In this study, we have investigated the relationship between the process-microstructure to predict and modify the material's properties. Understanding these relationships allows the identification and correction of processing deficiencies when the desired properties are not achieved, depending on the microstructure. Hence, the co-relation between process-microstructure-properties helped reduce the number of experiments, materials & tool costs and saved much time. In the case of high entropy alloys, friction stir welding (FSW) causes improved strength due to the formation of fine grain structure and phase transformation from f.c.c to h.c.p. The phase transformation is temperature sensitive and is studied with the help of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to calculate the enthalpy experimentally to obtain ΔGγ→ε. The second process discussed is heat treatment causing precipitation evolution. Fundamental investigations aided in understanding the influence of strengthening precipitates on mechanical properties due to the aging kinetics – solid solution and variable artificial aging temperature and time. Finally, in the third case, the effect of FSW parameters causes the thermal profile to be generated, which significantly influences the final microstructure and weld properties. Therefore, a computational model using COMSOL Multiphysics and TC-Prisma is developed to generate the thermal profile for different weld parameters to understand its effect on the microstructure, which would eventually affect and predict the final properties of the weld. The model's validation is done via DSC, TEM, and mechanical testing.

This dissertation addresses two critical issues in the mechanical behaviors and structures of bulk-metallic glasses (BMGs): (1) the effect of composition, fabrication method, and pretreatment of plastic deformation on mechanical properties and structures of BMGs; (2) the mechanical response and structural evolution of BMGs in the elastic and plastic region. (Cu50Zr50)94Al6 and (Cu50Zr50)92Al8 amorphous alloys were used to study the effect of composition on mechanical properties and structures of BMGs. The (Cu50Zr50)94Al6 alloy exhibits lower yield stress and Young’s modulus, higher Poisson’s ratio, worse thermal stability, and better plasticity than (Cu50Zr50)92Al8. Both the topological and chemical effects of Al addition account for the differences of mechanical and physical properties between them. A Zr55Ni5Al10Cu30 glass-forming alloy with injection casting (the melting temperatures are 1,550 K and 1,250 K, respectively) and with suction casting was fabricated. The results indicate that despite their amorphous structures, the suction-casting samples exhibit a lower yield stress, lower Young’s modulus, and larger plastic strain than the injection-casting samples (the melting temperature is 1,550 K) due to more quenched-in free volumes in suction casting, which results from the higher cooling rate. The inhomogeneous plastic deformation in Zr50Cu40Al10 BMG samples was introduced by four-point-bend fatigue. There is almost no difference of the stress-strain behaviors between the deformed and undeformed samples. Elastostatic compression was used to introduce homogeneous deformation in Zr70Cu6Ni16Al8 BMG samples. The preloaded samples are softer with decreases of yield strength and Young’s moduli. Anisotropy was observed in the preloaded samples despite their small magnitudes, which even occurred at a relatively low temperature and applied stress level. The structural evolution of Zr70Cu6Ni16Al8 BMG in the elastic region was analyzed with anisotropic pair density function. The analysis of the first shell of Zr70Cu6Ni16Al8 glass confirms the structural changes in the elastic region. The bond reorientation leads to direction dependent changes in the chemical short-range order. The structural evolution in the plastic region of Zr70Cu6Ni16Al8 BMG is investigated as well. The serrations were observed for both the stress-displacement and full width at half maximum-displacement curves. The excess free volume was measured, which increases with increasing the displacement.

