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Transienta effekter under Lugeon-tester i borrhål / Transient effects during Lugeon-tests in boreholesPalmfjord, Erik January 2013 (has links)
Hydrogeologiska tester av borrhål har länge varit en viktig metod för att estimera sprickigt bergs hydrogeologiska parametrar såsom transmissivitet och magasinskoefficient. Lugeon-tester är borrhålstester där vatten injekteras i en sektion under konstant tryck som höjs och sänks i steg. Utvärderingen av testet kan ge information om flödet i de vattenledande sprickorna är turbulent eller laminärt samt om det uppstår några geomekaniska effekter, såsom elastisk vidgning av sprickor under testets gång. De ekvationer som rutinmässigt används för utvärdering av testet förutsätter stationärt flöde och tryck i slutet på varje trycksteg, förhållanden som sällan återfinns i verkligheten. Antagandet om stationaritet tros ge en felaktig utvärdering av testet och därför har konsultföretaget Geosigma tagit fram en transient numerisk modell som beskriver Lugeon‑tester och som kan användas för utvärdering av testet. Modellen har i detta examensarbete använts för att utvärdera Lugeon-tester utförda i Rönnskär av Geosigma, men också Lugeon-tester utförda av författaren i Uppsala. Resultatet från utvärderingen har jämförts med utvärderingar med antagande om stationära förhållanden och utvärderingar genomförda med modeller i programvaran AQTESOLV. Dessutom har en känslighetsanalys genomförts för den numeriska modellen. Undersökningar utförda med den numeriska modellen visar att stationära utvärderingar av Lugeon-tester ger en felaktig tolkning av resultatet om stationära förhållanden inte råder. Detta beror på den transienta effekten, där flöde och tryck under ett trycksteg påverkar flöde och tryck under de efterföljande tryckstegen. Utvärderingsmetoden där den numeriska modellen används går ut på att relatera skillnaden mellan modellerat och uppmätt flöde i slutet på varje trycksteg till det rådande differenstrycket i borrhålet. Den nya utvärderingsmetoden ger en säkrare utvärdering av Lugeon-tester eftersom den tar hänsyn till de transienta effekterna. Utvärdering av Lugeon-tester med den nya metoden ger i flera fall andra tolkningar än den stationära utvärderingsmetoden. De båda utvärderingsmetoderna ger samma tolkningar när stationära förhållanden verkligen råder. Utvärderingsmetoden är dock känslig för brusigt data. ISO-standarden 22282-3 beskriver Lugeon-tester och där rekommenderas att tryckstegen skall vara 10-30 minuter långa. Med den numeriska modellen har dock Lugeon-tester med 2 minuter långa trycksteg kunnat utvärderas på ett tillfredställande sätt. Lugeon‑testernas testtid kan således förkortas betydligt i förhållande ISO-standardens vilket skulle innebära en lägre kostnad för att utföra den här typen av tester. / Hydraulic testing has long been an important method to estimate hydrogeological parameters, such as transmissivity and storativity for fractured rock. Lugeon-tests are single-borehole tests which are performed by injecting water into a borehole section under constant pressure. The pressure is raised and lowered in steps, called pressure steps. The evaluation of the test can give information if the water flow is turbulent or laminar and if the test gives rise to any geomechanical effects, such as an elastic expansion of fractures. The equations that are used for the evaluation of the test assume that the flow and the pressure are stationary at the end of each pressure step. Stationary conditions are however seldom encountered under field conditions. The assumption of staionarity was believed to give rise to incorrect test evaluations. Geosigma has therefore developed a transient numerical model that can describe the transient lapse and can be used for the evaluation of the test. The model has been used to evaluate Lugeon-tests performed by Geosigma in Rönnskär and Lugeon-tests performed by the author in Uppsala. The results have been compared with stationary evaluations and evaluations performed with models in AQTESOLV. Investigations with the numerical model have shown that stationary evaluations of Lugeon-tests give rise to incorrect interpretations when stationary conditions are not present. This depends on the transient effect, where flow and pressure during one pressure step influence the others. The new evaluation method uses the model to relate the difference between modeled and measured flow to the pressure at the end of a pressure step. The new method gives a more correct evaluation of a Lugeon-test since it takes the transient effects into consideration. Evaluations of Lugeon-tests with the new method often give rise to different interpretations of the geomechanical effects and flow conditions compared to the stationary evaluation. The two methods give the same interpretations if the flow is stationary. The new ISO-standard 22282-3 recommends that the pressure steps should last for 10‑30 minutes. Tests with two minute long pressure steps have been evaluated with the new method with satisfying results. This means that the time it takes to perform a test can be shortened considerably and still receive a good result. In the end the method can cut the costs for performing Lugeon-tests.
