The finite element analysis (FEA) is a numerical method widely used to predict the metal-cutting performance in both academic and industrial studies, avoiding the high expense and time consumption of experimental methods. The problem is how to calibrate reliable fracture-parameters as chip-separation criterion are implemented into FEA modelling. This thesis introduces a calibration method of the Johnson-Cook fracture parameters used in the orthogonal metal cutting modelling with a positive rake angle for AISI 1045 steel. These fracture parameters were obtained based on a set of quasi-static tensile tests, with smooth and pre-notched round bars at room temperature and elevated temperatures. The fracture parameters were validated by low- and high-strain rate simulations corresponding to tensile tests and orthogonal metal-cutting processes respectively in ABAQUS/Explicit. Compared to literature calibration methods, this method is simpler, less expensive but valid. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

This thesis is concerned with the characterisation of the parameters governing the tension-softening relations of the cohesive crack model. Parameter identification is an important area in fracture mechanics as it enables the use of a fracture model for the simulation of fracture processes in structures. Research, however, has shown that such a task is not trivial and continues to pose challenging problems to experimentalists and analysts alike. This dissertation presents general and efficient indirect methods for the characterisation of mode I fracture parameters defining the cohesive crack model. The identification problem is formulated as a special type of inverse problem. The formulation is in the form of a constrained optimisation problem known as a mathematical program with equilibrium constraints characterised, in the present instance, by complementarity conditions involving the orthogonality of two-sign constrained vectors. The solution of such a mathematical program is computationally challenging as it is disjunctive and nonconvex by nature. A number of nonlinear programming based approaches are proposed, after appropriate reformulation of the mathematical program as an equivalent nonlinear programming problem. Actual experimental data are used to validate and determine the most suitable algorithm for parameter identification. It was found that the smoothing-based method is by far superior than other schemes. As the problem is nonconvex and the nonlinear program can only guarantee a local or stationary point, global optimisation procedures are introduced in order to verify the accuracy of the solutions obtained by the algorithm. Two evolutionary search methods capable of finding the global optimum are implemented for parameter identification. The results generated by the evolutionary search techniques confirm the reliability of the solutions identified by the best nonlinear programming algorithm. All computations carried out in the thesis suggest the suitability and robustness of the selected algorithm for parameter identification.

[pt] A utilização mais freqüente dos concretos de alto desempenho na Construção Civil exige um melhor conhecimento sobre o comportamento deste material e a verificação de possíveis modificações no dimensionamento de elementos estruturais, como a consideração do efeito de escala. Recentemente, os conceitos da teoria da mecânica da fratura para a análise do comportamento das estruturas começaram a ser utilizados. A energia de fraturamento passa a ser uma propriedade intrínseca do material, fundamental no controle da resistência à flexão e ao cisalhamento Os principais objetivos desta dissertação são: obter experimentalmente os parâmetros de fraturamento para concretos de alto desempenho através da realização de ensaios estáveis e comparar estes resultados com resultados numéricos e experimentais encontrados na literatura. A metodologia utilizada para a determinação destes parâmetros é apresentada no trabalho. Foram executados ensaios estáveis à flexão em três pontos em vigas de concreto simples com entalhe, de acordo com as especificações elaboradas pela recomendação do comitê RILEM 50-FMC. As vigas foram moldadas no Laboratório de Estruturas da PUC- Rio e os ensaios realizados no Instituto de Tecnologia (ITUC) desta Universidade. Os ensaios foram realizados com controle de deslocamento da abertura do entalhe em uma máquina servo-hidráulica Instron modelo 8502. Foram ensaiadas 75 vigas, em quatro tamanhos diferentes, com alturas variando de 38 mm a 304 mm. A espessura das vigas foi mantida constante e igual a 38 mm. Os concretos utilizados apresentaram fator água/cimento entre 0,25 e 0,37 e resistência à compressão entre 70 MPa e 90 MPa. / [en] The increasing use of high performance concrete in civil construction demands better knowledge of the behavior of this material and the review of possible changes in the design of structural elements, like the size effect. The concepts of the theory of fracture mechanics for the analysis of structures started to be used in recent days. The fracture energy became an inherent property of the material, and it is basic for the control of the nominal flexural strength and the modulus of rupture. The main purposes of this dissertation are to achieve experimentally the fracture parameters for high performance concrete by performing stable tests, and to carry out a comparison with numerical and experimental results found in literature. The methodology used for determining of these parameters is introduced in the work.Stable three-point bend tests were conducted in notched beams made with unreinforced concrete. These tests comply with the specifications given by the RILEM 50- FMC committee. The beams were cast at PUC-Rio Structural Laboratory and the tests were conducted at the Technology Institute (ITUC) of this University. The tests were performed using crack mouth opening displacement control in a closed-loop servohydraulic Instron machine model 8502. The experiments involved the testing of 75 singlenotched beams with four different sizes with depths varying from 38 mm to 304 mm. The thickness of the beams was kept constant and equal to 38 mm. The concrete had a watercement ratio varying from 0.37 to 0.25 and compressive strength between 70 MPa and 90 MPa. / [es] La utilización más frecuente de los concretos de alto desempeño en la Construción Civil exige un mejor conocimiento sobre el comportamiento de este material y la verificación de posibles modificaciones en el dimensionamiento de elementos extructurales, como la consideración de la escala. Recientemente, los conceptos de la teoría de la mecánica de la fractura para el análisis del comportamiento de las extructuras comezaron a ser utilizados. La energía de fractura pasa a ser una propriedad intrínseca del material, fundamental en el control de la resistencia a la flexión y al cisallamento Los principales objetivos de esta disertación son: obtener experimentalmente los parámetros de fractura para concretos de alto desempeño a través de la realización de ensayos estables y comparar estos resultados con los resultados numéricos y experimentales encontrados en la literatura. LA metodología utilizada para la determinación de estos parámetros se presenta en el trabajo. Se ejecutaron ensayos estables a la flexión en tres puntos en vigas de concreto simple con entalle, de acuerdo con las especificaciones elaboradas por la recomendación del comité RILEM 50 FMC. Las vigas fueron moldadas en el Laboratorio de Extructuras de la PUC Rio y los ensayos realizados en el Instituto de Tecnología (ITUC) de esta Universidad. Los ensayos fueron realizados con control de desplazamiento de la abertura del entalle en una máquina servo hidráulica Instron modelo 8502. Fueron utilizadas 75 vigas, en cuatro tamaños diferentes, con alturas variando de 38 mm la 304 mm. Se mantuvo la espesura de las vigas constante e igual la 38 mm. Los concretos utilizados presentaran factor agua/cemento entre 0,25 y 0,37 y resistencia a la compresión entre 70 MPa y 90 MPa.