An experimental technique has been presented to probe the mechanical behavior of thin film materials. The method is capable of tensile testing thin films on substrate and free-standing thin film specimens. A mechanical gripper was designed to address the current challenges in gripping thin film specimens. In order to measure the strain field across the gage section, the moire interferometry technique was used and the respective optical setup was designed. A versatile microfabrication process has been developed to fabricate free-standing dog-bone specimens. Aluminum was used as the model material; however, any other metallization material can be integrated in the process. Thin film specimens have been characterized using SEM, AFM, and TEM. A process has been developed to fabrication diffraction gratings on the specimen by FIB milling. Different grating geometries were fabricated and the diffraction efficiency of the gratings was characterized. The structural damage induced by the Ga+ ions during the FIB milling of the specimens was partially characterized using STEM and EDS. In order to extract the strain field information from the moire interferogram data, a numerical postprocessing technique was developed based on continuous wavelet transforms (CWT). The method was applied on simulated uniform and nonuniform strain fields and the wavelet parameters were tuned to achieve the best spatial localization and strain accuracy.

An experimental technique has been presented to probe the mechanical behavior of thin film materials. The method is capable of tensile testing thin films on substrate and free-standing thin film specimens. A mechanical gripper was designed to address the current challenges in gripping thin film specimens. In order to measure the strain field across the gage section, the moire interferometry technique was used and the respective optical setup was designed. A versatile microfabrication process has been developed to fabricate free-standing dog-bone specimens. Aluminum was used as the model material; however, any other metallization material can be integrated in the process. Thin film specimens have been characterized using SEM, AFM, and TEM. A process has been developed to fabrication diffraction gratings on the specimen by FIB milling. Different grating geometries were fabricated and the diffraction efficiency of the gratings was characterized. The structural damage induced by the Ga+ ions during the FIB milling of the specimens was partially characterized using STEM and EDS. In order to extract the strain field information from the moire interferogram data, a numerical postprocessing technique was developed based on continuous wavelet transforms (CWT). The method was applied on simulated uniform and nonuniform strain fields and the wavelet parameters were tuned to achieve the best spatial localization and strain accuracy.

Nanoporous (np) materials with pore size below 100 nano-meters exist naturally in biological and mineral structures, and synthetic np materials have been used industrially for centuries. Np materials have attracted significant research interest in recent decades, as the development of new characterization techniques and nanotechnology allow the observation and design of np materials at a new level. This study focuses on two np materials: nanoporous silicon (np-Si) and nanoporous palladium (np-Pd). Silicon (Si), because of its high capacity to store lithium (Li), is increasingly becoming an attractive candidate as anode material for Li ion batteries (LIB). One significant problem with using Si as an anode is the large strain that accompanies charge-discharge cycling, due to swelling of the Si during Li insertion and deinsertion. Np-Si offers a large amount of free volume for Li absorption, which could allow the anode material to swell without cracking. A new method to fabricate thin films of high-purity (100% Si content) np-Si, which is promising as an anode material for LIB, is demonstrated and discussed in this study. Microstructural characterization, chemical analysis, battery performance testing and mechanical behavior of thin film np-Si are discussed here. Palladium (Pd) is considered an ideal and reliable hydrogen sensor and storage material, due to its fast response and selectivity for hydrogen gas. This research not only demonstrates a method to fabricate np-Pd thin films, but also proposes a method to fabricate bulk np-Pd. The uniformly crack-free and sponge-like np-Pd thin film provides high sensitivity to low concentrations of H2, showing promise as a hydrogen sensor material. Stress changes during hydrogenation/dehydrogenation were measured using wafer curvature. For bulk np-Pd, ultra-fine pore sizes were achieved by electrochemically dealloying bulk PdNi alloy. Mechanical behavior of bulk np-Pd was studied using in-situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and x-ray diffraction were also used to characterize the structure and morphology of np-Pd. This doctoral research has involved the optimization of fabrication conditions and investigations of microstructural evolution during processing, yielding an improved understanding of the properties, mechanical behavior and potential applications of np-Si and np-Pd.

