The power utility of South Africa, Eskom, expected a supply shortfall of approximately 400MW between February and August 2006 in the Western Cape. The peak of the crisis was in mid-winter (June to August). This shortfall was firstly caused when Eskom experienced a breakdown on the one of the two nuclear supply units. Secondly the remaining of the Koeberg units was due for refuelling which necessitated the shut-down of the reactor. No electricity was therefore generated by both units. It was clear that if electricity demand was not effectively curbed, extensive power outages would be experienced; which was the case. Various demand side management (DSM) programmes were rolled-out to address lighting, switching from electricity to gas for cooking, compensating customers that could generate own electricity, energy efficiency and load curtailment in the education, commercial, and industrial sectors, as well as an extensive energy efficiency campaign. It is shown in this study that the most constrained periods were expected during the evening peak and was a consequence of electricity consumption in the residential sector. The residential evening peak is very prominent and primarily caused by water heating, cooking, space heating, lighting, and appliances. None of the mentioned programmes focused on the residential evening peak. Traditional residential DSM technologies were almost impossible to implement in the short timeframe because there are more than 625,000 residences in the Western Cape. A solution was looked for that could be implemented in a relatively short period to address the residential evening peak. This study focuses on the development, implementation, and performance evaluation of Power Alert – An innovative residential load management system. The need for such a system was identified and the expected impact was determined through a feasibility study. Power Alert was designed to be a link between Eskom and the public through the national television broadcaster. It was operational during the whole Western Cape winter. A methodology to determine the impact of Power Alert was also developed to demonstrate the actual load reductions. The methodology was applied and Power Alert demonstrated that it was a valuable residential load management tool that could be designed and implemented in a much shorter time than conventional residential DSM measures. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Mechanical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

The power utility of South Africa, Eskom, expected a supply shortfall of approximately 400MW between February and August 2006 in the Western Cape. The peak of the crisis was in mid-winter (June to August). This shortfall was firstly caused when Eskom experienced a breakdown on the one of the two nuclear supply units. Secondly the remaining of the Koeberg units was due for refuelling which necessitated the shut-down of the reactor. No electricity was therefore generated by both units. It was clear that if electricity demand was not effectively curbed, extensive power outages would be experienced; which was the case. Various demand side management (DSM) programmes were rolled-out to address lighting, switching from electricity to gas for cooking, compensating customers that could generate own electricity, energy efficiency and load curtailment in the education, commercial, and industrial sectors, as well as an extensive energy efficiency campaign. It is shown in this study that the most constrained periods were expected during the evening peak and was a consequence of electricity consumption in the residential sector. The residential evening peak is very prominent and primarily caused by water heating, cooking, space heating, lighting, and appliances. None of the mentioned programmes focused on the residential evening peak. Traditional residential DSM technologies were almost impossible to implement in the short timeframe because there are more than 625,000 residences in the Western Cape. A solution was looked for that could be implemented in a relatively short period to address the residential evening peak. This study focuses on the development, implementation, and performance evaluation of Power Alert – An innovative residential load management system. The need for such a system was identified and the expected impact was determined through a feasibility study. Power Alert was designed to be a link between Eskom and the public through the national television broadcaster. It was operational during the whole Western Cape winter. A methodology to determine the impact of Power Alert was also developed to demonstrate the actual load reductions. The methodology was applied and Power Alert demonstrated that it was a valuable residential load management tool that could be designed and implemented in a much shorter time than conventional residential DSM measures. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Mechanical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

