Class I protostars are thought to represent an early stage in the lifetime of protoplanetary disks, when they are still embedded in their natal envelope. Here we measure the disk masses of 10 Class I protostars in the Taurus Molecular Cloud to constrain the initial mass budget for forming planets in disks. We use radiative transfer modeling to produce synthetic protostar observations and fit the models to a multi-wavelength data set using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo fitting procedure. We fit these models simultaneously to our new Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy 1.3 mm observations that are sensitive to the wide range of spatial scales that are expected from protostellar disks and envelopes so as to be able to distinguish each component, as well as broadband spectral energy distributions compiled from the literature. We find a median disk mass of 0.018 M-circle dot on average, more massive than the Taurus Class II disks, which have median disk mass of similar to 0.0025 M-circle dot. This decrease in disk mass can be explained if dust grains have grown by a factor of 75 in grain size, indicating that by the Class II stage, at a few Myr, a significant amount of dust grain processing has occurred. However, there is evidence that significant dust processing has occurred even during the Class I stage, so it is likely that the initial mass budget is higher than the value quoted here.

No description available.

The physical mechanisms that quench star formation, turning blue star-forming galaxies into red quiescent galaxies, remain unclear. In this Letter, we investigate the role of gas supply in suppressing star formation by studying the molecular gas content of post-starburst galaxies. Leveraging the wide area of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, we identify a sample of massive intermediate-redshift galaxies that have just ended their primary epoch of star formation. We present Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array CO(2-1) observations of two of these post-starburst galaxies at z similar to 0.7 with M-* similar to 2 10(11) M-circle dot. Their molecular gas reservoirs of (6.4 +/- 0.8) x 10(9) M-circle dot and (34.0 +/- 1.6) x 10(9) M-circle dot are an order of magnitude larger than comparable-mass galaxies in the local universe. Our observations suggest that quenching does not require the total removal or depletion of molecular gas, as many quenching models suggest. However, further observations are required both to determine if these apparently quiescent objects host highly obscured star formation and to investigate the intrinsic variation in the molecular gas properties of post-starburst galaxies.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

L'ozone (O3) troposphérique représente un enjeu environnemental majeur en raison de ses effets préjudiciables sur la santé humaine, la végétation et le climat. La formation photochimique de l'O3 suit une chimie non linéaire complexe, qui rend la mise en œuvre de mesures de réduction difficile. Les pouvoirs publics s’appuient sur la modélisation afin d’élaborer des stratégies de réduction des précurseurs d’O3, mais il existe encore des incertitudes importantes associées aux mécanismes chimiques utilisés dans les modèles. Une mesure directe de la vitesse de production de l'ozone, P(O3), permettrait de valider les mécanismes chimiques et de fournir des données en temps réel pour la réglementation. L'objectif principal de cette thèse a été (i) de développer nos connaissances sur la mesure de P(O3) et (ii) d’étudier la chimie de l'ozone en air ambiant. Dans ce contexte, un instrument a été développé pour la mesure de P(O3), caractérisé en laboratoire et déployé sur le terrain. Le principe de l'instrument est basé sur une mesure différentielle de Ox (O3+NO2) entre deux réacteurs d'échantillonnage, le premier opérant comme un réacteur "de référence", sans production d'ozone, et le second reproduisant la chimie de formation d’ozone de l’air ambiant. La caractérisation de l'instrument a impliqué des expériences de laboratoire et de modélisation afin d’évaluer la justesse des mesures. L’instrument a également été déployé lors de la campagne IRRONIC afin d’étudier la sensibilité de P(O3) avec NO. La comparaison des mesures de terrain avec des valeurs modélisées a permis d'évaluer les performances et les limites de cet instrument et d'évaluer la faisabilité de la mesure de P(O3). / Ground level ozone (O3) is a major environmental concern due to its detrimental impacts on human health, vegetation and climate. The photochemical formation of ozone follows a complex nonlinear chemistry that makes strategies for ozone reduction difficult to implement. Governments rely on atmospheric chemistry models to develop emission regulations, but there are still uncertainties associated with the chemical mechanisms used in these models. Direct measurements of ozone production rates, P(O3), is a new technique that can help validating current atmospheric chemical mechanisms and provide real-time data for emission regulations of ozone precursors. The main objective of this thesis was (i) to advance the understanding of P(O3) measurements and (ii) to investigate the ozone production chemistry in ambient air. In this context, an instrument capable of P(O3) measurements was developed, characterized in the laboratory and deployed in the field. The principle of the instrument is based on differential Ox (=O3+NO2) measurements between two sampling reactors, one acting as a “reference” reactor with no O3 production, and the other one reproducing the same O3 production chemistry than in ambient air. The characterization of this instrument was performed through laboratory and modelling experiments to assess the accuracy of P(O3) measurements. Finally, the instrument was deployed during the IRRONIC campaign to investigate the P(O3) sensitivity to NO in a forested area. Comparison between measured and modeled P(O3) values allowed to assess the performances and limitations of this new instrument and evaluate the feasibility of direct P(O3) measurements.

No description available.