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[en] EVALUATION OF THE FLOW CONDITIONS THROUGH THE FOUNDATION OF THE LAÚCA DAM - ANGOLA / [pt] AVALIAÇÃO DAS CONDIÇÕES DE ESTANQUEIDADE DAS FUNDAÇÕES E DA OMBREIRA DA HIDROELÉTRICA DE LAÚCA - ANGOLAEDSON CAMPOS BENTO 21 December 2016 (has links)
[pt] O aproveitamento hidroelétrico de Laúca, está localizado no km 307,5, do rio Kwanza (medido a partir de sua foz), cerca de 47 km a jusante do AHE Capanda, próximo à localidade de N hangueYa Pepe, na província do Kwanza Norte – Angola. A obra teve início no final de 2012 e terminará em 2017. Normalmente, as fundações de barragens são obras projetadas na superfície do globo e apoiadas sobre as rochas, e em muitas dessas rochas encontram-se fraturadas que geram algumas descontinuidades, ocasionando valores elevados da permeabilidade nas fundações de barragens. Esta dissertação tem como principal objetivo avaliar as condições de estanqueidade das fundações do aproveitamento hidrelétrico de Laúca. Esta avaliação foi feita a partir dos resultados de ensaios de perda d água sob pressão e interpretada através da teoria dos ensaios de Maurice Lugeon, que são realizados em maciços rochosos através de furos de sondagens em diferentes estágios. Estes ensaios têm como finalidade indicar os valores da permeabilidade e do comportamento desses maciços, em relação à percolação d água através das descontinuidades. Através da teoria de Lugeon, pode-se definir o tipo de escoamento, comportamento do preenchimento nas fraturas e fissuras que indiquem valor representativo da permeabilidade do maciço, que, por sua vez, orientará uma tomada de decisão sobre a necessidade de se adotar alguma intervenção, bem como a adoção de um programa de tratamento das fundações da barragem. / [en] The Laúca Dam is located at km 307.5 of the Kwanza River (measured from its mouth), about 47 km downstream from Capanda Hydroelectric Project, near the village of Ya N hangue Pepe in the province of Kwanza Norte - Angola. Usually dam foundations are designed and constructed along the eroded channel rivers and supported on the rocks, and many of these rocks are fractured, and generate some discontinuities with a high degree of hydraulic conductivity of the dam foundations .This dissertation aims to assess and to evaluate the seepage conditions throughout the foundations of hydroelectric Laúca. This evaluation is normally made using the tests of loss of water with pressure and interpreted using the proposal of Maurice Lugeon, i.e., the well-known in the practice of dam engineering as the Lugeon test. This test is performed in rock masses through boreholes and different stages, aims to determine the hydraulic conductivity and the behavior of the fractured rock mass, taking into the consideration the water flow through the discontinuities and fractures. Using the Lugeon set of results, it can be estimated important engineering characteristics such as: the volume and the type of flow and representatives values of the equivalent mass of the hydraulic conductivity. All this information is useful to establish the grouting procedure and also to verify the performance of the treatment carried out to reduce leakage through the dam foundation.
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