The main goal of this paper is to study early lexicography in Hong Kong in the 1841-1914 period by focusing on the contexts, the texts and their facilitators. It also aims to explore the problems and issues emerging from the discussion of Chinese-English-Chinese lexicography in early Hong Kong. Lexicography in early Hong Kong grew out of the increasing need for intercultural communication between the Chinese and the foreign communities there. The pre-existing lexicographical traditions established in Mainland China and Macau in the nineteenth century created the foundations for lexicography in early Hong Kong. Learning and borrowing a great deal from their predecessors, two groups of lexicographers in colonial Hong Kong, Chinese and Western, contributed much to facilitate intercultural communication by compiling English-Chinese and Chinese-English dictionaries for two different groups of target users: Chinese learners of English and Western learners of Chinese. Such lexicographic works have both merits and defects. Also discussed in this paper are the use of written Cantonese, culture, phraseology as well as tradition and innovation, all of which are as relevant today in the fields of lexicography and linguistics as they were more than 100 years ago. This paper ends by summarizing the main findings and pointing out the limitations of the study like the unavailability of some editions of the lexicographic texts discussed. In addition, it suggests possible implications for future research such as building a large database of Cantonese as observed in the early English-Chinese and Chinese-English dictionaries for diachronic studies on Cantonese. / published_or_final_version / Linguistics / Master / Master of Arts

Objectives To analyze the prevalence and pattern of HPV infection in women of different age groups in Hong Kong, with respect to liquid-based cytologic diagnosis. Materials and Methods A total of 2,055 liquid-based gynecologic cytology cases using either SurePath or ThinPrep during the period from July 1, 2007 to July 31, 2012 were retrieved from the archival files of CH Pathology Limited for retrospective analysis. Cytologic diagnosis was first given. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based human papillomavirus (HPV) genotyping was subsequently performed in cases either as requested simultaneously by gynecologists or if the cytologic diagnosis was “atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US)” or above. IBM SPSS statistics 20 was used for data analysis and assessment of possible statistical significance. Results The overall prevalence of HPV infection in the studied population was 67.7%, with 37.2% cases with “negative” cytologic findings being HPV positive. Cases with “lowgrade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL)”, “atypical squamous cells, cannot exclude high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (ASC-H)” and “high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL)” were highly associated with HPV infection (97.8%, 91.5% and 98.4%, respectively). Amongst the “ASC-H” and “HSIL” cases, most of them were shown to harbor high-risk HPV DNA (87.2% and 93.4%, respectively). The overall prevalence of HPV infection was higher in women younger than 25 years and in women older than 54 years, with the peak at post-menopausal age group. The patterns for infection by single HPV genotype or high-risk HPV genotype(s) alone were similar to the overall pattern, with the first peak at women younger than 25 years, followed by a drop at aged 25 to 34 and rebound again when age afterward. As for infection by multiple HPV genotypes or low-risk HPV genotype(s) alone, the patterns were less consistent. Amongst all the HPV-positive cases, the commonest high-risk HPV genotypes were type 52 and type 16. HPV type 62 and type 81 represented the commonest low-risk HPV genotypes detected in the population studied. Infection by other HPV genotypes showed various patterns in different age groups. Conclusions The overall prevalence of HPV infection in Hong Kong females correlates with age of the patients and corresponding cytologic diagnosis. Women younger than 25 years and older than 54 years are more likely to harbor HPV. The patterns of HPV infection in local patients can be useful in future preventive measures such as vaccination. / published_or_final_version / Medical Sciences / Master / Master of Medical Sciences

A study of the origin of the boulder fields at Shek Lung Tsai, Ma On Shan has been carried out because of the mystery surrounding their origin, which has yet to be formally investigated. The objective of the study was to give a descriptive analysis of the geometry of the boulders, and to examine if they are jointed columns like those of the High Island Formation in Sai Kung, by obtaining data on aspect ratio and interfacial angles. Data has been obtained from the boulders and is presented in the form of a table detailing their individual measurements. The data has been interpreted in relation to the concept that Y-intersections and hence interfacial angles of 120˚ are indicative of columnar-jointed rocks. It is concluded that there is a possibility of the boulders being cooling-jointed columns, and their failure may have been triggered by a tilting of southeastern Hong Kong to the east was as much as 30˚ in the Quaternary. / published_or_final_version / Applied Geosciences / Master / Master of Science