[EN] The electric power industry is being shaken by a new idea that is taking shape: smart grids. Three aspects are considered keys to reach smart grids: a) The structure of the network must meet the smart grid concept, i.e. it must be resistant to failures, e.g. causing the automatic separation of any broken element without affecting the operation of the other components; it must be flexible to allow the connection or disconnection of loads and distributed generators, it must maintain efficient operation under various load conditions, and so on. b) The network should open the possibilities of participation of large and small generators as well as users, enabling new business opportunities and active participation, so that "intelligent" generation or consumption may benefit. c) All participants must have easy access to the information needed to choose the best operating strategy in each case. In regard to the first condition (a) there are significant challenges to solve: network automation, optimal design, development of new protection and control equipment, etc. It will be necessary to develop equipment adapted to new problems and new needs that will be generated in these networks. Those items of equipment should be standardised, it will be necessary to define tests to take into account issues that currently are not usually needed, such as the presence of disturbances in voltage, or others. In this sense, marginally though, the research team in which the author works has collaborated with a laboratory for electrical testing, the Flex Power Grid Lab Research Infrastructure DNV KEMA in the Netherlands, in the definition and implementation of some tests, as described in Chapter 3. Smart grids. In the second aspect (b), deep social changes are needed and, above all, regulation changes are crucial. In any case, the first step is to know how the consumption of loads is, how can demand be modified, how can small generation (mainly renewable) and energy storage influence generation, and so on. Having accurate models that provide this information is a key factor for network agents to establish their best strategies. This dissertation discusses many aspects of energy demand and the problem of controlling several resources and agents in the system operation is addressed and Chapter 3. Smart grids shows the management and control software (in which the author has collaborated during the design and development stages) of a small smart grid that exists in LabDER laboratory at UPV, where various resources are integrated according to the needs of demand, energy prices, and so on. In the third condition (c) there are also major challenges to be solved, such as mass information management and the increasing volume of data traffic that it can involve. This dissertation proposes several algorithms to facilitate treatment of the available data to optimise the management of the resources in a smart grid or to make decisions about the participation in demand response programs, as shown in Chapter 8. Energy Management Systems for Smart Customers. / [ES] La industria eléctrica de potencia está siendo sacudida por una idea que va tomando forma: las smart grids. Tres aspectos pueden considerarse claves para llegar a las smart grids: a) La estructura de la red debe responder al concepto de red inteligente, es decir, ser resistente a fallos, por ejemplo provocando la separación automática de cualquier elemento averiado sin afectar al funcionamiento del resto de la red; ser flexible para permitir la conexión o desconexión de cargas y generadores distribuidos, mantener un funcionamiento eficiente bajo diversos estados de carga, etc. b) La red debe abrir las posibilidades de participación de grandes y pequeños generadores así como de los usuarios, permitiendo nuevas posibilidades de negocio y de participación activa, de manera que la generación o el consumo "inteligentes" se vean beneficiados. c) Todos los participantes deben tener acceso fácil a la información necesaria para poder elegir la mejor estrategia de funcionamiento en cada caso. En lo que respecta a la primera condición (a) hay importantes retos por resolver: automatización de la red, diseño óptimo, desarrollo de nuevas protecciones y equipos de control, etc. Será necesario desarrollar equipos adaptados a los nuevos problemas y nuevas necesidades que se generarán en estas redes. Esos equipos deberán ser normalizados, para lo cual será necesario definir ensayos que tengan en cuenta aspectos que actualmente no suelen ser necesarios, como la presencia de perturbaciones en la tensión, u otros. En este sentido, aunque de forma marginal, se ha colaborado con un laboratorio para ensayos eléctricos, la Flex Power Grid Lab Research Infrastructure del DNV