Volunteers are important contributors to response and recovery. Little is known about their engagement, particularly in terms of comparing the engagement of response volunteers to recovery volunteers. This study sought to explore volunteer engagement in response and recovery in the case of flooding experienced by a number of communities in East Texas following flooding in 2016. Data was gathered through interviews with 72 response and recovery volunteers and key informants, an analysis of key documents, and first-hand observations. This study developed a list of factors that were found to explain volunteer engagement in East Texas and factors suggested by the literature. These factors should be systematically tested in the future to expand our understanding of volunteer engagement. / University of Colorado Natural Hazards Center (Grant)

Erosie in onbelynde oorloopkanale van damme veroorsaak skade aan die omgewing en bedreig die veiligheid van strukture. Huidige metodes om die potensiaal van erosieskade in oorloopkanale te bepaal is onbevradigend. Onnodige onkoste word dil<wels aangegaan deur goeie rots to baklee of deur regmakende aksies waar die rots te swak was om onbelyn te taat. Dit is derhalwe noodsaaklik dat praktiese metodes ontwikkel word om die erodeerbaarheid van rots te kan voorspel voor konstruksie plaasvind. 'n Uitgebreide literatuurstudie is aangepak oar aspekte van erosie, uitskuring, rotsmassaklassifikasiestelsels, vloede by damoorlope en hidrouliese parameters wat betrekking het op erodeerbaa.rheid. Nege en twintig damme in die R.S.A. is besoek in 'n paging om die invloed van verskillende geologiese, geotegniese en hidrouliese parameters op erosie te bepaal. Die omvang van die erosieskade is by elk van 43 erosiepunte bepaal en die erosiemeganisme is bestudeer. Waterspuittoetse is uitgevoer om 'n aanduiding te kry van die erosiepotensiaal en erosietempo vir spesifieke erodeerbare sones. Nate verswak die rotsmassa en hoe meer nate met vulmateriaal teenwoordig is, hoe grater is die erosiepotensiaal van die rotsmassa. Die naattoestande in verskillende tipes rotsmassas by verskillende oorloopkanale is bestudeer en aangeteken. Kohesiewe naatvulmateriaal speel 'n belangrike rol by die erodeerbaarheid van rotsmassas. Dit het daartoe gelei dat indekstoetse en vloeikanaaltoetse op gesimuleerde naatvulmateriaal uitgevoer word. Met behulp van indekstoetse is die mees geskikte materiaal en mengsel, wat so ver moontlik natuurlike vulmateriaal naboots, verkry. Toetsmonsters is van hierdie materiaal gemaak en in 'n vloeikanaal vir erosiepotensiaal en erosiemeganisme getoets. Die vloeikanaal is so aangepas dat watersnelhede van tot 10 meter per sekonde bereik kon word. Snelhede waarby die monsters begin erodeer is bepaal en die eenheids stroomdrywing (kW /m2 ) vir hierdie drumpelsnelhede is bepaal. Daar is deurgaans gepoog om met 'n skaal van 1 :1 te werk, maar aangesien dit nie altyd prakties moontlik was nie, kon die rol van skaal op die betroubaarheid van die toetsdata nie bepaal word nie. Die hidrouliese erodeerbaarheid van 'n rotsmassa is 'n funksie van die eienskappe van die rotsmassa en die versteurende effek van die water wat daaroor vloei. Deur vergelyking van die Kirsten uitgraafbaarheidsklas en die eenheids stroomdrywing met die omvang van erosie by 43 geselekteerde punte in 'n aantal oorloopkanale, is 'n tegniek ontwikkel waarmee die hidrouliese erodeerbaarheid van verskillende rotsmassas bepaal kan word. Aanbevelings aangaande die evaluering van 'n terrein vir erosiepotensiaal word gemaak. Metodes vir die voorkoming van erosieskade in 'n onbelynde oorloop word bespreek. Sekere aanbevelings omtrent terreine waar erosie reeds plaasgevind het en terreine waar moontlike erosie kan voorkom, word gemaak. Aanbevelings vir maatreels teen erosie en herstel van die skade word ook gemaak. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 1993. / gm2014 / Geology / unrestricted