Το οπλισμένο σκυρόδεμα αποτελεί στις μέρες μας το πιο διαδεδομένο υλικό για την κατασκευή του φέροντος οργανισμού κτιριακών κατασκευών. Παρά την εξαιρετική επίδοση του οπλισμένου σκυροδέματος ως φέροντος υλικού, διαπιστώθηκε ότι στη διάρκεια ζωής των κατασκευών από οπλισμένο σκυρόδεμα, η οποία συχνά ξεπερνά τα 100 χρόνια, παρατηρείται μια βαθμιαία συσσώρευση βλάβης, ένας από τους κύριους παράγοντες της οποίας εντοπίζεται στη διάβρωση του σιδηροπλισμού. Tα τελευταία χρόνια το πρόβλημα της υποβάθμισης της φέρουσας ικανότητας του οπλισμού σκυροδέματος λόγω βλάβης διάβρωσης έχει προσελκύσει το ενδιαφέρον αρκετών ερευνητών παγκοσμίως. Όμως, μέχρι σήμερα ούτε η τεχνολογική σημασία της υποβάθμισης αυτής μπορεί να εκτιμηθεί ικανοποιητικά, κυρίως λόγω της έλλειψης σχετικών συστηματικών μελετών αλλά και επαρκών πειραματικών δεδομένων, ούτε οι φυσικοί μηχανισμοί που συμβάλλουν στην παρατηρούμενη υποβάθμιση των μηχανικών ιδιοτήτων έχουν γίνει πλήρως κατανοητοί. Κατά την εκπόνηση της παρούσας διδακτορικής διατριβής πραγματοποιήθηκε μια συστηματική μελέτη της μηχανικής συμπεριφοράς χαλύβων οπλισμού σκυροδέματος διαβρωμένων τόσο στο φυσικό τους περιβάλλον εντός του σκυροδέματος όσο και σε συνθήκες εργαστηριακής επιταχυμένης διάβρωσης. Με βάση τη σύγκριση της απώλειας μάζας σε συνάρτηση με το χρόνο έκθεσης στο διαβρωτικό μέσο που καταμετρήθηκε στο εργαστήριο, με την απώλεια μάζας δειγμάτων υλικού τα οποία είχαν διαβρωθεί φυσικά σε κατασκευές, κατέστη δυνατή η εξαγωγή ενός εμπειρικού συντελεστή επιτάχυνσης της βλάβης διάβρωσης όταν το υλικό διαβρώνεται με τη μέθοδο της αλατονέφωσης σε σχέση με τη βλάβη φυσικής διάβρωσης. Κατά την παρούσα εργασία εξετάστηκαν οι χάλυβες S400 και S500s, οι οποίοι χρησιμοποιήθηκαν ευρύτατα για κατασκευές του φέροντος οργανισμού κτιρίων στην Ελλάδα κατά το πρόσφατο παρελθόν, καθώς και ο χάλυβας B500c ο οποίος από τα τέλη του 2006 χρησιμοποιείται στην Ελλάδα σχεδόν αποκλειστικά. Για την εξασφάλιση μια επαρκούς πειραματικής βάσης, πραγματοποιήθηκαν περισσότερες από 500 δοκιμές εφελκυσμού σε διαβρωμένα και μη διαβρωμένα δοκίμια. Οι μηχανικές δοκιμές εφελκυσμού έδειξαν ότι οι ιδιότητες αντοχής του διαβρωμένου υλικού παρουσιάζουν μικρή μόνο υποβάθμιση. Παρά ταύτα, η μείωση της διατομής των ράβδων του σιδηροπλισμού λόγω βλάβης διάβρωσης οδηγεί σε αύξηση των εφαρμοζόμενων τάσεων, αφού το βάρος των δομικών στοιχείων των κατασκευών προφανώς δεν μεταβάλλεται. Αυτό έχει ως συνέπεια τη σημαντική μείωση των συντελεστών ασφαλείας. Αντίθετα με τις ιδιότητες αντοχής, παρατηρήθηκε μια σημαντική μείωση στην παραμόρφωση θραύσης του διαβρωμένου υλικού. Η παραμόρφωση θραύσης και η ειδική ενέργεια παραμόρφωσης είναι κρίσιμες τεχνολογικές ιδιότητες σε συνθήκες σεισμού. Για την κατανόηση των φυσικών μηχανισμών που συμβάλλουν στην παρατηρούμενη υποβάθμιση των μηχανικών ιδιοτήτων, διεξήχθη εκτενής μεταλλογραφική μελέτη καθώς και μελέτη των επιφανειών θραύσης του διαβρωμένου υλικού. Παρατηρήθηκε ότι η διάβρωση είναι ομοιόμορφη, ενώ κατά το μήκος των δοκιμίων εντοπίστηκαν περιοχές με εντονότερη και άλλες με λιγότερο έντονη διάβρωση. Επιπλέον, η ανάλυση των επιφανειών θραύσης έδειξε πλήρως όλκιμη συμπεριφορά θραύσης των δοκιμίων ακόμη και στο έντονα διαβρωμένο υλικό. Επομένως, μπορεί να εξαχθεί το συμπέρασμα ότι η υποβάθμιση των μηχανικών ιδιοτήτων εφελκυσμού του χάλυβα οπλισμού οφείλεται κυρίως στην ανομοιομορφία που παρουσιάζει η διατομή του σιδηροπλισμού κατά μήκος των ράβδων του υλικού λόγω της βλάβης διάβρωσης, με συνέπεια αφενός την τοπική συγκέντρωση τάσεων και αφετέρου την καταπίεση της ομοιόμορφης παραμόρφωσης κατά τον εφελκυσμό του υλικού. Τέλος, στην εργασία αυτή παρουσιάζεται μια μέθοδος με την οποία προσομοιώνεται η βλάβη λόγω διάβρωσης με μια τεχνητή εγκοπή. Η μέθοδος αυτή στηρίζεται στις παραδοχές ότι η ολκιμότητα του υλικού παραμένει αμετάβλητη λόγω της διάβρωσης και η παρατηρούμενη μείωση στην παραμόρφωση θραύσης οφείλεται στην καταπίεση της ομοιόμορφης παραμόρφωσης