No description available.

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Digitized by Kansas State University Libraries

Housing policy in Zambia has followed a similar sequence to other developing countries, from construction of public housing to sites and services to upgrading of unauthorised areas, and earlier policies reveal outcomes and problems similar to those in other national contexts. A partly World Bank funded squatter upgrading and sites and services project was implemented in Lusaka between 1974 and 1981. In view of the innovative nature of this proJect, systematiC evaluation of its outcome and impact was carried out. Evaluation of the effects of upgrading in one of the main upgraded squatter areas, Chawama, is reported here. Upgrading resulted in improvements to the living conditions of residents and many of the principles upon which the design and implementation of the project were based were found to be sound. However, a number of problems were experienced, with respect to standards adopted for and maintenance of physical infrastructure, cost recovery and affordability, which were not unique to the Lusaka project. Evidence was found in the upgraded area of continued house improvement, growth in the total population of the area during upgrading and an enlarged small-scale rental housing market. Many residents affected by installation of infrastructure bad found accommodation elsewhere, especially small and tenant householdsj resettlement of the rest was accomplished in an adjacent overspill area without conflict, and rapid house consolidation ensued. Despite the absence of overt discrimination against particular types of household, the overspill area was characterised by households of larger than average size and higher than average income, suggesting a process of differentiation within Chawama itself. There was no evidence of upgrading having created opportunities for the valorization of landed capital, for penetration of the housing markets of unauthorised areas by external large scale capital, nor of displacement of existing with higher income residents. The roles of the state in housing policy and proclaimed reliance on self-help as a housing strategy for low income urban residents were found to be ambiguous in both theoretical and practical terms.

Zimbabwe faces the large and challenging task of providing adequate housing for her rapidly expanding population. This study aims to analyse and identify urban low income housing policy failures and to provide a foundation for an effective and viable policy based on local experience. The housing and planning standards applied to solve the low income housing problem are questionable. The symptoms of the housing problem have surfaced as inaffordable housing, growing housing deficits inter alia, and the increasing inability to meet the needs of the urban poor. Consequently it is imperative that solutions are found and applied. The study begins by tracing the historical background of the urban low income housing problem before proceeding to examining the traditional built environment. The latter is described in the hope that relevant lessons may be copied from the traditional response to housing provision. Methods and problems of compiling housing need/housing shortage figures are also analysed with respect to their suitability for application in Zimbabwe. The present housing policies are subsequently analysed with a view to identifying policy failures and the relevance of solutions based on indigenous local experience. In that respect, the housing and planning standards currently used in low income housing policy as well as the existing institutions for low income housing finance are examined. In the final chapter, a summary and conclusions, followed by the section on proposals are laid out. Several broad aspects of housing policy are advanced before actual suggestions in an alternative urban development strategy are put forward. The Bertaud Model is employed in the analysis and derivation of suggested house, plot and layout designs. The Plan Evaluation Matrix assists in effecting a systematic choice between generated options. In addition, the final chapter also touches on the relevance of rural development in finding a solution to the urban low income housing problem.

No description available.

published_or_final_version / Architecture / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Eutrophication is the accelerated aging process of a lake which generally decreases the water quality in terms of aesthetic and recreational uses. At Liberty Lake, near Spokane, Washington, eutrophication has become a problem. Many individuals and agencies are interested in the benefits that occur when the lake's water quality has improved. In this research the benefits to private property owners were measured at Liberty Lake. Three methods — present sales, appraised value and personal interview — were compared and empirically tested to determine the economic benefits to private property owners as well as the overall community impact. For this study property was defined as land, buildings and other improvements. Current market sales and appraised values at six different lakes, each with different water quality levels, were used as the dependent variables for the present sales and appraised value methods. The dependent variables were regressed against several factors including physical (.housing, neighborhood, accessibility, and environmental characteristics) to estimate the effect water quality had on property values. A quadratic and double logarithmic function were examined. In the results a positive relationship was found between water quality and the dependent variables. A 100 percent increase in the water quality ranking resulted in a $3,800 increase in the sales price per lot and $884 increase in the appraised value per lot for the quadratic function. Separate equations were determined for vacant lots. The dependent variables were the same, but only neighborhood, accessibility and environmental characteristics were used to estimate the effect water quality had on property values. In the quadratic form with a 100 percent increase in the water quality ranking, sales price increased $556 per lot and appraised value increased $782 per lot. In the personal interview method home owners at Liberty Lake were interviewed and asked for how much they would be willing to buy and sell a particular home at different water quality levels. The differences between the two buying and selling prices were the estimated impact of a change in water quality and totaled $4,795 and $5,679, respectively. Both differences were significant at the one percent level. The buying price difference was used when comparing the personal interview method to the other methods, since it was less likely to overestimate the water quality effect. This research used the best water quality index available, but there is a definite need for future research to develop a uniform water quality index. / Graduation date: 1980