KEMA en los Países Bajos, en la definición y realización de algunos ensayos, como se indica en el Capítulo 3. Smart grids. En el aspecto segundo (b), son necesarios profundos cambios sociales y, sobre todo, legislativos. En cualquier caso, el primer paso consiste en saber cómo es el consumo de los receptores, de qué manera puede variarse la demanda, qué influencia puede tener la pequeña generación (renovable principalmente) y el almacenamiento de energía, etc. Disponer de modelos precisos que proporcionen esta información es clave para que los actores de la red puedan establecer sus mejores estrategias. En la tesis se analizan muchos aspectos relacionados con la demanda de energía y se aborda el problema del control de la participación de diversos recursos y diversos agentes en el funcionamiento del sistema y en el Capítulo 3. Smart grids se muestra el software de gestión y control (en cuyo diseño y desarrollo se ha colaborado) de una pequeña smart grid que existe en el laboratorio LabDER de la UPV, donde se integran diversos recursos en función de las necesidades de la demanda, los precios de la energía, etc. En la tercera condición (c) hay, también, grandes retos por resolver, como la gestión masiva de información y el incremento en el volumen de tránsito de datos que puede representar. En la tesis se proponen diferentes algoritmos para facilitar el tratamiento de los datos disponibles a la hora de optimizar la gestión de los recursos de una smart grid o tomar decisiones de cara a participar en programas de respuesta de la demanda, tal como puede verse en el Capítulo 8. Sistemas de Gestión Energética para Smart Customers. / [CAT] La indústria elèctrica de potència està sent sacsada per una idea que va prenent forma: les smart grids. Tres aspectes poden considerar-se claus per a arribar a les smart grids: a) L'estructura de la xarxa ha de respondre al concepte de xarxa intel·ligent, és a dir, ser resistent a fallades, per exemple amb la separació automàtica de qualsevol element avariat sense afectar el funcionament de la resta de la xarxa; ser flexible per a permetre la connexió o desconnexió de càrregues i generadors distribuïts; mantindre un funcionament eficient davall diversos estats de càrrega, etc. b) La xarxa ha d'obrir les possibilitats de participació de grans i xicotets generadors així com dels usuaris. Així, ha de permetre noves possibilitats de negoci i de participació activa, de manera que la generació o el consum "intel·ligents" es vegen beneficiats. c) Tots els participants han de tindre accés fàcil a la informació necessària per a poder triar la millor estratègia de funcionament en cada cas. Pel que fa a la primera condició (a) hi ha importants reptes per resoldre: automatització de la xarxa, disseny òptim, desenrotllament de noves proteccions i equips de control, etc. Serà necessari desenrotllar equips adaptats als nous problemes i noves necessitats que es generaran en aquestes xarxes. Aqueixos equips hauran de ser normalitzats, per a la qual cosa serà necessari definir assajos que tinguen en compte aspectes que actualment no solen ser necessaris, com la presència de pertorbacions en la tensió, o altres. En aquest sentit, encara que de forma marginal, s'ha col·laborat amb un laboratori per a assajos elèctrics, la Flex Power Grid Lab Research Infrastructure del DNV KEMA en els Països Baixos, en la definició i realització d'alguns assajos, com s'indica en el Capítol 3. Smart grids. En l'aspecte segon (b), són necessaris profunds canvis socials i, sobretot, legislatius. En qualsevol cas, el primer pas consisteix a saber com és el consum dels receptors, de quina manera pot variar-se la demanda, quina influència pot tindre la xicoteta generació (renovable principalment) i l'emmagatzemament d'energia, etc. Disposar de models precisos que proporcionen aquesta informació és clau perquè els actors de la xarxa puguen establir les seues millors estratègies. En la tesi s'analitzen molts aspectes relacionats amb la demanda d'energia i s'aborda el problema del control de la participació de diversos recursos i diversos agents en el funcionament del sistema i en el Capítol 3. Smart grids es mostra el programari de gestió i control (en el disseny i desenrotllament del qual s'ha col·laborat) d'una xicoteta smart grid que existeix en el laboratori LabDER de la UPV, on s'integren diversos recursos en funció de les necessitats de la demanda, els preus de l'energia, etc. En la tercera condició (c) hi ha, també, grans reptes per resoldre, com ara la gestió massiva d'informació i l'increment en el volum de trànsit de dades que pot representar. En la tesi es proposen diferents algoritmes per a facilitar el tractament de les dades disponibles a l'hora d'optimitzar la gestió dels recursos d'una smart grid o prendre decisions de cara a participar en programes de resposta de la demanda, tal com pot veure's en el Capítol 8. Sistemes de Gestió Energètica per a Smart Customers. / Roldán Blay, C. (2016). Avances en Verificación y Medida de la Respuesta de la Demanda y Aplicación a su integración en Smart Grids [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/61302 / TESIS

Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Energy efficiency and the move to renewable energy resources are of vital importance in growing profitable and sustainable economies. In recent years, greater emphasis has been placed on institutions, companies and individuals to reduce their electrical energy demand through energy management. In an attempt to reduce the demand, the electrical power utility in South Africa, Eskom, has introduced Demand Side Management programs and substantial increases in electricity tariffs. In addition to these, tax incentives have been offered to help off-set the capital costs associated with the investments made in replacing old electrical equipment with new electrically efficient equipment. Thus the need for accurate Measurement and Verification of electrical energy demand reduction, to substantiate fiscal claims, has become imperative. The main purpose of Measurement and Verification is to investigate the actual monetary performance of an energy savings project. Energy savings assessments, based on purely deterministic baseline demand, do not adequately represent the statistical nature of the savings impacts of many practical load systems, as disclosed in a reporting period. This thesis presents the development of a generic probabilistic methodology to determine the demand profiles of preand post-Energy Conservation Measures (ECMs) for practical load systems. The difference between the simulated demand of the pre- and post-ECMs for a particular set of variables represent the electrical demand impact. The electrical demand of the pre- and post-ECMs is defined in terms of Probability Density Functions, and derived using a multivariate kernel density estimation algorithm. The approach is tested using a simulation model of a waterheating geyser implemented in MATLAB. Three different ECMs are simulated using the geyser model and demand density estimation. The results of the demand impacts of the ECMs are presented and evaluated. With regards to possible future research this methodology could be applied to the evaluation of the demand impacts of heat pump technologies and solar water heaters. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: en die skuif na hernubare energiebronne is van deurslaggewende belang vir die ontwikkeling van winsgewende en volhoubare ekonomieë. Onlangs is meer klem geplaas op instansies, maatskappye en individue om hul aanvraag na energie te verminder met behulp van energiebestuur. In ‘n poging om die aanvraag te verlaag, het Eskom, Suid-Afrika se elektrisiteitsverskaffer, aansienlike elektrisiteitstariefverhogings ingelyf en Aanvraagbestuursprogramme van stapel gestuur. Bykomend hiertoe is belastingaansporings ook aangebied, waarteen kapitale kostes, geassosieer met die vervanging van ou elektriese toerusting met nuwe elektries doeltreffende toerusting, afgeset kan word. Derhalwe het die behoefte aan akkurate Meting en Verifikasie van elektriese energie aanvraagvermindering, om finansiële eise te staaf, noodsaaklik geword. Die hoofdoel van Meting en Verifikasie is om die werklike finansiële prestasie van energiebesparingsprojek te ondersoek soos bekend gemaak word tydens ’n verslagdoeningstydperk. Energiebesparingassesserings wat slegs gebaseer word op die suiwer deterministiese basislyn aanvraag na elektrisiteit, verteenwoordig nie die werklike statistiese aard van die besparingsimpakte van baie praktiese lasstelsels nie. Hierdie tesis stel die ontwikkeling van generiese waarskynlikheids-metodologie voor, om die voor- en na- Energiebesparings-maatreëls se aanvraagprofiele vir sulke praktiese lasstelsels, vas te stel. Die verskil tussen die gesimuleerde aanvraag van die voor- en na- Energiebesparings-maatreëls vir spesifieke stel veranderlikes verteenwoordig die elektriese aanvraag impak. Die voor- en na- Energiebesparings-maatreëls van die energieverbruik profieldata word gedefinieer in terme van Waarskynlikheidsdigtheidsfunksies en afgelei deur gebruik te maak van meerveranderlike kerndigtheidafskattingsalgoritme. Die benadering is getoets deur gebruik te maak van simuleringsmodel van warmwaterstelsel geïmplimenteer in MATLAB. Drie verskillende voor- en na- Energiebesparings-maatreëls is gesimuleer met behulp van die warmwaterstelselmodel en aanvraag digtheidafskatting. Die resultate van die elektriese aanvraag impakte van die voor- en na- Energiebesparings-maatreëls word vervolgens bespreek en geëvalueer. Met betrekking tot moontlike toekomstige navorsing kan hierdie metodologie toegepas word om die aanvraag impakte van hittepomp- en sonwaterverwarmingstegnologieë te evalueer.

