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The uneven success of tropical forest product marketing initiatives over the past decade has illuminated our poor understanding of forest peasant livelihood systems. This dissertation explores how , when and why peoples living within biodiverse tropical forests turn to the sale of forest products to meet their needs over time, through a detailed examination of commercial forest extraction by the Tawahka Sumu (pop. 1,000) of the Mosquitia region, eastern Honduras. The study uses a multi-method, multi-scalar approach that incorporates conceptual insights from cultural ecology, agricultural economics, and peasant studies. / A detailed household census (n = 116, or 88% of Tawahka households in 1998) was used to establish patterns of reliance on commercial extraction. As a group, the Tawahka were found to manage a diverse market income portfolio in which commercial extraction contributed some 18% in 1997--98 (US$23/capita). At the household level, however, reliance on the extractive sector varied from 0--93%. Analysis of multi-year income data suggests that households move easily into, and out of, the sector. Statistical analysis indicates that the most important determinants of this sporadic engagement are unanticipated household-level calamities (illness, crop shortfall). / This ex post insurance function of commercial extraction was also demonstrated over longer time scales by a detailed historical analysis of the Mosquitia's dugout canoe trade, which revealed that the sale of dugout canoes has provided local peoples with an important fall-back during periods of economic recession. Discussion highlights the dynamism of peasant livelihoods, in which forest product sale is seen as only one response to householders' changing needs over both the lifecycle of the household and larger economic cycles in the region. / The modern dynamics of the canoe trade appear to have changed little over two centuries, emphasizing the little-recognized continuity within native exchange systems despite market penetration and monetization. During the 1990s, the Tawahka sold half of the approximately 500 canoes they made, mainly to Miskito buyers. The future of canoe commerce is threatened by pressures on the forests of the newly-created Tawahka Asangni Biosphere Reserve, including high internal growth rates, ladino colonization, and agricultural reorganization in the wake of Hurricane Mitch. The implications of the study's findings to conservation and development initiatives in the neotropics are discussed.

Thesis (D. Min.)--Ashland Theological Seminary, 1992. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 122-128).

Tesis para optar por el grado de Magíster en Educación mención Currículo y Comunidad Educativa

Magíster en Gestión y Políticas Públicas / Este estudio consiste en el diagnóstico y análisis del actual funcionamiento del Sistema Nacional de Inversión Pública de Honduras, y la posterior generación de propuestas de mejora. Se inicia con la descripción de la gestión del órgano rector, los actores que intervienen y los vínculos entre éstos, detectando las oportunidades de mejora y los retos futuros. La investigación sigue una metodología similar al de la publicación Los SNIP de América Latina y el Caribe: Historia, evolución y lecciones aprendidas de la Serie de Gestión No.124, del Departamento de Ingeniería Industrial de la Universidad de Chile, en la que se analizan los sistemas de inversión pública de: México, Brasil, Costa Rica, Colombia, Chile, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Perú y República Dominicana. La metodología de investigación cuantitativa se desarrolló en tres fases, partiendo con la revisión de estudios previos de inversión pública, informes de avances y resultados, marco legal de Honduras, entre otros. Seguido de la aplicación de una encuesta cerrada y estructurada a los directivos y formuladores de proyectos del Plan de Inversión Pública, aprovechando los avances tecnológicos al haberla elaborado on line. Se finaliza con el análisis de los resultados, haciendo una comparación del país con respecto a América Latina en los aspectos positivos y en los que se identificaron brechas que se deben mejorar. Los principales hallazgos consisten en la necesidad de articular las políticas nacionales de inversión con las de orden territorial, participación ciudadana, y rendición de cuentas públicas. También avanzar en el uso de los sistemas tecnológicos de información, mejorar herramientas propias de la inversión pública como es el BIP, fortalecer la capacidad institucional identificando actores y asignando responsabilidades. Además de encaminar el SNIP hacia las evaluaciones sociales ex ante y ex post de proyectos, desarrollar y fortalecer capacidades técnicas en aspectos transversales a la metodología de proyectos, como: género, ambiente y transparencia, entre otros. Se debe destacar y aprovechar las evaluaciones positivas respecto al personal técnico de inversión pública y las iniciativas de asociaciones público-privadas de proyectos. Los retos futuros identificados para el SNIP debieran ser superados gradual y progresivamente, sin dejar de lado temas claves como la descentralización y la autonomía en la toma de decisiones de los actores regionales.