The master's thesis is focused on polypropylene fibres, their properties, availability, pitfalls associated with the use in practice. In the experimental part are the results of testing specimens with dispersed reinforcement fibers in varying proportions and their comparison.

The presented dissertation thesis is focused on analysis of alternative test method for determination of mechanical parameters of cement based composites. A disk shaped specimen with diameter 150 mm, thickness 60 mm was analysed and its modification for use on compact tension test (CT). Such a test is hereinafter referred to as modified compact tension (shortly MCT or MDCT)). This test configuration was chosen for testing the static and fatigue properties of cement based composites precisely because of its traditional use for fatigue testing of metallic materials. Specimens with a different cross-sections can also be used for MCT, but the work is exclusively focused on circular specimen, for example because it could be easily cut from drill core taken directly from the existing structure, on which the properties are more relevant to the age of the used concrete of the controlled structure. The modified compact tension test was firstly calibrated by numerical simulations involved the tuning of the shape of the numerical model and used material models of concrete and steel. Then the laboratory testing of modified compact tension on several levels were performed. The adequacy of the numerical model was verified against the pilot laboratory testing of the MCT test. Furthermore, the comparison of the modified compact tension test and its suitability for determining of fracture mechanical parameters of cement based composites with the three point bending test, which is the standardized test configuration for these purposes was performed. Another laboratory testing was focused of determining of fracture mechanical parameters of concrete mixture classified in strength class C30/37 and the pilot study of fatigue parameters of the same strength class of the concrete mix. The work was also presented numerical simulations of the push-out test, focused on the connection of concrete and steel with epoxy adhesive.

The diploma thesis is focused on the evaluation of mechanical fracture parameters of concrete after exposure to high temperatures. In the introductory theoretical part general principles of fracture mechanics with the concentration on a linear elastic fracture mechanics and non-linear fracture models for the concrete are summarized. The meaning of the three-point bending fracture test used for determination of fracture parameters is also explained. Further the influence of high temperatures on the partial components of concrete and general modeling of temperature loading is described. The practical part is concerned with the evaluation of fire experiments on the concrete panels including numerical simulations using GiD and ATENA software. The evaluation of data obtained from the three-point bending test carried out on specimens with initial stress concentrator taken from concrete panels is a main part of the diploma thesis. The values of modulus of elasticity, effective fracture toughness, work of fracture and fracture energy are determined from the measured F–d and F–CMOD diagrams after their proper corrections in the GTDiPS application. The evaluation of the selected mechanical fracture parameters was performed by StiCrack software using effective crack model and work of fracture method and DKFM_BUT software using the double-K fracture model. Finally, the attention is paid to the analysis of the obtained data.