O objetivo do trabalho é analisar os protocolos mais conhecidos de medição e verificação de programas de eficiência energética sob da ótica a aplicação do recurso privado em projetos de eficiência energética. A simples comparação de faturas de energia e a utilização não rigorosa de indicadores para determinação da energia economizada praticamente deixa de ser uma opção com a disponibilização de padrões compreensivos de M&V. Para tal são analisados estudos de caso de projetos de eficiência energética nos segmentos comercial e industrial e estes indicam um distanciamento entre as ferramentas modernas de M&V e a realidade, de modo que há dúvidas sobre garantia da sustentabilidade das ações ao longo do tempo. Dessa análise dos protocolos e estudos de caso foram identificadas demandas que são partes de uma metodologia proposta em 9 etapas focadas na sustentabilidade da energia economizada. A aplicação dessa metodologia é complementar à aplicação dos protocolos, tal que o engenheiro de eficiência energética possa pensar em todo processo de gestão e não apenas na implementação das MCEs. Esse trabalho conclui que a simples aderência aos protocolos de M&V é insuficiente para garantir a sustentabilidade das ações de conservação de energia a longo prazo. / The purpose of this work is to analyze the most well known Measurement and Verification protocols to energy efficiency programs under private capital owner perspective. The simple comparison between energy bills and the non-rigorous use of energy efficiency indicators in the energy savings calculation are not an option anymore with the introduction of comprehensive M&V protocols. With this aim, energy efficiency case studies are analyzed in the commercial and industrial sectors and indicated theres a gap between the modern M&V tools and the reality. Doubts around the sustainability of energy savings in the long term raised. Based on literature review, analysis of protocols and case studies, improvement opportunities were identified and are part of a 9 steps methodology focused on the sustainability of energy savings proposed in this work. This methodology works in cooperation with current M&V protocols. The EE engineer shall then be able to think in the overall management process and not only in the Energy Conservation Measure. This work concluded that the M&V tools adherence solely is insufficient to guarantee the sustainability of energy savings in the long term.

O objetivo do trabalho é analisar os protocolos mais conhecidos de medição e verificação de programas de eficiência energética sob da ótica a aplicação do recurso privado em projetos de eficiência energética. A simples comparação de faturas de energia e a utilização não rigorosa de indicadores para determinação da energia economizada praticamente deixa de ser uma opção com a disponibilização de padrões compreensivos de M&V. Para tal são analisados estudos de caso de projetos de eficiência energética nos segmentos comercial e industrial e estes indicam um distanciamento entre as ferramentas modernas de M&V e a realidade, de modo que há dúvidas sobre garantia da sustentabilidade das ações ao longo do tempo. Dessa análise dos protocolos e estudos de caso foram identificadas demandas que são partes de uma metodologia proposta em 9 etapas focadas na sustentabilidade da energia economizada. A aplicação dessa metodologia é complementar à aplicação dos protocolos, tal que o engenheiro de eficiência energética possa pensar em todo processo de gestão e não apenas na implementação das MCEs. Esse trabalho conclui que a simples aderência aos protocolos de M&V é insuficiente para garantir a sustentabilidade das ações de conservação de energia a longo prazo. / The purpose of this work is to analyze the most well known Measurement and Verification protocols to energy efficiency programs under private capital owner perspective. The simple comparison between energy bills and the non-rigorous use of energy efficiency indicators in the energy savings calculation are not an option anymore with the introduction of comprehensive M&V protocols. With this aim, energy efficiency case studies are analyzed in the commercial and industrial sectors and indicated theres a gap between the modern M&V tools and the reality. Doubts around the sustainability of energy savings in the long term raised. Based on literature review, analysis of protocols and case studies, improvement opportunities were identified and are part of a 9 steps methodology focused on the sustainability of energy savings proposed in this work. This methodology works in cooperation with current M&V protocols. The EE engineer shall then be able to think in the overall management process and not only in the Energy Conservation Measure. This work concluded that the M&V tools adherence solely is insufficient to guarantee the sustainability of energy savings in the long term.