The Montaña de Comayagua structural belt is a zone trending N. 60° W., more than 130 kilometers long, of exposed earliest Tertiary and older rocks that were complexly deformed during the Laramide orogeny. The Honduras Depression, a discontinuous north-trending graben system, extends from the Pacific coast to the Caribbean. The Comayagua graben, a major segment of the Honduras Depression, intersects the older structural belt in the Comayagua Quadrangle. Paleozoic (?) low-rank metamorphic rocks that record two periods of metamorphism underlie two Mesozoic redbed sequences separated by a carbonate group. Cenozoic volcanic and associated sedimentary rocks nonconformably overlie all older rocks. Red elastic rocks of the Todos Santos Formation accumulated as alluvial fans that filled structural depressions. Minor volcanism and faulting accompanied this deposition. The overlying Yojoa Group of carbonate rocks accumulated during a transgression. Red clastic flood plain and deltaic rocks of the Valle de Angeles Group were derived from a rising region outside the map area (probably to the south). The deformation that terminated Valle de Angeles deposition produced the Montaña de Comayagua structural belt, which is a 20 to 30-kilometer wide, N. 60° W.-trending structural high composed of asymmetrical, N. 70° to 90° W.-trending folds, some of which are cut by reverse faults. The folds and reverse faults may be the consequence of left-lateral shearing. Many of the important mineral deposits in Honduras occur along this structural belt. After this deformation, andesite lava flows and mid-Miocene siliceous ignimbrites, tuffs, and associated volcanic rocks were deposited across the deformed older rocks. Normal faulting along west-northwest, northwest, north, northeast, and east-west trends began during volcanism and continued almost to the present. Approximately 2 kilometers of structural relief resulted from this period of normal faulting in the Comayagua Quadrangle. This episode of normal faulting formed the north-trending Comayagua graben and other grabens comprising the Honduras Depression, as well as similar features elsewhere in Honduras and adjacent parts of Guatemala. The complex pattern of normal faults and grabens seems to be the result of left-lateral simple shear deformation of the northwestern part of the Caribbean plate of lithosphere. This simple shear deformation is a consequence of underthrusting at the Middle America Trench and left-lateral strike-slip movement along the Bartlett Trough fault system. Igneous rocks of various compositions intruded the area in several episodes: one was pre-Mesozoic; others were pre-ignimbrite; and the youngest clearly occurred after the mid-Miocene. The Valle de Comayagua was partially filled with a lake following a major episode of graben faulting. Pediments have been cut on the lake beds since through-flowing drainage was established. Earth resources include ground water, limestone, sand and gravel, dimension stone, and possibly small amounts of silver, lead, zinc, and copper. / text

Prepared by James Silliman, Peter Hazelwood, Arid Lands Information Center.

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This study evaluates the effect of an Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) prevention program on the incidence of gonorrhea among the enlisted men in the 105th Battalion of the Honduran Army. The education program was initiated as a result of the high incidence of AIDS in Honduras (more than half of all of the known cases of AIDS in Central America are in Honduras). The AIDS prevention program for this battalion was initiated in July, 1989 and consists of lectures, videos, and printed materials concerning the nature of HIV/AIDS. The program emphasized the use of condoms as a means of avoiding infection: thus the incidence of gonorrhea would also be expected to decrease as a result of the program. The program is presented to new recruits as a portion of their three month basic training in first aid and personal health. Although the AIDS education program provided to the recruits entering the 105th Battalion is similar to that given to recruits entering other battalions, in only the 105th is the program continued after graduation from basic training, where quarterly refresher courses are given throughout the enlisted men's service career. This retrospective observational study compares the prevalence of gonorrhea among the 105th and three other military units that did not receive ongoing AIDS educational program. The prevalence of gonorrhea was used as an indicator of the effectiveness of the program because its prime route of infection (intimate sexual contact) is the same as HIV, and because gonorrhea is easily detected. The study covered the period between January 1990 and December 1993. The data in the study were provided by the Honduran Army and consists of summaries of the results of periodic inspections conducted by military physicians on all enlisted men at approximately 6 week intervals. In these inspections, the enlisted men are medically examined for the presence of signs of gonorrhea. The data include the date of the inspection, the number of soldiers examined, and the number cases of gonorrhea detected. In the Honduran Army, the incidence of gonorrhea has declined significantly in the last four years. It is speculated that at least three contributing factors are responsible: the free distribution of condoms; the increasing awareness and fear of AIDS; and, the specific AIDS education campaigns presented to the enlisted men. The results of this study indicate that significant reductions in the prevalence of gonorrhea occurred in all military units studied and that the rate of reduction in the unit that received the ongoing educational campaign was greater than in the units that did not receive the educational campaign. The study indicates that the provision of ongoing AIDS education to the Honduran enlisted soldiers results in a decrease in the prevalence of gonorrhea. The study also demonstrated the feasibility of conducting research on sexually transmitted diseases in military units. / Graduation date: 1994