λόγω των εγκοπών που προκαλεί η διάβρωση στο υλικό οι οποίες διευκολύνουν τη δημιουργία του λαιμού. Επίσης γίνεται η παραδοχή ότι η παρατηρούμενη μείωση των ιδιοτήτων αντοχής οφείλεται στη συγκέντρωση τάσεων που προκαλούν οι εγκοπές αυτές. Δοκιμές εφελκυσμού σε δοκίμια με εγκοπές γνωστής γεωμετρίας έδειξαν ότι η μέθοδος αυτή μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί με ικανοποιητική ακρίβεια για τον υπολογισμό των ιδιοτήτων εφελκυσμού του υλικού χωρίς την ανάγκη πραγματοποίησης μηχανικών δοκιμών. / Reinforced concrete is currently the most common material used for the construction of the load bearing elements of structures. Although this composite material performs exceptionally well, it has been noted that during the life span of reinforced concrete structures, which often exceeds 100 years, a gradual damage accumulation takes place. One of the most influential factors of this damage has been attributed to the corrosion of steel reinforcement. Recently, the degradation of the load bearing ability of steel reinforcement has been an issue under research by several researchers worldwide. Yet to date, the technological importance of this degradation caused by corrosion damage cannot be assessed to a satisfactory degree, mainly due to the lack of relevant experimental studies. Similarly, the physical mechanisms which contribute to the degradation have not been totally resolved. In the framework of the current PhD thesis, a systematic study of the mechanical behaviour of concrete reinforcing steel bars, corroded both in their natural environment (embedded in concrete) and by means of laboratory accelerated corrosion, was performed. By comparing the mass loss as a function of time recorded during the laboratory corrosion tests with the respective mass loss recorded from naturally corroded samples, an empirical acceleration factor was derived for laboratory corrosion damage compared to natural corrosion damage. Reinforcing steel grades S400* and S500s*, which have been used in the recent past for the reinforcement of concrete structures in Greece, as well as steel grade B500c**, which from the end of 2006 is used almost exclusively, were tested. To obtain a sufficient experimental database more than 500 tensile tests on corroded and non-corroded samples were performed. The tensile tests performed have shown only a slight degradation of the strength properties of the corroded steel bars. However, the reduction of the cross sectional area of the corroded bars lead to an increase of the applied stress, as the loads applied to which steel bars in structures are constant over time. This leads to a significant reduction of the safety factors applied during design. On the contrary, a significant reduction of the material’s ductility properties was recorded. Elongation to failure and strain energy density are crucial properties in the case of alternating loading during earthquakes. In order to understand the physical mechanisms which contribute to the recorded degradation of the mechanical properties, an extensive metallographic investigation as well as an investigation of the fracture surfaces of corroded material was performed. From this investigation it was concluded that corrosion damage is uniform without pitting, while along the bars’ length areas more severe corrosion damage was noted. Furthermore, the investigation of the fracture surfaces showed ductile fracture characteristics even of the most severely corroded specimens. It can therefore be concluded that the degradation of the tensile properties of corroded material is caused mainly by the non-uniformity of the corrosion damage and therefore of the cross sectional area along the longitudinal axis of the bars. This leads to a local stress concentration as well as to the depression of the uniform elongation during the tensile testing of the material. Finally, in the current PhD thesis a method by which