The 1984 Auditor Genera1's report on energy~thrift in the Health Service claimed that energy~thrift programmes in hospitals were not achieving their performance targets. In order to determine the reasons for this failure, twenty hospital energy~audits were analysed. It was discovered that the two principle factors impairing the performance werez- (a) The thermal conflict between thrift measures implemented on the same thermal system, and, (b) inefficient implementation strategies. In order to investigate the influences of thermal conflict and implementation strategy on the out~comes of energy~thrift programmes,four objectives were defined:~ (i) To develop a computer model which was capable of simultaneously thermally modelling the implementation of energy-thrift measures on several hospital sites. (ii) To use the model to predict the thermal and financial out~comes of various implementation strategies. (iii) To test the sensitivity of the outrcomes to changes of unit fuel prices and capital costs, and, (iv) to compare the predicted results with those actually obtained. Data from four hospital sites and ninety thrift measures were entered into the model for analysis. It was deduced that a law of diminishing returns existed between capital investment and annual savings and that thermal conflict was responsible for an average annual financial loss of 15.5%. The financial returns on the capital invested were considerably enhanced (in one case by 3ÖØ%) by spreading the financial resources over all four sites rather than by concentrating the same capital outlay on a single site. Furthermore it was discovered that there was a level of capital investment that yielded an optimal net present value over the selected project life. The programmes were more sensitive to reductions of unit fuel prices than increases of capital costs. Most of the thrift programmes remained viable (N.B. N.P.V. > Ø using the public sector discount rate _of 5% and a project life of 5 years) after the unit fuel prices had been reduced by 5Ø% of their 1985 levels. When the results of the implemented programmes were compared with the models' predictions, the accuracy of the estimated savings ranged from a 4.5% under-estimate t 2.5% over-estimate. The software was designed to find the best-fit Ventilation rate and`base temperature for each hospital site and for each thermal zone within the hospital. When the post-implementation assessments of overall air-change rate and site base temperature were compared with those predicted, the model detected changes closely matching the predictions. â The results indicated that the technique developed in this thesis has potential as a monitoring and targeting system as well as a thermal model for predicting the out- comes of energy-thrift programmes.

No description available.

In recent years, the excessive emission of greenhouse gas CO2, it causing globalwarming, already poses a serious threat to human survival. The problem catches theattention all over the world, and promoting the development of building energyefficiency. In order to the sustainable development of human beings, in 1992 theUnited Nations framework convention on climate change (UFCCC) organizationpublished the Kyoto protocol. In the Kyoto protocol, the European countriescommitted that during 2008 and 2012 they would reduce the amount of greenhouseemissions to 8% compare to 1990.[2] Building envelope technologies can helphouseholder reduce the energy consumption use in the building. Building envelopetechnologies used in the project Brogåden – Alingsås which save the energyconsumption from 204 kWh/ m2a to 95 kWh/ m2a in Sweden. While the cost just838SEK/m² or 8% of the total building costs. In China the envelope technologies usedin the project student apartment in Shandong building university save the energyconsumption about 72% compare with the old student apartments.

No description available.

No description available.

Transient heat transfer phenomena in the rotational molding of plastic parts are modeled in this study. Natural convection and radiation from the furnace and flue gases to the mold housing are analyzed. Other models include transient heat transfer through the mold, single-phase conduction through the particulate plastic material prior to phase change, melting of the plastic and heating of the liquid pool. Subsequent staged cooling of the mold and solidification of the plastic using a combination of free and forced convection and radiation, are also modeled. The mold wall, melt, and solidified plastic regions are divided into a number of finite segments to track the temperature variation with time during the molding process. The corresponding variations in masses and thicknesses of the melt and solidified plastic regions are estimated. This information is used to estimate the energy consumption rates for various phases of the process. The model is applied to a specific molding process in a commercial rotational molding plant. Parametric studies of the effect of heating and cooling durations on the plastic temperatures and the energy consumption rates are conducted. These analyses provide insights about opportunities for optimization of the heating and cooling schedules to reduce overall energy consumption and improve throughput. The overall energy and gas consumption for the rotational molding process, taking into consideration the thermal mass of the auxiliary housing (steel) required to hold the molds, is estimated on a per-batch basis. In addition, a preliminary design for an alternative system for heating and cooling the molds using a high temperature heat transfer fluid (HTF) flowing through jackets integral to the molds is proposed.

