in the most popular zone to 71 in the least popular. Comparisons between data for mornings vs. afternoon and feeding days vs. non-feeding days showed no obvious differences in utilization of the zones. Two frequently used pathways through the enclosure were found. Finally, the results showed that the dholes have a tendency to share space with each other.

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The rise in interest in wellbeing, heightened during the COVID pandemic, challenged the way we think about what it means to be healthy. While many people in recent years have researched well-being as the intersection of physical and mental health, few have explored the role of architecture in spaces with these programs. Like any service profession, architects have a duty to contribute to the health and wellbeing of the users of these buildings. This thesis aims to question the typical building type of fitness and wellness centers and propose a more integrated architectural model, enhanced with elements of the natural environment which play a role in the user's quest for total wellbeing.The final proposal is sited at an all-girls school in Bethesda, Maryland - the Holton-Arms School. / Master of Architecture / The rise in interest in wellbeing, heightened during the COVID pandemic, challenged the way we think about what it means to be healthy. While many people in recent years have researched well-being as the intersection of physical and mental health, few have explored the role of architecture in spaces with these programs. Like any service profession, architects have a duty to contribute to the health and wellbeing of the users of these buildings. This thesis aims to question the typical building type of fitness and wellness centers and propose a more integrated architectural model, enhanced with elements of the natural environment which play a role in the user's quest for total wellbeing.The final proposal is sited at an all-girls school in Bethesda, Maryland - the Holton-Arms School.

An investigation of mixed convection in a rectangular enclosure is presented in which the velocity fields in the enclosure are determined using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). Basically, this technique records optical images of flow tracers within a flow field, and determines the velocity field by measuring the displacement of the flow tracers during short time intervals. The components which comprise the PIV system and its operation are described in detail to familiarize the reader with this relatively new technique. The main objective of this investigation is to determine the accuracy and applicability of the PIV technique as a velocity measurement tool. This is accomplished by comparing present experimental velocity results to those obtained by Nurnberg [2] using Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA). LDA has been proven to be an accurate velocity measurement tool and provides data for evaluating PIV results. A second objective of this research is to use the PIV results to verify a numerical code written by Nurnberg [2] which predicts the velocity fields in the rectangular enclosure. However, the comparison of experimental results of the two measurement techniques revealed that the PIV results were too inaccurate to perform this function. The large amount of error present in this PIV system prompted the recommendation of an improved, more accurate system. Although this improved system is very expensive - approximately $40,000 - it will provide velocity measurements with an accuracy close to that of LDA, at half the cost of an LDA system and with far less time for data acquisition and analysis. / Thesis / Master of Engineering (ME)

This thesis proposes an urban hybrid within the historical district of downtown San Francisco. The design develops a new typ of urban housing introducing the architectural concept of the house to the highrise. / Master of Architecture