[pt] Uma Linha de Produtos de Sistemas Multi-agentes (LP-SMA) define uma arquitetura de linha de produto de software (LPS) cujo projeto e implementação são realizados usando agentes de software para compreender features comuns e variáveis. O desenvolvimento de LP-SMA pode ser feito através de plataformas específicas de SMA e técnicas de implementação. Exemplos de tais técnicas são: frameworks orientados a objetos, compilação condicional, arquivos de configuração e programação orientada a aspectos (POA). Todavia, os estudos empíricos existentes não focam na abordagem de LP-SMA, considerando diferentes técnicas de implementação e plataformas específicas de desenvolvimento de SMA. Nesse contexto, este trabalho apresenta uma comparação sistemática de diferentes técnicas de implementação de variabilidades de features de agentes no domínio de LP-SMA. Esta comparação sistemática envolveu o uso de duas plataformas de desenvolvimento de SMA (JADE e Jadex) e das técnicas de implementação: compilação condicional, arquivos de configuração e POA. Neste estudo, um conjunto de métricas de software foram utilizadas para avaliar atributos de qualidade, tais como modularidade e estabilidade. Para a realização deste estudo, duas LP-SMAs foram desenvolvidas. A primeira foi a LP-SMA do Expert Committee, uma linha de produto de sistemas de gerenciamento de conferências. A segunda foi a LP-SMA OLIS, que provê diversos serviços pessoais para os usuários. Os dados coletados durante a realização dos estudos empíricos permitiram o relato de um conjunto de lições aprendidas. / [en] A Multi-agent System Product Line (MAS-PL) defines a Software Product Line (SPL) architecture whose design and implementation are accomplished using software agents to address its common and variable features. The MAS-PL development can be performed through MAS specific platforms and implementation techniques. Examples of such techniques are: object-oriented frameworks, conditional compilation, configuration files and aspect-oriented programming (AOP). However, the existing empirical studies do not focus on MAS-PL approach, considering different implementation techniques and MAS specific platforms. In this context, this work presents a systematic comparison of different variability implementation techniques of agent features in the MAS-PL domain. This systematic comparison involved the use of two platforms of MAS development (JADE and Jadex) and implementation techniques conditional compilation, configuration files and AOP. In this study, a suite of software metries were used to evaluate quality attributes, such as modularity and stability. In order to perform this study, two MAS-PLs were developed. The first one was the Expert Commitee MAS-PL, a product line of conference management systems. The second one as the OLIS MAS-PL, which provides several personal services to the users. The collected data during the accomplished empirical studies allowed to report a set of lessons learned.

Durant le développement de grandes lignes de produits logiciels, un ensemble de techniques d’implémentation traditionnelles, comme l’héritage ou les patrons de conception, est utilisé pour implémenter la variabilité. La notion de feature, en tant qu’unité réutilisable, n’a alors pas de représentation de première classe dans le code, et un choix inapproprié de techniques entraîne des incohérences entre variabilités du domaine et de l’implémentation. Dans cette thèse, nous étudions la diversité de la majorité des techniques d’implémentation de la variabilité, que nous organisons dans un catalogue étendu. Nous proposons un framework pour capturer et modéliser, de façon fragmentée, dans des modèles techniques de variabilité, la variabilité implémentée par plusieurs techniques combinées. Ces modèles utilisent les points de variation et les variantes, avec leur relation logique et leur moment de résolution, pour abstraire les techniques d’implémentation. Nous montrons comment étendre le framework pour obtenir la traçabilité de feature avec leurs implémentations respectives. De plus, nous fournissons une approche outillée pour vérifier la cohérence de la variabilité implémentée. Notre méthode utilise du slicing pour vérifier partiellement les formules de logique propositionnelles correspondantes aux deux niveaux dans le cas de correspondence 1–m entre ces niveaux. Ceci permet d’obtenir une détection automatique et anticipée des incohérences. Concernant la validation, le framework et la méthode de vérification ont été implémentés en Scala. Ces implémentations ont été appliquées à un vrai système hautement variable et à trois études de cas de lignes de produits. / When large software product lines are engineered, a combined set of traditional techniques, such as inheritance, or design patterns, is likely to be used for implementing variability. In these techniques, the concept of feature, as a reusable unit, does not have a first-class representation at the implementation level. Further, an inappropriate choice of techniques becomes the source of variability inconsistencies between the domain and the implemented variabilities. In this thesis, we study the diversity of the majority of variability implementation techniques and provide a catalog that covers an enriched set of them. Then, we propose a framework to explicitly capture and model, in a fragmented way, the variability implemented by several combined techniques into technical variability models. These models use variation points and variants, with their logical relation and binding time, to abstract the implementation techniques. We show how to extend the framework to trace features with their respective implementation. In addition, we use this framework and provide a tooled approach to check the consistency of the implemented variability. Our method uses slicing to partially check the corresponding propositional formulas at the domain and implementation levels in case of 1–to–m mapping. It offers an early and automatic detection of inconsistencies. As validation, we report on the implementation in Scala of the framework as an internal domain specific language, and of the consistency checking method. These implementations have been applied on a real feature-rich system and on three product line case studies, showing the feasibility of the proposed contributions.