Os ensaios mecânicos são mundialmente empregados para caracterização e implementação de diversos materiais. Dentre a vasta gama de ensaios existentes, o ensaio de impacto convencional é consagrado no meio científico, industrial e na indústria do óleo e gás onde a sua função básica é determinar a energia total absorvida na fratura de um corpo-de-prova entalhado conforme as recomendações da norma ASTM E23. Entretanto, a energia global absorvida possui um valor de uso muito limitado e ela normalmente não é aceita como um indicador quantitativo da resistência à fratura do material. Assim, com a utilização de uma máquina de ensaios de impacto instrumentada, torna-se possível a aquisição de um maior número de informações obtidas através de um ensaio de impacto clássico, como por exemplo, o estudo detalhado da integridade estrutural de materiais utilizados na fabricação de dutos. Desta maneira, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a tenacidade de um duto de aço API 5L X70 sem costura, com 11 polegadas de diâmetro externo e ½ polegada de parede, frente a uma falha dinâmica, através da tenacidade a fratura, comparando carregamento estático com dinâmico através dos resultados de J0,2 e Jm. Entretanto a tenacidade a fratura é consideravelmente afetada para altas taxas de deformação, com redução de aproximadamente 30% nas amostras com orientação de entalhe X-Y (defeito lateral passante) e de aproximadamente 40% nas amostras com orientação de entalhe X-Z (defeito superficial), demostrados através do JΔinit. / Mechanical testing are worldwide employed for materials characterization and implementation. Among the large group of the existing tests, the conventional impact test has been used for industry and academic fields, especially oil and gas engineering in order to evaluate the energy absorbed of a notched sample, according to the ASTM E23 standard. However, the energy absorbed has a limited use and is not usually accepted as a quantitative indicator of the fracture thougness. Thus, by using an instrumented impact test, there will be an increasing in the amount of information obtained than the traditional impact test and, thefore, a detailed study of the structural integrity of materials can be carried out for manufacturing of pipes. Hence, this study aims to characterize a pipe steel API 5L X70 seamless, with 11 inches outside diameter and ½ inche of wall, against dynamic failure through fracture toughness, comparing static loading with dynamic through the results of J0,2 and Jm. However, fracture toughness is considerably affected at high deformation rates, with a reduction of approximately 30% in X-Y notch (through thickness defect) and approximately 40% in X-Z notch (surface defect) samples, demonstrated for JΔinit.

Os ensaios mecânicos são mundialmente empregados para caracterização e implementação de diversos materiais. Dentre a vasta gama de ensaios existentes, o ensaio de impacto convencional é consagrado no meio científico, industrial e na indústria do óleo e gás onde a sua função básica é determinar a energia total absorvida na fratura de um corpo-de-prova entalhado conforme as recomendações da norma ASTM E23. Entretanto, a energia global absorvida possui um valor de uso muito limitado e ela normalmente não é aceita como um indicador quantitativo da resistência à fratura do material. Assim, com a utilização de uma máquina de ensaios de impacto instrumentada, torna-se possível a aquisição de um maior número de informações obtidas através de um ensaio de impacto clássico, como por exemplo, o estudo detalhado da integridade estrutural de materiais utilizados na fabricação de dutos. Desta maneira, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a tenacidade de um duto de aço API 5L X70 sem costura, com 11 polegadas de diâmetro externo e ½ polegada de parede, frente a uma falha dinâmica, através da tenacidade a fratura, comparando carregamento estático com dinâmico através dos resultados de J0,2 e Jm. Entretanto a tenacidade a fratura é consideravelmente afetada para altas taxas de deformação, com redução de aproximadamente 30% nas amostras com orientação de entalhe X-Y (defeito lateral passante) e de aproximadamente 40% nas amostras com orientação de entalhe X-Z (defeito superficial), demostrados através do JΔinit. / Mechanical testing are worldwide employed for materials characterization and implementation. Among the large group of the existing tests, the conventional impact test has been used for industry and academic fields, especially oil and gas engineering in order to evaluate the energy absorbed of a notched sample, according to the ASTM E23 standard. However, the energy absorbed has a limited use and is not usually accepted as a quantitative indicator of the fracture thougness. Thus, by using an instrumented impact test, there will be an increasing in the amount of information obtained than the traditional impact test and, thefore, a detailed study of the structural integrity of materials can be carried out for manufacturing of pipes. Hence, this study aims to characterize a pipe steel API 5L X70 seamless, with 11 inches outside diameter and ½ inche of wall, against dynamic failure through fracture toughness, comparing static loading with dynamic through the results of J0,2 and Jm. However, fracture toughness is considerably affected at high deformation rates, with a reduction of approximately 30% in X-Y notch (through thickness defect) and approximately 40% in X-Z notch (surface defect) samples, demonstrated for JΔinit.

