Water is a vital element of agriculture. Almost 75% of the world's water resources are used for farm irrigation. Using greenhouses in agriculture provides a good environment for plant growth and reduces water consumption. Desalination to obtain freshwater from seawater or brackish water has been used in the arid costal regions and areas that have encountered water shortages. Solar desalination systems integrated into greenhouses have been considered for fresh water production to satisfy their water demand. Two main types of greenhouse integrated desalination systems are used, namely, solar stills and greenhouse-integrated humidification-dehumidification type solar systems. The main objective of this project is to carry out a thermodynamic analysis and a comparison of solar stills and humidification-dehumidification type desalination units. The basic principles, components, types, advantages and disadvantages of solar stills and humidification-dehumidification type greenhouse integrated desalination systems were investigated in detail. A conventional single basin type solar still that includes a basin and a symmetrical tilted condensing cover (greenhouse roof), and a humidification- dehumidification desalination unit that consists of two evaporators and one condenser were selected for detailed analysis. In order to carry out the thermal analysis, some important data such as plant transpiration and evaporation, solar radiation and indoor conditions of the greenhouse were determined. The thermal analysis was based on tomato production. Typical year ambient air temperature, relative humidity, and wind velocity values were taken from TRNSYS 16 for Adelaide conditions. In order to provide a good environment for the tomato crops, the internal conditions of the greenhouse were selected in the range 15-29oC temperature and 60-80% relative humidity. Detailed mathematical thermal models of both conventional solar stills and the new humidification-dehumidification type systems were simulated and the fresh water production of both systems was evaluated by means of MATLAB 7.8. The results were compared with previous experimental results. The results demonstrated that even if the whole roof area is used, the required fresh water supply cannot be produced in the months of May, June and July by the simple solar still system, whereas adequate amounts of fresh water can be produced throughout the year by means of humidification-dehumidification type system. On the other hand, the annual water production of the simple solar still system and humidification-dehumidification type system were determined as 308.5 and 260 m3/year respectively. The thesis also considers the option of water storage for providing water requirement of the greenhouse plants. The parameters that affect the fresh water requirement of the both systems were also considered and their impact evaluated. The effects of the desalination system on the internal environment of the greenhouse were also considered. It was revealed from the results that the use of the solar still system during the period from April to October causes unsuitable greenhouse conditions for the greenhouse crops whilst appropriate conditions for the greenhouse crops were achieved throughout the year in the case of the humidification-dehumidification type system. On these and other grounds, the humidification-dehumidification type system was found more suitable for the given greenhouse and climatic conditions. / Thesis (MEng(MechanicalEngineering)--University of South Australia, 2010

Process intensification tools, such as the capillary reactor, offer several benefits to the chemical process industries due to the well-defined high specific interfacial area available for heat and mass transfer, which increases the transfer rates, and due to low inventories, they also enhance the safety of the process. This has provided motivation to investigate three such tools, namely the capillary microreactor, spinning disc and rotating tube reactors, in this study. / The gas-liquid slug flow capillary microreactor intensifies reactor performance through internal circulation caused by the shear between the continuous phase/wall surface and the slug axis, which enhances the diffusivity and consequently increases the reaction rates. However, integrating the complex hydrodynamics of this reactor with its chemical kinetics is a mathematically challenging task. Therefore, in this study, a simple-to-complex approach, using a set of state-of-the-art computational fluid dynamic tools, has been used. Firstly, simulations were performed without any chemical reaction to ascertain the extent of slug flow regime. The model also clearly captured the slug flow generation mechanism which can be used to structurally optimize the angle of entry in these reactors. Finally, the hydrodynamic model was also capable of estimating the pressure drop and slug lengths. After successfully simulating the hydrodynamics of the system, a reaction model was incorporated to study the chemical reaction kinetics. The results were compared with the published experimental work and were found to be in good agreement. / The spinning disc reactor utilizes the centrifugal and shear forces to generate thin liquid films characterized with intense interfering waves. This enables a very high heat transfer coefficients to be realized between the disc and liquid, as well as very high mass transfer between the liquid and the bulk gas phase. The waves formed also produce an intense local mixing with very little back mixing. This makes a spinning disc reactor an ideal contactor for multiphase processes. The focus of this study has been to elucidate the hydrodynamic behaviour of the liquid film flow over the horizontal spinning disc. Investigations were also performed to elaborate the local and overall hydrodynamic characteristics of a fully developed spinning disc reactor. Simulation results showed a continuous linear liquid film on the horizontal spinning disc and intense mixing performance in the annulus of the reactor around the disc surface. Finally, the film thickness data from the simulations were compared with the limited amount of data available for this novel process. / Rotating tube reactor also uses centrifugal forces to generate the liquid film and a high degree of mixing along with an improved control over the reactant retention times. In this work we have conducted a CFD analysis to understand the hydrodynamics of this new technology for future developments.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Tulsa, 1993. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 6-25-6-26).