Thesis (MScEng (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Energy-efficient (EE) lighting projects form a substantial percentage of Demand Side Management (DSM) initiatives. These largely entail the exchange of one lighting technology for another more energy-efficient lighting technology. The DSM process typically involves a proposal from an Energy Services Company (ESCO) to retrofit an existing lighting technology with another on the property of a third party, the client. For scoping purposes, ESCOs perform energy savings calculations based on information obtained from the datasheets of the relevant lighting technologies. Such datasheet specifications rarely incorporate the effects of supply voltage fluctuations on energy consumption, which can impact on the accuracy of the savings calculations. Furthermore, modern EE lighting technologies such as Compact Fluorescent lamps (CFLs) employ power electronic circuitry that can in principle give rise to Quality of Supply (QoS) problems such as harmonic distortion. The usage profiles of artificial light fittings targeted in DSM interventions represent another important factor in determining the savings impacts of such projects. There is currently limited information on methodologies for obtaining such usage profiles. In practice, the scoping and impact verification of EE lighting projects are conducted using project-specific applications and spreadsheets that are time-consuming and error-prone. In view of the above-mentioned considerations, this investigation aims to address the lack of voltage-dependent energy consumption data and QoS impacts by conducting a laboratory investigation for all relevant lighting technologies, namely incandescent lamps, CFLs, tubular fluorescent lamps and high intensity discharge lamps. Appropriate mathematical models for the voltage-dependent energy consumption characteristics of these light technologies are derived from the measurements. The supply current harmonic distortion associated with the various lamp types are investigated, particularly with regard to neutral current loading caused by zero-sequence harmonics. Methodologies for obtaining accurate and reliable light usage data using commercially available data loggers are reviewed. A database structure is subsequently designed and implemented to store the information relevant for impact assessment, including the mathematical models of energy consumption, supply voltage profiles and light usage profiles. Finally, an Integrated Software Program (ISP) is developed to implement a methodology for assessing the savings impacts of practical EE lighting projects, using the database as the main input source. The ISP is tested by implementing a real case study. It is shown that the ISP yields accurate results for the case study considered in the evaluation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Energiedoeltreffende (ED) beligtingsprojekte vorm ‟n wesenlike persentasie van vraagkantbestuur (VKB) inisiatiewe. Dit het grootliks te doen met die vervanging van een beligtingstegnologie met ‟n ander meer energiedoeltreffende beligtingstegnologie. Die VKB proses behels normaalweg ‟n voorstel van Energie Dienste Maatskappy (EDM) om ‟n bestaande beligtingstegnologie te vervang met ‟n ander op die perseel van ‟n derde party, die kliënt. EDMs doen energiebesparingsberekeninge op grond van tegniese inligting wat vanaf die datablaaie van die betrokke beligtingstegnologieë verkry word. Hierdie datablad spesifikasies maak selde voorsiening vir die uitwerking van toevoerspanningfluktuasies op energieverbruik, wat die akkuraatheid van die besparingsberekeninge kan beïnvloed. Moderne ED beligtingstegnologieë soos kompakte fluoresseerlampe maak verder gebruik van drywingselektronika stroombane wat in beginsel kan lei tot kwaliteit van toevoer (KVT) probleme soos harmoniese distorsie. Die gebruiksprofiele van kunsmatige lig verteenwoordig nog ‟n belangrike faktor wat die besparingsimpakte van VKB projekte bepaal. Daar is tans beperkte informasie oor die metodologie om sulke gebruiksprofiele te verkry. In die praktyk word die verifiëring van die impak van ED beligtingsprojekte gedoen deur gebruik te maak van projekspesifieke programme en sigblaaie wat tydrowend is en geneig is om te lei tot foute. In die lig van die bogenoemde oorwegings, streef hierdie ondersoek om die tekort aan spanningsafhanklike energieverbruiksdata en KVT impakte te aan te spreek deur „n laboratorium ondersoek uit te voer vir al die