The skyrocketing amount of electricity consumed by many data centers around the globe has become a serious issue for the cloud computing and entire IT industry. The demand for data centers is rapidly increasing due to widespread usage of cloud services. It also leads to huge carbon emissions contributing to the global greenhouse effect. The US Environmental Protection Agency has declared that data centers represent a substantial portion of the energy consumption in the US and the whole world. Some of this energy consumption is caused by idle servers or servers running at higher-than-necessary frequencies. Due to the Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS) technology enabled in many CPUs, strategically reducing CPU frequency without affecting the Quality of Service (QoS) is desired. Our goal in this paper is to calculate and tune to the best CPU frequency for each running task combined with two commonly-used scheduling approaches, namely round robin and first fit algorithms, given the CPU configuration and the execution deadline. The effectiveness of our algorithms is evaluated under a CloudSim/CloudReport simulation environment as well as real hypervisor computer system with power gauge. The open source CloudReport, based on the CloudSim simulator, has been used to integrate our DVFS algorithm with the two scheduling algorithms to illustrate the efficiency of power saving in different scenarios. Furthermore, electricity consumption is measured and compared using power gauge of Watts Up meter.

This thesis aims at identifying the opportunities for saving energy, which are available to those working within the final link of the UK food system (i. e. at, or in relation to, the points of consumption). Substantial prospective savings exist, because relatively little attention has, as yet, been given to energy-thrift in food-preparation facilities. Within the food-service industry, cooking systems are characterised by high thermal capacities, excessive external surface temperatures and poorly-designed control systems. Catering staff, who use such appliances, are rarely trained to use energy wisely when preparing foods, and kitchens (and their associated dining facilities) tend to be designed without sufficient regard to energy-thrift. Similar problems prevail in domestic kitchens, but to a lesser extent because the cooks there usually pay (or contribute towards) the fuel bills. However, manufacturers still provide household appliances, which are unnecessarily energy-profligate. Furthermore most people have insufficient knowledge of the nutritional suitabilities and the primary-energy costs of their diets. Thus a major educational need exists, which must be satisfied if industrialised food systems are to become more energy efficient. This thesis attempts to make a contribution to this requirement, by analysing cooking systems, food-preparation facilities, kitchen operatives, and human diets from an energy-thrift perspective. Long-term savings (i. e. those achieved as a result of implementing the recommendations within a 15-year period) of approximately £1O p. a. (at 1987 prices) are predicted, although this could be increased substantially if Britons adopt more energy-efficient, yet nutritionally-balanced, diets.

Due to the energy crisis in 1970, the energy saving is more important for the human civilization. The energy-saving policy is important for the economic growth and competition of Taiwan. The energy of daily life and business consumes 17% of the total energy, especially the air conditioning of architectures on the peak hours occupying a third in summer. So the building energy-saving policy is the most important in Taiwan. The main of theme building energy saving is not only to save energy but also to consider the comfortable and healthy of the living environment. So that, the optimal design of the building energy saving of commercial buildings in Taiwan has been established in this paper. In this study, theoretical analysis and a full scale experiment has been performed to validate this design. Results showed this design is suitable for the NPTC building in the weather condition of south Taiwan, which also complies with the energy code of Taiwan.