The antral hormone gastrin has generally been regarded as a non antigenic molecule necessitating its conjugation with a large "carrier” to be an effective inducer of antibody. Such conjugation has normally taken the form of covalent binding to a highly antigenic molecule or ionic binding to an inert particle. Alternatively, some success has been achieved by the injection of impure antral extracts. This report describes four approaches to the problem of the induction of antibodies specific for gastrin. Initially, natural hog gastrin was obtained after the procedure of Gregory and Tracy (1964). The pure active hormone was modified by alkaline hydrolysis to liberate an N-terminal amino group for covalent conjugation. The modified gastrin, however, was not specifically identified or isolated in quantity. Consequently, pure and impure antral extracts, hemocyanin-bound synthetic human gastrin and latex-bound gastrin were applied to a variety of animals. Passive hemagglutination tests in ducks revealed titres of 400 to 1600 to both the pure and impure extracts but a series of four injections of pure gastrin into an antrectomized rabbit failed to raise detectable antibody. Injections of 3 mg. of SHG bound to hemocyanin was unsuccessful; antibody titre to the carrier molecule was high but no specificity appeared to be directed to the synthetic hapten. The immunization of chickens with latex-bound natural gastrin was more fruitful. Although a number of precipitin tests established the presence of antibodies to gastrin, it was apparent that the assay was inadequate as a sensitive test for the bivalent antigen. Furthermore, the antibody titre was not sufficiently high to be successfully applied to a radioimmunoassay. / Medicine, Faculty of / Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Department of / Graduate

La réduction des émissions polluantes des foyers aéronautiques est un enjeu majeur pour les motoristes. Afin de les accompagner dans cette tâche, il est nécessaire de développer des outils de simulation numérique permettant de prédire avec précision les émissions d'espèces chimiques en sortie du foyer. Pour cela, une description détaillée des réactions chimiques est nécessaire. Celle-ci est néanmoins incompatible avec la simulation des foyers industriels, compte tenu des puissances de calcul actuelles. C'est pourquoi il est nécessaire de recourir à des méthodes de réduction de la chimie qui préservent la capacité de prédire la concentration des polluants. La démarche consistant à tabuler la chimie nous a semblé appropriée pour aborder ces problèmes et son développement a fait l'objet de cette thèse. Un premier travail a été effectué afin de sélectionner dans la littérature les modèles permettant de traiter des écoulements réactifs turbulents diphasiques avec une approche de chimie tabulée. Par rapport à l’existant, des améliorations ont été apportées à la génération des tables chimiques, afin de prendre en compte l'effet du temps de résidence des gaz brûlés dans le foyer sur la formation des oxydes d'azote. Le couplage de la méthode avec un modèle de formation des suies a également été réalisé. La chimie tabulée permet d’avoir accès à la concentration des précurseurs de suie et des espèces oxydantes, quantités sur lesquelles s’appuie le modèle de formation des suies. Le modèle de chimie tabulée développé dans le cadre de cette thèse a été appliqué à la simulation d'une configuration représentative des foyers aéronautiques. Les concentrations d'oxydes d'azote, de particules de suie, mais aussi de monoxyde de carbone et d'hydrocarbures imbrûlés prédites par les calculs ont été comparées aux résultats expérimentaux. Un bon accord avec l'expérience est observé concernant la topologie du champ de suie et l'allure des profils de concentration de polluants en sortie. Néanmoins, les niveaux de concentration obtenus par les simulations diffèrent des résultats expérimentaux. Cela est imputable notamment à une erreur de prédiction du champ de température qui n'est pas due à l'approche de chimie-tabulée puisque une erreur similaire a été observée avec un autre modèle de combustion. / The reduction of pollutant emissions of aeronautical combustion chambers is a major issue for engine manufacturers. In order to support them in this task, it is necessary to develop numerical simulation tools able to predict accurately chemical species emissions at the chamber outlet. To achieve this, a detailed description of the chemical reactions is necessary. Nevertheless, considering the current computer capabilities, this description is not presently affordable. This is why the use of chemistry reduction methods preserving the capability to predict pollutants species is necessary. The method of tabulated chemistry is a good candidate to tackle these problems and therefore is used as the basis of model developments achieved in the framework of this PhD thesis. A preliminary work has been made to select in the literature tabulated chemistry methods applying to turbulent reactive two-phase flows. The technique to create the chemical tables has been improved in order to take into account the effect of the residence time of the burnt gases on nitrogen oxides formation. The coupling of the method with a soot model has also been achieved. The tabulated chemistry gives access to the concentration of soot precursors and oxidizers, quantities which are required by the model used for the soot prediction. The developed tabulated chemistry model has been applied to the simulation of a configuration representative of aeronautical combustors. The concentration of nitrogen oxides, soot particles, carbon monoxide and unburnt hydrocarbons predicted by the numerical simulations have been compared to experimental results. The topology of the soot volume fraction field and the shape of pollutant concentrations profiles at the outlet agree quite well with the experiments. Nevertheless, concentration levels obtained from the simulations differ from the experimental results. This can be imputed to the error in the prediction of the temperature field that is independent of the combustion model, since a similar error was observed with another combustion model.