relevante beligtingstegnologieë, naamlik filament lampe, kompakte fluoresseerlampe, buisvormige fluoresseerlampe en hoë-intensiteit ontladingslampe. Gepaste wiskundige modelle vir die spanningsafhanklikeenergieverbruik eienskappe van hierdie beligtingstegnologieë word vanuit die metings afgelei. Die harmoniese vervorming van die toevoerstroom van die verskillende beligtingstegnologieë word ondersoek, veral met verwysing tot neutraalstroombelasting wat veroorsaak word deur zero volgorde harmoniese ordes. Metodologieë vir die verkryging van akkurate en betroubare ligverbruikprofiele deur die gebruik van komersieel beskikbare dataversamelaars is nagegaan. ͗n Databasis struktuur is vervolgens ontwerp en geïmplementeer om die toepaslike inligting vir bepaling van die impakte te stoor, insluitend die wiskundige modelle vir energieverbruik, toevoerspanning-en ligverbruikprofiele. ‟n Geïntegreerdesagtewareprogram (GSP) is ontwerp om die metodologie vir die bepaling van besparingsimpakte van praktiese ED beligtingsprojekte te implimenteer, deur gebruik te maak die databasis as die hoofbron van insette. Die GSP is getoets deur ‟n werklike gevallestudie te implimenteer. Daar is bewys dat die GSP akkurate resultate lewer vir die gevallestudie wat in die evaluering gebruik is.

Les écarts communément observés entre les prévisions de consommations énergétiques et les performances réelles des bâtiments limitent le développement des projets de construction et de réhabilitation. La garantie de performance énergétique (GPE) a pour vocation d’assurer des niveaux de consommations maximaux et donc de sécuriser les investissements. Sa mise en place fait cependant face à plusieurs problématiques, notamment techniques et méthodologiques. Ces travaux de thèse se sont intéressés au développement d’une méthodologie pour la GPE associant les outils de simulation énergétique dynamique (SED) à un protocole de mesure et vérification. Elle repose d’abord sur la modélisation physico-probabiliste du bâtiment. Les incertitudes sur les paramètres physiques et techniques, et les variabilités des sollicitations dynamiques sont modélisées et propagées dans la SED. Un modèle de génération de données météorologiques variables a été développé. L’étude statistique des résultats de simulation permet d’identifier des modèles liant les consommations d’intérêt à des facteurs d’ajustement, caractéristiques des conditions d’exploitation. Les méthodes de régression quantile permettent de déterminer le quantile conditionnel des distributions et caractérisent donc conjointement la dépendance aux facteurs d’ajustement et le niveau de risque de l’engagement. La robustesse statistique de ces méthodes et le choix des meilleurs facteurs d’ajustement ont été étudiés, tout comme l’influence des incertitudes sur la mesure des grandeurs d’ajustement en exploitation. Leur impact est intégré numériquement en amont de la méthodologie. Cette dernière est finalement mise en œuvre sur deux cas d’étude : la rénovation de logements, et la construction de bureaux. / Discrepancies between ex-ante energy performance assessment and actual consumption of buildings hinder the development of construction and renovation projects. Energy performance contracting (EPC) ensures a maximal level of energy consumption and secures investment. Implementation of EPC is limited by technical and methodological problems.This thesis focused on the development of an EPC methodology that allies building energy simulation (BES), and measurement and verification (M&V) process anticipation. The building parameters’ uncertainties and dynamic loads variability are considered using a Monte-Carlo analysis. A model generating synthetic weather data was developed. Statistical studies of simulation results allow a guaranteed consumption limit to be evaluated according to a given risk. Quantile regression methods jointly capture the risk level and the relationship between the guaranteed energy consumption and external adjustment factors. The statistical robustness of these methods was studied as well as the choice of the best adjustment factors to consider. The latter will be measured during building operation. The impact of measurement uncertainties is statistically integrated in the methodology. The influence of M&V process accuracy is also examined. The complete EPC methodology is finally applied on two different projects: the refurbishment of a residential building and the construction of a high energy performance office building.