Os ensaios mecânicos são mundialmente empregados para caracterização e implementação de diversos materiais. Dentre a vasta gama de ensaios existentes, o ensaio de impacto convencional é consagrado no meio científico, industrial e na indústria do óleo e gás onde a sua função básica é determinar a energia total absorvida na fratura de um corpo-de-prova entalhado conforme as recomendações da norma ASTM E23. Entretanto, a energia global absorvida possui um valor de uso muito limitado e ela normalmente não é aceita como um indicador quantitativo da resistência à fratura do material. Assim, com a utilização de uma máquina de ensaios de impacto instrumentada, torna-se possível a aquisição de um maior número de informações obtidas através de um ensaio de impacto clássico, como por exemplo, o estudo detalhado da integridade estrutural de materiais utilizados na fabricação de dutos. Desta maneira, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a tenacidade de um duto de aço API 5L X70 sem costura, com 11 polegadas de diâmetro externo e ½ polegada de parede, frente a uma falha dinâmica, através da tenacidade a fratura, comparando carregamento estático com dinâmico através dos resultados de J0,2 e Jm. Entretanto a tenacidade a fratura é consideravelmente afetada para altas taxas de deformação, com redução de aproximadamente 30% nas amostras com orientação de entalhe X-Y (defeito lateral passante) e de aproximadamente 40% nas amostras com orientação de entalhe X-Z (defeito superficial), demostrados através do JΔinit. / Mechanical testing are worldwide employed for materials characterization and implementation. Among the large group of the existing tests, the conventional impact test has been used for industry and academic fields, especially oil and gas engineering in order to evaluate the energy absorbed of a notched sample, according to the ASTM E23 standard. However, the energy absorbed has a limited use and is not usually accepted as a quantitative indicator of the fracture thougness. Thus, by using an instrumented impact test, there will be an increasing in the amount of information obtained than the traditional impact test and, thefore, a detailed study of the structural integrity of materials can be carried out for manufacturing of pipes. Hence, this study aims to characterize a pipe steel API 5L X70 seamless, with 11 inches outside diameter and ½ inche of wall, against dynamic failure through fracture toughness, comparing static loading with dynamic through the results of J0,2 and Jm. However, fracture toughness is considerably affected at high deformation rates, with a reduction of approximately 30% in X-Y notch (through thickness defect) and approximately 40% in X-Z notch (surface defect) samples, demonstrated for JΔinit.

No description available.