As Hong Kong is a densely populated metropolis, efficient public transport is needed to maintain an acceptable level of mobility. Transport policies have been developed with this aim and railways have been given a unique role in the passenger network. One of the objectives in Hong Kong Moving Ahead - A Transport Strategy for the Future was to use railways as the backbone of the transport network. Besides this, the Railway Development Study and Railway Development Study 2000 also showed strong government support for expanding the railway network. In 2000, the MTRC was privatized and became a listed company on the stock exchange. It carried on using the integrated railway – property development model to finance its operations. Moreover, it continued to enjoy privileges and advantages usually given to statutory corporations. After the merger with KCRC in 2006, the MTR became a railway monopoly earning substantial profits every year. With beneficial government policies, the relationship was defined as a railway policy regime. Moreover, a policy regime change has not occurred and improvements in public participation and railway governance were proposed. / published_or_final_version / Urban Planning and Design / Master / Master of Science in Urban Planning

The purpose of this research was to investigate how intrapersonal and environmental factors shape the beliefs and experiences of talented athletes in Hong Kong, using a case study approach. The four participants involved in the study were elite athletes recognised for their outstanding sporting achievements. A literature review of previous studies suggested that genetic and environmental factors influence talent development in the sporting domain, with four key themes worthy of further investigation: self-perceptions of natural abilities in sport (talent), self-motivation, coach, and family and school. To achieve a deeper understanding of these variables, a qualitative approach involving semi-structured interviews was used to examine the nature and complexity of the process of talent development. The results indicated that the participants did not tend to perceive themselves as significantly talented or “very special”. However, there was evidence that the four factors identified above critically influenced the development of their talent, both positively and negatively. Based on the participants’ stories, a conceptual framework was constructed to represent the interplay among the major influences on talent development. The findings have implications for improving or modifying the strategies commonly used to maximise talent development in elite athletes in Hong Kong. However, the limitations of this small-scale research study are acknowledged. / published_or_final_version / Education / Master / Master of Education

published_or_final_version / Politics and Public Administration / Master / Master of Public Administration

published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Landscape Architecture

No matter in Hong Kong or overseas countries, there are many enthusiasts eager on bus hobby and even on preserving old buses. It is noted that double-decker buses could sometimes mean more than a vehicle, they could be an icon or pride for a community, for example, the red bus is the icon of London. In UK, there are many bus or transport museums in preserving the old buses. The overseas practice has triggered local expectation on similar preservation practice for Hong Kong’s double-decker buses. A transport museum in Hong Kong has been advocated in recent years; however, the idea is still immature. In-depth discussion and study of this topic is also absent at this moment. The objective of this dissertation is to fill-up this gap. Not many places in the world have long history of extensive & continuous use of double-decker bus (e.g. UK’s main cities, Dublin, HK, Singapore, and Berlin). This rarity justifies that more attention should be paid on Hong Kong old double-decker buses. The extensive use of 3-axle double-deckers is also a local characteristic. Double-decker buses have been existing in Hong Kong since 1949. The extensive use of double-decker buses in Hong Kong is closely related to the social and economy development of the community. There is potential for double-decker buses to be treated as a cultural heritage asset for Hong Kong, and as a representative for Hong Kong. The cultural heritage about double-decker buses has not been well recognized in the local community. Many old double-decker buses disappeared without any attention paid. Preservation of old double-decker is occasionally undertaken by the bus operators or individual bus enthusiasts. In this research, the overseas practice for preservation of old buses, especially the British cases, will be reviewed. Comparison of the British and Hong Kong double-deckers history will also be undertaken. Finally, the discussion on whether and how Hong Kong should preserve our own buses will be made. / published_or_final_version / Conservation / Master / Master of Science in Conservation