corrosion damage can be simulated by a fictitious notch is suggested. This method is based on the assumptions that the ductility of the material remains unaffected by corrosion and the recorded reduction of the ductility properties is attributed to the depression of the uniform elongation caused by notches which are formed on the bars due to corrosion exposure and facilitate necking. In addition, the recorded reduction of the strength properties is attributed to the stress concentration caused by these notches. Tensile tests performed on specimens with artificial notches of known geometry have shown that the suggested method can be used to assess to a satisfactory degree the tensile properties of steel reinforcing bars without the need to perform tensile tests. * Names according to the Hellenic regulations. These steel grades are similar to the StIIIs and StIVs steel grades of the DIN regulations respectively. ** Name according to the Hellenic regulations. It is similar to StIV steel grade but with higher ductility requirements compared to S500s.

Ο σκοπός της παρούσης διδακτορικής διατριβής ήταν η θεωρητική και πειραματική μελέτη της επίδρασης της αναπτυσσόμενης βλάβης που προέρχεται από διαφορετικές αιτίες στην μηχανική συμπεριφορά συνθέτων υλικών. Οι πηγές βλάβης που μελετήθηκαν ήταν: 1.Υγροθερμική Κόπωση 2. Θερμική Κόπωση 3. Ύπαρξη κεντρικής κυκλικής οπής διαφορετικών διαμέτρων ή εγκοπής διαφορετικών μηκών 4. Διαφορετικοί ρυθμοί παραμόρφωσης 5. Ερπυσμός και επανάταξη, και 6. Συνδυασμός των παραπάνω, όπως: ερπυσμός μετά από υγροθερμική ή θερμική κόπωση, ερπυσμό σε διαφορετικές θερμοκρασίες και χρονικές διάρκειες. Τα σύνθετα υλικά που μελετήθηκαν ήταν κοκκώδη, ινώδη και τύπου σάντουιτς σύνθετα υλικά. Για την καλύτερη μελέτη της μηχανικής και βισκοελαστικής συμπεριφοράς των συνθέτων υλικών, εφαρμόστηκε ένας σημαντικός αριθμός θεωρητικών μοντέλων, όπως είναι: 1. Το μοντέλο των τεσσάρων παραμέτρων. 2. Το μοντέλο των τριών παραμέτρων. 3. Το μοντέλο εναπομένουσων ιδιοτήτων, RPM. 4. Το θεωρητικό μοντέλο ανάλυσης των διεπιφανειακών ιδιοτήτων σε σάντουιτς υλικά. 5. Το μοντέλο πρόβλεψης βισκοελαστικής συμπεριφοράς στη μη γραμμική περιοχή. Τα συμπεράσματα που προέκυψαν από την παραπάνω μελέτη ήταν ιδιαίτερα ενδιαφέροντα. / The aim of the present investigation is to study not only experimentally but also theoretically the effect of damage due to different damage sources, which analytically are: a) hygrothermal fatigue, b) thermal fatigue, c) the existence of central hole (with different diameters) or notch (with different lengths), d) creep and relaxation, e) different stain rates and f) combination of the previous such as creep after hygrothermal or thermal fatigue and creep on different temperatures and time, on the mechanical and viscoelastic behavior of composites materials (reinforced with fibers and grains ), sandwich structures and different types of resin. For the better observation of the mechanical and viscoelastic behavior of composites materials, it was applied several theoretical models, which are: a) The four parameter model, b) the three parameter model, c) the RPM model (Residual Property Model) for the prediction of the residual mechanical properties of materials after damage from different sources, d) the theoretical model for the analysis of interfacial properties of sandwich structures and e) the viscoelastic model for the determination of the non elastic properties of composites material in function of the applied stress. From the present investigation useful conclusions were conducted for the determination of the mechanical behavior of composites materials (reinforced with fibres and grains or sandwich structures). In addition, the experimental results of this study were in great deal with those results of the application of the already mentioned theoretical models.