The electricity cost is one of the largest components of operating costs on a belt conveyor system. This dissertation introduces a unique Conveyor Electricity Cost Efficiency Audit Methodology (CECEAM). In the CECEAM the conveyor system is evaluated from a high to detail level in order to identify opportunities to improve electricity costs. The CECEAM includes methodologies and tools developed to analyze not only the conveyor belt alone, but also the materials handling system as a whole. The outline of the dissertation is structured as follows: Chapter 1 includes the background and problem identification by means of a literature study. The main objective, as well as specific objectives, is defined in this chapter. In chapter 2, the CECEAM is introduced and an overview of the total methodology is discussed. The data acquisition part of the CECEAM; documentation, personnel, walk, technical audit as well as the conveyor database is discussed in chapter 3. Chapter 4 concentrates on the Conveyor Energy Conversion Model (CECM) and the verification thereof. The Integrated Conveyor Energy Model (ICEM) methodology is introduced (in chapter 5) and the economic evaluation concepts and energy management basics needed in the CECEAM are covered. Chapter 6 covers a CECEAM case study where the practical application of the CECEAM is illustrated with ICEM simulations, opportunity identification and recommendations. The conclusion and recommendations for further studies is proposed in chapter 7. / Dissertation (MSc (Electrical Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering / unrestricted

Energy management has been an important function of organisations since the oil crisis of the mid 1970’s led to hugely increased costs of energy. Although the financial costs of energy are still important, the growing recognition of the environmental costs of fossil-fuel energy is becoming more important. Legislation is also a key driver. The UK has set an ambitious greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction target of 80% of 1990 levels by 2050 in response to a strong international commitment to reduce GHG emissions globally. This work is concerned with the management of energy consumption in buildings through the analysis of energy consumption data. Buildings are a key source of emissions with a wide range of energy-consuming equipment, such as photocopiers or refrigerators, boilers, air-conditioning plant and lighting, delivering services to the building occupants. Energy wastage can be identified through an understanding of consumption patterns and in particular, of changes in these patterns over time. Changes in consumption patterns may have any number of causes; a fault in heating controls; a boiler or lighting replacement scheme; or a change in working practice entirely unrelated to energy management. Standard data analysis techniques such as degree-day modelling and CUSUM provide a means to measure and monitor consumption patterns. These techniques were designed for use with monthly billing data. Modern energy metering systems automatically generate data at half-hourly or better resolution. Standard techniques are not designed to capture the detailed information contained in this comparatively high-resolution data. The introduction of automated metering also introduces the need for automated analysis. This work assumes that consumption patterns are generally consistent in the short-term but will inevitably change. A novel statistical method is developed which builds automated event detection into a novel consumption modelling algorithm. Understanding these changes to consumption patterns is critical to energy management. Leicester City Council has provided half-hourly data from over 300 buildings covering up to seven years of consumption (a total of nearly 50 million meter readings). Automatic event detection pinpoints and quantifies over 5,000 statistically significant events in the Leicester dataset. It is shown that the total impact of these events is a decrease in overall consumption. Viewing consumption patterns in this way allows for a new, event-oriented approach to energy management where large datasets are automatically and rapidly analysed to produce summary meta-data describing their salient features. These event-oriented meta-data can be used to navigate the raw data event by event and are highly complementary to strategic energy management.