The rhizome of the bracken fern was an important part of the subsistence base of the pre-contact Maori of Aotearoa. It provided an essential source of starch - especially to the southern Maori, who relied mainly upon wild resources for the vegetable component of their diet. The preparation of the rhizome (or fern-root) for consumption necessitated the beating of the cooked root upon a smooth stone anvil. The implement that was used to beat the fern-root is an important Maori tool which, until now, has had little detailed attention paid to it. Therefore, the aim of this research was to characterize the form of the fern-beater using morphological attributes. Through the combination of a comprehensive literature review of enthographic-historical accounts and more contemporary documentary research, along with a nationwide survey of implements labelled as "fern-root beaters" in museum collections, this thesis identifies a number of critical and common attributes that are inherent in a beating implement. It was found that wooden and stone beaters/pounders were dissimilar in size and proportions, with the majority of wooden implements displayed larger circumference dimensions, were shorter and considerably heavier, thus casting some doubt on their practicality as a beating implement. Four distinct morphological forms were identified for both the wooden and stone items surveyed, and it was found that metric variables were more significant in suggesting function than non-metric. Regional distribution analysis of the survey implements highlighted a northern North Island predominance, particularly in the Northland, Auckland, Taranaki and Waikato regions. A tenuous comparison with Simpson�s distribution of prehistoric dental attrition known as "fern-root plane" showed a loose regional correlation, however; the actual cause of this tooth wear is still a hotly contested issue.

Thesis (M.A. - Anthropology)--University of Arizona. / Plates accompanied by guard sheets with descriptive letter press. Bibliography: leaves 191-196.

Thesis (M.S.)--Ohio University, June, 1987. / Title from PDF t.p.

Univ., Magisterarbeit--Göttingen, 2006.

Teilw. zugl.: Berlin, Univ., Diss., 1986. / Includes bibliographical references. - Accompanied by 4 folded leaves of plans in pocket inside back cover. - Also published online. - Originally presented as the author's thesis (doctoral)--Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, 1986.

Thesis (M.A.) in History--University of Maine, 2008. / Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 77-84).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 229-243).

Thesis (M Arch)--Montana State University--Bozeman, 2008. / Typescript. Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Christopher Livingston. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 163-170).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Harvard University, 1990. / Includes bibliographical references. Also issued in print.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Washington State University, 1983. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 366-377). Also available electronically on the Internet.