Large Area Maskless Photopolymerization (LAMP) is a disruptive additive manufacturing technology developed in the Direct Digital Manufacturing Laboratory at Georgia Tech. Due to polymerization shrinkage during the layer-by-layer curing process, stresses are accumulated that can give rise to cracks and delaminations along the interfaces between adjacent layers. The objective of this doctoral dissertation is to investigate the mechanisms of stress evolution and cracking/delamination during the LAMP manufacturing process through theoretical modeling and experimental characterization methods. The evolving conversion degree in a layer was characterized through Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and this leads to a so-called print-through curve. The polymerization shrinkage strain in each exposed layer was calculated on the basis of the theoretical relationship between the volumetric shrinkage and the degree of conversion. Furthermore, the material’s elastic modulus, which also evolves with the degree of conversion, was characterized by three-point bending tests. With the degree of conversion, cure-dependent modulus and shrinkage strain as the three primary inputs, finite element modeling was conducted to dynamically simulate the layer-by-layer manufacturing process and to predict the process-induced stresses. To investigate the fracture process, Mode I and Mode II interlaminar fracture toughness of the LAMP-built laminates was characterized, using the double cantilever beam (DCB) test and the end notched flexure (ENF) test, respectively. In order to predict the crack initiation and propagation occurring in a LAMP-built part, a mixed-mode cohesive element model was developed. The Mode I and Mode II cohesive parameters, which are used to describe the bilinear constitutive behavior of the cohesive elements, were determined by matching the numerical load-deflection curves to the experimental ones obtained from the DCB tests and the ENF tests, respectively. Using this model, the fracture of a hollow-cylinder part was analyzed and the simulation results were compared with experiments. Finally, several possible strategies for mitigating the shrinkage related defects were investigated. Reducing the overall polymerization shrinkage, optimizing the print-through curve and delaying the gel point of resin composite were demonstrated to be effective in reducing stresses and cracks.

As a preliminary starting point for the present study, physical and mechanical properties of polypropylene nanocomposites (PPNCs) for samples received from Queen's University Belfast have been evaluated. Subsequently, polymer/clay nanocomposite material has been produced at Bradford. Mixing and processing routes have been explored, and mechanical properties for the different compounded samples have been studied. Clay intercalation structure has received particular attention to support the ultimate objective of optimising tensile and fracture behaviour of isotropic and die-drawn PPNCs. Solid-state molecular orientation has been introduced to PPNCs by the die-drawing process. Tensile stress-strain measurements with video-extensometry and tensile fracture of double edge-notched tensile specimens have been used to evaluate the Young's modulus at three different strain rates and the total work of fracture toughness at three different notch lengths. The polymer composite was analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, polarizing optical microscopy, wide angle x-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. 3% and 5% clay systems at various compatibilizer (PPMA) loadings were prepared by three different mixing routes for the isotropic sheets, produced by compression moulding, and tensile bars, produced by injection moulding process. Die-drawn oriented tensile bars were drawn to draw ratio of 2, 3 and 4. The results from the Queen's University Belfast samples showed a decrement in tensile strength at yield. This might be explained by poor bonding, which refers to poor dispersion. Voids that can be supported by intercalated PP/clay phases might be responsible for improvement of elongation at break. The use of PPMA and an intensive mixing regime with a two-step master batch process overcame the compatibility issue and achieved around 40% and 50% increase in modulus for 3% and 5% clay systems respectively. This improvement of the two systems was reduced after drawing to around 15% and 25% compared with drawn PP. The work of fracture is increased either by adding nanoclay or by drawing to low draw ratio, or both. At moderate and high draw ratios, PPNCs may undergo either an increase in the size of microvoids at low clay loading or coalescence of microvoids at high clay loading, eventually leading to an earlier failure than with neat PP. The adoption of PPMA loading using an appropriate mixing route and clay loading can create a balance between the PPMA stiffness effect and the degree of bonding between clay particles and isotropic or oriented polymer molecules. Spherulites size, d-spacing of silicate layers, and nanoparticles distribution of intercalated microtactoids with possible semi-exfoliated particles have been suggested to optimize the final PPNCs property.