Objectives Medication adherence is one of the most important aspects of the treatment plan for successful recovery of patients with psychosis. Medication non-adherence leads to increased relapse rate, risk of violence, symptom severity, hospitalization, and suicide risk; reduced mental function and life satisfaction; as well as increased economic burden to society. The aim of this study was to examine the predictors of medication adherence for first-episode psychosis patients in a three-year retrospective cohort study. Methods The retrospective cohort study evaluated the potential predictors of medication adherence over 3 years in first-episode psychosis patients. Patients having a good adherence rating (1 or 2 on a 4-point scale) for 8 months or more were categorized into the good adherence group for that year. Patients having a poor adherence rating (3 or 4 on a 4-point scale) for 5 months or more were categorized into the poor adherence group for that year. Potential predictors for medication adherence were gender, age, years of education, migration, occupation impairment, premorbid functioning, duration of untreated psychosis, mode of onset, diagnosis, hospitalization at first presentation, positive, negative and depressive symptoms at 1 month, stressful life experiences, and early intervention. The dependent variable was medication adherence by the patient. Binary logistic regression analyses were performed to explore predictors for non-adherence at 1, 2 and 3 years. Results Among the 1400 patients recruited into the study, non-adherence rates were 15.7% (190/1208) at year 1, 15.3% (171/1115) at year 2, and 12.1% (125/1029) at year 3. From the logistic regression analyses, suicide attempt at baseline (p=0.027, OR=2.233) and mode of onset (p=0.035, OR=1.583) were found to be predictors of poor medication adherence at 3 years following the first episode. Common significant predictors were identified at year 1 and year 2. Standard care (p=0.000, OR=2.332), hospitalization at baseline (p=0.001, OR=2.095), stressful life event (p=0.015, OR=1.567), migration status (p=0.048, OR=1.472), more years of education (p=0.024, OR=1.084), lower positive symptom severity (p=0.001, OR=1.372) and paranoid schizophrenia (p=0.043, OR=1.444) were found to be predictors of poor medication adherence in the two years following the first episode. Conclusions It is clear from our study that early intervention comprising an individualized care plan enhanced medication adherence, but these benefits lasted only until the treatment ended. It is recommended that the early intervention service should be extended to 5 years and include patient-centred interventions for high-risk patients: an adjustment and adaptation programme for immigrants (specifically new immigrants to Hong Kong); a stigma reduction programme for teenagers; psychotherapy, group therapy and individual counseling for patients who have experienced stressful life events or attempted suicide; and sustained education on medication adherence for acute and sub-acute onset patients. These strategies of intervention tailored to the individual could be introduced to improve medication adherence in psychosis patients. Further studies on medication predictors including insight level, side effects of medication, social support level, level of premorbid intelligence and therapeutic relationships, could identify potential predictors of medication adherence, which can be targeted to reduce relapse, decrease hospitalization and reduce the cost to society. / published_or_final_version / Psychological Medicine / Master / Master of Psychological Medicine

Objectives: Public stigma has been identified as a major obstacle for the recovery process of persons suffering from psychosis. Psycho-education to the public is suggested to be effective in enhancing public knowledge and understanding of patients with psychosis. It claims to be an effective way to reduce discrimination against and the labelling effect on mentally ill patients. However, there is a lack of understanding on the relationship between knowledge and attitudes. The current study aims at evaluating the relationship between public knowledge and public attitudes on persons with psychosis; and at identifying how violence factor influences the public attitudes. The implications of the findings for planning a psycho-education programme are discussed. Method: Subjects (n=81) were recruited from public health talks on psychosis organized by the Jockey Club Early Psychosis Project (JECP). General knowledge about psychosis was assessed with a modified multiple-choice questionnaire, Knowledge about Schizophrenia Test (KAST). Two hypothetical descriptions of two patients with psychosis were designed, with one of the descriptions associated with violent behaviour and the other without. Subjects rated their willingness to interact with the hypothetical patients using a 19-item social distance scale. Other assessments included subjects’ previous contact with patients of psychosis and their history of working in the medical field. Results: The overall level of knowledge about psychosis of subjects was good. Subjects at an older age were associated with better knowledge of psychosis. No correlation was found between overall knowledge and attitudes. However, subjects having better knowledge in Cause of KAST were correlated with less rejecting attitudes towards patients of psychosis. The current study has identified that violence is a significant factor that influences the attitudes of subjects. Significant rejecting attitudes were found in violence vignette as compared to non-violence vignette. Female subjects were found having significantly higher rejecting attitudes towards patients of psychosis with violent behaivour. Previous contact with patients and history of working in the medical field found no correlation with attitudes in this study. Conclusion: The current study suggests that violence factor has a significant correlation with attitudes towards patients of psychosis. The rejecting attitudes influenced by the impression of violent behaviour of patients with psychosis are likely difficult to be removed. The labelling and stigmatizing effect on patients with psychosis through sensational description of violence by mass media is considered influential. Mass media should acknowledge their crucial role by stopping news reports using sensational, dramatic descriptions on violent incidences of mentally ill patients. / published_or_final_version / Psychological Medicine / Master / Master of Psychological Medicine