This Master thesis was focused on seasonal development of macrozoobenthos for season 2009-2010, its long-term changes and effects of extreme events on acidified brooks in headwater catchments of the Litavka river in the Brdy Mountains (the Czech Republic). The extreme events are considered: drought, floods and deforestation. Changes in composition of macrozoobenthos were compared with the previous research, which was provided there for season 1999-2000. Headwater catchment of the Litavka river consist of two streams: strongly acidified Litavka-krmelec (LK) and slightly acidified Litavka-hlavní (LH), which is taken as a reference stream. Measured pH levels of LK were in range of 4,00-4,22 (with median 4,10) and concentration of reactive aluminium (R-Al) were in range of 1381-2187 µg.L-1 (with median 1692 µg.L-1 ). Measured pH levels of LH were in range of 4,74-6,22 (with median 5,62) and concentration of reactive aluminium (R-Al) were in range of 8-400 µg.L-1 (with median 33 µg.L-1 ). Concentrations of R-Al are observed due to toxic forms of Al3+ ions on aquatic organisms. The significant differences in composition of macrozoobenthos were also observed. On strongly acidified study site LK were not present acidosensitive groups, such as mayflies, molluscs and some species of caddisflies. All of these...

Flood risk analysis is the instrument for utility managers to create a sound strategy and adaptation plans into their communities. Local municipalities are being continuously challenged every year by the impacts of climate change. The need to develop a screening tool to analyze watersheds and find risk areas is the goal of this research. Open source high-quality data is allowing climate scientists to create innovative ways to study watersheds when performing spatial analysis for inundation areas. The development procedures for a screening tool involved combining readily available data on topography, groundwater, surface water, tidal information for coastal communities, soils, open space, and rainfall data. All efforts to help develop a planning level framework that allows investigators to target the optimal set of outcomes for a given community. This framework appears to be viable across cities that may be inundated with water due to sea-level rise, rainfall, runoff upstream, and other natural events. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2020. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Urban study solves the problem of the river in the city. The river and its waterfront is used for daily recreation of the population while allowing the passage of floods without significant damage. The area is designed as a multi-functional.

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Research has shown that unless global greenhouse gas emissions are reduced by 45% by 2030 the global warming could rise with 1,5 °C and increase the risk of floods. This is due to an intensification of extreme weather events and rising sea levels. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the flood preparedness in Swedish municipalities to get a better understanding how flood management was performed in practice and what obstacles municipalities may face. In addition to this, the study also aimed to see if preparedness differed between municipalities based on geographical location, flood risk classification or population. The study was conducted as a questionnaire that was sent out to all 290 municipalities in Sweden. The result indicated that a majority (89%) of the municipalities that participated (142) took floods into account in their risk and vulnerability analysis. Actions against floods were mainly focused on preventive and technical methods as well as increased cooperation. This study could not prove any differences in the flood preparedness based on geographical location, flood risk classification or population. Factors that posed limitations in municipalities abilities to effectively manage floods were lack of resources, restrictions in allocation of responsibilities or property rights. Areas of improvement that were noticed were that actions against floods could focus more on the municipalities ability to recover and learn from a flood event, as well as improvements in bridging the gap between the private and public sector to obtain a more cohesive preparedness capacity.

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Natural hazards, paired with affected communities’ exposure and vulnerability, have caused numerousfatalities and great economic losses worldwide in recent decades. Floods represent about one-third ofall natural hazards, and together with storms they comprise 77% of economic losses caused byextreme weather events from 1980 to 2006 in Europe and have been the main natural hazards inEurope for more than a century. Survey data of public risk perception were collected in Sweden andItaly through online surveys several times during the COVID-19 pandemic, and the respondents wereasked questions about risk perception regarding nine threats: epidemics, floods, droughts, earthquakes,wildfires, terror attacks, domestic violence, economic crises, and climate change. The survey explorespublic perception on five factors: experience, likelihood, potential impact, as well as preparedness andknowledge of the phenomenon. The survey data were analysed by using ordinal logistic regression,were the variable of previous flood experience along with socioeconomic factors were used to explorehow/if previous experience has any statistical significance and potentially affects risk perception. Inaddition, this thesis also presents a spatial analysis of respondents’ previous flood experience andprevious flood events in Sweden, to explore whether this is reflected in the survey data. The resultsshow that the effect of experience on likelihood, knowledge and preparedness is high, and womenhave a higher perceived risk in all variables except preparedness. The results of the spatial analysisshow that the majority of respondents with experience live in North Middle Sweden which correlateswell with the analysis of past flood events during the recent decade. These findings could potentiallybe used in continuous research regarding disaster risk reduction and developing frameworks,specifically how impacts and perception influence other variables such as vulnerability, behaviour, andgovernance.