There is a need to monitor the existence and effects of damage in structural materials. Aircraft components provide a much publicized example, but the need exists in a variety of other structures, such as layered materials used in food packaging industries. While several techniques and models have been proposed for material characterization and condition monitoring of bulk materials, less attention has been devoted to thin sheets having no flexural rigidity. This study is therefore devoted to the development of a new method for acoustic Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) and material characterization of thin sheets used in food packaging materials or similar structures. A method for assessing the strength in the presence of crack of thin sheets used in food packaging is first presented using a modified Strip Yield Model (SYM). Resonance frequency measurement is then introduced and it is shown, at low frequency range (less than 2kHz), that a change in the physical properties such as a reduction in stiffness resulting from the onset of cracks or loosening of a connection causes detectable changes in the modal properties, specifically the resonance frequency. This observation leads to the implementation of a simple method for damage severity assessment on sheet materials, supported by a new theory illustrating the feasibility of the detection of inhomogeneity in form of added mass, as well as damage severity assessment, using a measurement of the frequency shift. A relationship is then established between the resonance frequency and the material’s elastic property, which yields a new modality for sheet materials remote characterization. The result of this study is the groundwork of a low-frequency vibration-based method with remote acoustic excitation and laser detection, for nondestructive testing and material characterization of sheet materials. The work also enhances the feasibility of the testing and condition monitoring of real structures in their operating environment, rather than laboratory tests of representative structures. The sensitivity of the new experimental approach used is liable to improvement while being high because the frequency measurement is one of the most accurate measurements in physics and metrology.

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is recognised as having a significant role to play in tackling climate change and reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. In CCS schemes, CO2 is captured from anthropogenic sources, and transported to suitable sites either for EOR (Enhanced Oil Recovery) or storage. The transport of such huge amount of CO2 causes new challenges. The main concern is in the difference between natural gas and CO2 transportation pipelines. CO2 phase behaviour during decompression, existence of different impurities and very high operating pressure are some of the new challenges for pipeline designer and operators. This PhD study has taken a systematic approach to understand the mechanics involved in the fracture of pipes containing high pressure flue-gas CO2. The work involved the development of a novel weight function stress intensity factor solution that can be used with complex stress fields induced by residual and/or thermal stresses in addition to applied pressure. In addition, the thesis reports a substantial experimented test programme which involved low temperature fracture toughness tests linked to a detailed finite element based stress analysis. Overall, the thesis presents an integrated engineering criticality means to assess the suitability or otherwise of a pipeline system to transport high pressure flue-gas CO2.

Total joint arthroplasty surgeries are known to have a high success rate but the longevity of the implants still acts as a limiting factor. Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene is the material of choice for the implant bearing surfaces due to its excellent clinical and tribological performance. A common problem associated with the polymer is however the loosening of the implant from its surrounding bone tissue. This phenomenon is caused by a biological reaction to released wear particles. Reducing the release of wear particles will increase the lifespan of implants and can be accomplished by increasing the wear resistance of the material. Crosslinking of the polymer by means of gamma irradiation is a well known approach to achieve an increased wear resistance but eventually leads to oxidation of the polymer. The addition of vitamin E as antioxidant is known to reduce this without significant loss of mechanical properties. A second approach is based on adding reinforcements to the polymer in order to enhance its tribological performance. This work focuses on the thermal and mechanical characterisation of newly developed UHMWPE nano-composites with a focus on the addition of vitamin E and crosslinking by gamma irradiation. Based on previously published results indicating an increased fracture toughness for different composites, Nanodiamonds, multiwalled carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide nanoparticles were dispersed throughout the matrix and consolidated. The thermal characterisation was performed using differential scanning calorimetry, making it possible to identify the different thermal transitions and degree of crystallinity of the polymer. The fracture toughness, an important property in wear due to fatigue, was furthermore characterised by performing three point bending experiments.Finally, by means of a multiaxial pin-on-plate set-up the wear resistance of the materials was analysed.