Στα πλαίσια του θέματος της πτυχιακής εργασίας «Αντιλήψεις φοιτητών/τριών Παιδαγωγικών Τμημάτων Προσχολικής Ηλικίας σχετικά με την εξοικονόμηση ενέργειας», πραγματοποιήθηκε μια έρευνα προκειμένου να διαπιστωθεί σε φοιτητές/τριες των Παιδαγωγικών Τμημάτων Προσχολικής Ηλικίας Βόλου και Πάτρας κατά πόσο είναι εξοικειωμένοι με τις Φυσικές Επιστήμες, καθώς και με τη κατανόηση τις έννοιας «εξοικονόμηση ενέργειας μέσω λαμπτήρων». Μέσω της έρευνας, η οποία πραγματοποιήθηκε με την βοήθεια ερωτηματολογίου για τη συλλογή των δεδομένων μας, διατυπώνονται συγκεκριμένα ερωτήματα. Τα ερωτήματα αυτά, αφορούν τον τρόπο λειτουργίας λαμπτήρων πυρακτώσεως όσο και λαμπτήρων εξοικονόμησης ενέργειας. Παράλληλα, θέτονται μέσω του ερωτηματολογίου προβληματισμοί γύρω από τον τρόπο με τον οποίο μπορούμε να εξοικονομήσουμε ενέργεια μέσω της χρήσης λαμπτήρων εξοικονόμησης ενέργειας. Γενικότεροι Στόχοι της έρευνας είναι: • να διαπιστωθεί κατά πόσο επεκτείνεται η γνώση πάνω στη λειτουργία των λαμπτήρων τόσο των φοιτητών/τριών Βόλου όσο και φοιτητών/τριών Πάτρας. Σαν μέτρο σύγκρισης λαμβάνονται η διδασκαλία Φυσικών Επιστημών στο Πανεπιστήμιο, η κατεύθυνση που είχαν επιλέξει οι φοιτητές/τριες στο λύκειο (θετική, τεχνολογική, θεωρητική) καθώς και ο τόπος στον οποίο πραγματοποιούνται οι σπουδές των φοιτητών/τριών.(Βόλος ή Πάτρα). • Να διαπιστωθεί η στάση των φοιτητών/τριών απέναντι στην ανάγκη για εξοικονόμηση ενέργειας. Μέσω του ερωτηματολογίου θα μπορέσουμε να πάρουμε τα απαραίτητα στοιχεία προκείμενου να διαπιστώσουμε αν διεκπεραιώθηκαν οι παραπάνω στόχοι που έχουμε θέσει. Τα αποτελέσματα του ερωτηματολογίου αναλύονται μέσω του προγράμματος SPSS με αναλυτικούς πίνακες και διαγράμματα ενώ αναλύονται παρακάτω η στρατηγική, οι τεχνικές καθώς και το ακριβές δείγμα της έρευνας. Τέλος μέσω της έρευνας, μελετάται το διεθνές πρόγραμμα αξιολόγησης μαθητών PISA και η σχέση του με τις Φυσικές Επιστήμες, καθώς και οι επιδράσεις και τα αποτελέσματα του συγκεκριμένου προγράμματος στην Ελλάδα. / In terms of our diploma’s final project, concerning: “students’ of the Department of Education Sciences in Pre-school Ages, beliefs about energy saving”, we performed a research in order to ascertain how familiar these students are with physical sciences and the idea of saving energy using lamps. Through the research which took place using a questionnaire as a helping hand in collecting the data, several questions are phrased. These questions pertain to the incandescence lamps, as well as the energy saving type lamps. At the same time, some sobering thoughts are expressed through the questionnaire referring to the way energy can be saved by using the energy saving type lamps. General Goals of this research are: * To figure out in which way the knowledge on the function of the lamps extends to the students of the department of Volos, as well as the department of Patras. As a comparing point, we used the lectures taken place in science classes in the university, the branch that the students had picked during their high school years (scientific, technological, and theoretical) along with the area in which the students study. (University of Volos, University of Patras). * To find out how the students feel towards the need to save energy. Through the questionnaire, we would be able to get the data needed, in order to make sure if we succeeded to get the answers to the goals we had set. The questionnaire’s results were analyzed through the SPSS program using analyzing boards and diagrams, while the strategy, the techniques and the research’s exact sample are analyzed as well later on. Finally through the research, the program for international students’ assessment (PISA) is examined, along with its impact and results in Greece.