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Tulsa, 1993. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 6-25-6-26).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2007. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2007. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 145-161).

Ce manuscrit présente des études expérimentales sur l'évaporation de gouttes et la chimiotaxie de la mite.Une première partie s'intéresse à l'évaporation de spray dense au moyen d'une nouvelle approche, par analogie avec le mélange scalaire. Dans cette limite de forte densité en gouttes, où il y a saturation en vapeur au sein des structures constituantes, l'évaporation est principalement fonction de l'étirement auxquelles ces structures sont soumises. C'est en effet celui-ci qui conditionne le taux d'évacuation de cette vapeur interstitielle, ce qui permet de mettre les gouttes en contact avec un environnement plus sec, déclenchant ainsi leurs évaporations.Une deuxième partie s'intéresse à une application de la compréhension de cette dynamique d'évaporation de spray dense à un contexte d'entomologie: la chimiotaxie de la mite. Il s'agit du processus par lequel l'animal va se repérer dans un champ de concentration, pour localiser la source d'une substance attractive par exemple (ici de la phéromone sexuelle). Cette partie a tendu vers l'obtention d'une visualisation conjointe de la trajectoire de l'animal et du champ de concentration sous-jacent par la visualisation des gouttes. / This thesis present some experiments on droplets evaporation and moth chemotaxis.In a first part, dense spray evaporation is explained through a new approach, drawing an analogy with scalar mixing. In this high density droplets limit, where vapor saturation is reached within the structures, evaporation is mainly controlled by the intensity at which these structures are stretch. It is indeed the stretching that controls the rate at witch interstitial vapor is evacuated: droplets are thus in contact with a dryer environment, so they can start to evaporate.A second part take an interest in applying dense spray evaporation dynamic understanding to an entomologist situation: moth chemotaxis. This is the process by which animals find their way in a concentration field, such at finding a chemoattractant source for instance (sexual pheromone in our case). This part tended towards visualizing animal trajectory and concentration field underlying through droplets visualization simultaneously.

Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-10-17T14:32:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DANIEL SILVEIRA LIRA - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGEQ) 2018.pdf: 2803681 bytes, checksum: 57ec3900710d6a6bdb50e2ac6a6a1f79 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-17T14:32:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DANIEL SILVEIRA LIRA - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGEQ) 2018.pdf: 2803681 bytes, checksum: 57ec3900710d6a6bdb50e2ac6a6a1f79 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-25 / Capes / As indústrias têxteis são, em geral, grandes consumidoras de água, devido principalmente a seus processos de tingimento de tecidos, consequentemente, as indústrias têxteis se apresentam como grandes geradoras de efluentes. A esses efluentes, estão associadas grande número de produtos químicos, dentre estes produtos, podem-se destacar os corantes, que conferem à água cor indesejável, além de contribuir com o aumento da DBO e DQO do efluente. O índigo é um corante comumente utilizado nas indústrias têxteis, principalmente no tingimento de tecidos de jeans e brim. Dentre os processos de tratamento utilizados para realizar a separação do índigo da água, podem ser destacados os processos de separação por membrana, que são um processo físico de separação baseado na utilização de uma barreira semipermeável para separar os componentes. Um dos problemas mais comuns do processo de membranas é a formação de uma camada de polarização de concentração. Este trabalho teve o objetivo de estudar o processo de separação da água-índigo utilizando membranas. Para isto foi realizado um estudo de malha utilizando o método do Índice de convergência de malha, além de, definir um modelo fluidodinâmico baseado em uma abordagem de mistura multicomponente para estudar os fenômenos de transferência de massa. Além disso, foi utilizado o modelo das resistências-em-série para simular a formação da camada limite de polarização da concentração. As malhas foram geradas utilizando o software ICEM CFD 15.0, já as simulações foram feitas utilizando pacote computacional Ansys CFX 15.0, também foi desenvolvido código em VBA para determinação da espessura da camada limite de concentração. Tendo como base os resultados do ICM, foi escolhida uma malha com 87759 elementos para seguir o estudo fluidodinâmico da membrana. Já o estudo fluidodinâmico concluiu que as variáveis número de Reynolds e pressão influenciaram o comportamento da camada de polarização de concentração, já a variável concentração de soluto na alimentação não influenciou de forma significativa. / The textile industries are, in general, major water consumers, mainly due to their garment dyeing processes, consequently, the textile industries are presented as great effluent generators. These effluents are associated with a great quantity of chemical products, within these products, the dyes stand out, which confer to the water an undesirable color, besides contributing to the increase of BOD and COD of the effluent. The indigo dye is a commonly used dye in the textile industry, mainly for the coloring of jeans and denim garments. From the water treatment processes used to separate indigo from water, the membrane separation processes can be highlighted, these comprise physical separation process’ based on the use of a semipermeable barrier to separate the components. One of the major problems in the membrane separation processes is the formation of a concentration polarization layer. This work had the aim to study the indigo-water separation process using membranes. For so, a grid convergence study was realized, in addition to defining a fluid dynamical model based on a multicomponent mixture approach to study the mass transfer phenomena. Also, the resistance-in-series model was used to simulate the formation of the concentration polarization layer. The grids were generated using the software ICEM CFD 15.0, while the simulations were done using the computational package Ansys CFX 15.0, also, a VBA code was developed do determine the thickness of the concentration boundary layer. Results showed that, based on the Grid Convergence Index, a grid with 87759 elements was chosen to follow through with the study. While the fluid dynamics study concluded that the Reynolds number and outlet pressure variables influenced on the behavior of the concentration polarization layer, however, the inlet solute concentration variable did not influence in a significant manner.