O novo paradigma de se preservar o meio ambiente e de se utilizar produtos naturais vem contribuindo para um maior interesse na utilização de materiais derivados da biomassa. Neste sentido, os compósitos poliméricos com fibras vegetais surgem como uma boa alternativa no campo dos materiais para aplicações de engenharia. Os principais objetivos deste trabalho foram o processamento e a caracterização do compósito formado por uma resina poliuretano derivada do óleo de mamona e fibras de sisal e coco. O processamento foi realizado utilizando-se a técnica de moldagem por compressão. As fibras foram utilizadas em diferentes formas como fibras curtas, fibras longas, tecido e fios contínuos. A caracterização foi realizada através dos seguintes ensaios: tração, flexão, impacto, tenacidade à fratura, absorção d’água e DMTA. Foi também avaliado o efeito do tratamento com hidróxido de sódio (10%), nas fibras de sisal e coco, nas análises realizadas. O resultados mostraram que o desempenho dos compósitos com fibras de coco foi inferior aos compósitos com fibras de sisal, e mesmo ao poliuretano. Nos ensaios de tração e flexão, as fibras longas de sisal apresentaram o melhor efeito de reforçamento, seguido dos fios contínuos, fibras curtas e tecido. Nos ensaios de impacto e tenacidade à fratura, o melhor desempenho foi dos compósitos com tecido de sisal. O efeito do tratamento alcalino variou em função do tipo de ensaio e da geometria do reforço. Nos ensaios de tração e flexão, o seu efeito foi positivo para os compósitos com fibras longas e curtas, e negativo para os compósitos com tecido e fios, devido à deterioração da estrutura dos fios. Nos ensaios de tenacidade e impacto foi prejudicial, pois ao melhorar a aderência na interface, reduziu os principais mecanismos de absorção de energia, que são, a extração de fibras e o descolamento na interface. Com relação às medidas de absorção d’água, foi observado aumento no nível de absorção dos compósitos com o aumento da fração volumétrica de fibras. O máximo percentual de absorção foi de 17%, para os compósitos com fibras curtas de coco não tratadas. Este percentual diminuiu com o tratamento alcalino das fibras. Na análise térmica dinâmico mecânica, de uma forma geral, os compósitos mostraram acréscimo do módulo de armazenamento e decréscimo do amortecimento e da temperatura de transição vítrea, Tg, em relação ao poliuretano. Este comportamento foi proporcional ao aumento da fração volumétrica de fibras. / The new paradigm in preserving the environment and the use of natural products has contributed to increase the interest in the development and use of derived biomass materials. In this sense, the polymeric composites with natural fibers appear to be a good alternative for engineering applications. The main targets of this work were the processing and characterization of composites obtained by a polyurethane resin derived from castor oil and sisal and coir fibers. The compression moulding technique was used to process the composite. The fibers were employed in different forms such as: short fibers, long fibers, biaxial weave and continuos yarns. Tension, bend, impact, fracture toughness, water absorption and DMTA tests were used to characterize the composites. The sodium hidroxide (10%) treatment effect on the sisal and coir fibers was also evaluated. The results showed, in general, that the coir fibers composites performance were inferior to the sisal fibers composites, and even to the polyurethane matrix. Under tension and bending conditions, the long sisal fibers presented the best reinforcement effect, followed by the continuous yarns, short fibers, and the biaxial weave. Under impact and fracture toughness tests, the best performance was enhanced by sisal weave composites. The alkaline treatment effect varied in accordance with test type and reinforcement geometry. In tension and bending tests, its effect was positive for composites with short and long fibers and negative for composites with weave and yarns. This late was due to deterioration of the yarn structure. In the impact and toughness tests, the alkaline treatment effect was harmful, because when adherence is improved at the interface, the main energy absorption mechanisms are reduced, that mean, the fibers are pulled out and interface is debonded. Water absorption measurements showed an increase in the absorption level for the composites with higher volumetric fraction of fibers. The maximum water absorption was 17% for composites with non-treated coir short fibers. This percentage decreased for composites with treated fibers. In the dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) the composites showed an increased storage modulus and a decreased glass transition temperature, Tg, when compared to polyurethane matrix. This behaviour was proportional to the increase of the fibers volumetric fraction.