La fabrication des composants d'une turbine hydraulique est un procédé complexe, couteux et nécessite beaucoup de métal. Une possibilité d'améliorer ce procédé est d' obtenir des formes complexes, ce qui va réduire la quantité de soudage et de post-traitement. Le nouveau procédé nécessite l'étude de nouveaux matériaux, qui possèdent une déformabilité élevée et répondent aux exigences du matériau pour une application dans les turbines hydrauliques. Les aciers supermartensitiques sont attractifs, car ils possèdent la combinaison exceptionnelle d'une haute résistance à la corrosion, une bonne soudabilité, une résistance à la traction élevée et un comportement ductile.Le but de ce travail est la détermination et la modélisation du comportement d'un acier supermartensique à hautes températures pour contrôler et optimiser le procédé de mise en forme à chaud de composants d'une roue d'une turbine hydraulique.Des paramètres différents affectent la mise en forme à chaud de l'acier. D'un côté, la connaissance de la microstructure et des transformations de phase est nécessaire pour optimiser la température du mise en forme et analyser les résultats, d'un autre côté, des essais mécaniques doivent être réalisés pour déterminer le comportement à haute température de l'acier et ses lois de comportement, ce qui permettra de modéliser le procédé de mise en forme. Ainsi, une étude détaillée de la microstructure et des transformations de l'acier supermartensique est d'abord présentée. Il a été démontré que le traitement thermique peut améliorer la microstructure du matériau et supprimer les hétérogénéités provenant de la fabrication de l'acier. Ensuite, le comportement mécanique à haute température a été étudié. Des essais de traction ont été effectués dans l'intervalle de température de 650 ° C à 1100 ° C à des vitesses de déformation entre 0,0004s-1 et 0,04s-1. Les influences de la température, de la vitesse de déformation, de la taille des grains, de la teneur et de la morphologie des phases sur le comportement mécanique ont été analysés. En outre, la caractérisation qualitative de l'endommagement a été effectuée dans le domaine austénitique. Finalement les lois de comportement ont été déterminées et la modélisation de la mise en forme à chaud d'un acier supermartensitique a pu être entreprise. Des exemples de deformation en flexion, correspondant à des formes réelles complexes, sont présentés.Les résultats de l'étude des aciers inoxydables supermartensitiques et de leurs lois de comportement à chaud permettent d'optimiser le processus de formage. / The current manufacturing of hydraulic turbine components is complex, metal-consuming and expensive process. The one way of improving this process is forming complex shapes that will decrease the amount of welding and post treatment. The new forming process requires the investigation of new materials having good deformability and satisfying the requirements to material for hydraulic turbine application. The supermartensitic steels are attractive as they have exceptional combination of high corrosion resistance, good weldability, tensile strength and ductile behavior.The aim of this work is the determination and modeling of supermartensitic stainless steel behavior at high temperature to control and optimize process of hot forming the parts of hydraulic turbine runner.Different parameters affect the hot forming of steel. On the one hand, the knowledge about steel microstructure and transformation is needed to optimize temperature of forming and analyze results, and on the other hand, the mechanical experiments need to be performed to determine high temperature behavior of steel and constitutive law which allow to model process of forming. Thus firstly detailed study of microstructure and transformation of supermartensitic steel is presented. It has been demonstrated that the heat treatment can improve microstructure of material and exclude disadvantage of steel making. Then the mechanical behavior at high temperature