abstract: The heat and mass transfer phenomena in micro-scale for the mass transfer phenomena on drug in cylindrical matrix system, the simulation of oxygen/drug diffusion in a three dimensional capillary network, and a reduced chemical kinetic modeling of gas turbine combustion for Jet propellant-10 have been studied numerically. For the numerical analysis of the mass transfer phenomena on drug in cylindrical matrix system, the governing equations are derived from the cylindrical matrix systems, Krogh cylinder model, which modeling system is comprised of a capillary to a surrounding cylinder tissue along with the arterial distance to veins. ADI (Alternative Direction Implicit) scheme and Thomas algorithm are applied to solve the nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs). This study shows that the important factors which have an effect on the drug penetration depth to the tissue are the mass diffusivity and the consumption of relevant species during the time allowed for diffusion to the brain tissue. Also, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model has been developed to simulate the blood flow and oxygen/drug diffusion in a three dimensional capillary network, which are satisfied in the physiological range of a typical capillary. A three dimensional geometry has been constructed to replicate the one studied by Secomb et al. (2000), and the computational framework features a non-Newtonian viscosity model for blood, the oxygen transport model including in oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation and wall flux due to tissue absorption, as well as an ability to study the diffusion of drugs and other materials in the capillary streams. Finally, a chemical kinetic mechanism of JP-10 has been compiled and validated for a wide range of combustion regimes, covering pressures of 1atm to 40atm with temperature ranges of 1,200 K - 1,700 K, which is being studied as a possible Jet propellant for the Pulse Detonation Engine (PDE) and other high-speed flight applications such as hypersonic missiles. The comprehensive skeletal mechanism consists of 58 species and 315 reactions including in CPD, Benzene formation process by the theory for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and soot formation process on the constant volume combustor, premixed flame characteristics. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Aerospace Engineering 2012

[pt] Uma das características das alternativas consideradas para o desenvolvimento de reatores nucleares com características avançadas de segurança consiste na utilização de resfriamento do vaso de contenção com um fluxo de água vindo de seu topo. Este sistema forma um escoamento de um filme líquido evaporando sobre uma superfície metálica aquecida com ar escoando em contra-corrente. O presente trabalho consiste no desenvolvimento de um modelo analítico e numérico da transferência de calor e massa que ocorre na interface entre o filme líquido e a mistura ar-vapor, neste tipo de escoamento e também em escoamentos co-correntes. Devido à ausência de dados experimentais, o modelo é validado através de comparações com resultados analíticos disponíveis na literatura para situações próximas aos casos de interesse. A influência de diversos parâmetros geométricos e operacionais é analisada e são fornecidos resultados para os números de Nusselt e de Sherwood observados na interface do escoamento das fases. / [en] The design of so called Advanced Nuclear reactors includes many features of passive safety, one of them being a water flow system for cooling the containment vessel. This system generates a counter-current flow pattern with a downward liquid film evaporating over the heated vessel surface and na upward stream of air. This work presents an analytical and numerical model for analysis of heat and mass transfer occuring in the interface formed by water film surfece anda ir-vapor mixture in counter-curent and parallel flows. Due to the lack of experimental data, the model is validated throught comparisons with analytical results found in the flow analysed and the results for Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are presented.