was investigated. Tensile tests were carried out in the interval of temperature from 650°C to 1100°C at strain rate in range from 0,0004s-1 to 0,04s-1. The influences of temperature, strain rate, grain size, content and morphology of phases on mechanical behavior have been analyzed. Additionally brief investigation of cavities at full austenite zone has been done. Finally the constitutive laws were determined and modeling of behavior is presentede Examples of bending process are reported, corresponding to real and complex shapes of turbine parts.The presented investigation of supermartensitic stainless steel and proposed constitutive laws allow optimization the process of hot forming.

abstract: Increasing demand for high strength powder metallurgy (PM) steels has resulted in the development of dual phase PM steels. In this work, the effects of thermal aging on the microstructure and mechanical behavior of dual phase precipitation hardened powder metallurgy (PM) stainless steels of varying ferrite-martensite content were examined. Quantitative analyses of the inherent porosity and phase fractions were conducted on the steels and no significant differences were noted with respect to aging temperature. Tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation to fracture all increased with increasing aging temperature reaching maxima at 538oC in most cases. Increased strength and decreased ductility were observed in steels of higher martensite content. Nanoindentation of the individual microconstituents was employed to obtain a fundamental understanding of the strengthening contributions. Both the ferrite and martensite hardness values increased with aging temperature and exhibited similar maxima to the bulk tensile properties. Due to the complex non-uniform stresses and strains associated with conventional nanoindentation, micropillar compression has become an attractive method to probe local mechanical behavior while limiting strain gradients and contributions from surrounding features. In this study, micropillars of ferrite and martensite were fabricated by focused ion beam (FIB) milling of dual phase precipitation hardened powder metallurgy (PM) stainless steels. Compression testing was conducted using a nanoindenter equipped with a flat punch indenter. The stress-strain curves of the individual microconstituents were calculated from the load-displacement curves less the extraneous displacements of the system. Using a rule of mixtures approach in conjunction with porosity corrections, the mechanical properties of ferrite and martensite were combined for comparison to tensile tests of the bulk material, and reasonable agreement was found for the ultimate tensile strength. Micropillar compression experiments of both as sintered and thermally aged material allowed for investigation of the effect of thermal aging. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Materials Science and Engineering 2011

Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-09-13T11:28:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ROSINALDO DO RIO MEDEIROS - TESE (PPGEP) 2009.doc: 40662016 bytes, checksum: 19de7f51f29e605072615b107e5da0c9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-13T11:28:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ROSINALDO DO RIO MEDEIROS - TESE (PPGEP) 2009.doc: 40662016 bytes, checksum: 19de7f51f29e605072615b107e5da0c9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-17 / Capes / A expansão por umidade (EPU) consiste na expansão sofrida por alguns materiais cerâmicos quando em contato com água na forma líquida ou de vapor. O processo de EPU quando desenvolvido em blocos cerâmicos pode acarretar o aparecimento de trincas em alvenarias ou mesmo danos estruturais mais severos. Nos últimos anos, os estudos desenvolvidos sobre EPU e resistência mecânica, estão centrados em materiais para revestimentos cerâmicos, com poucos dados relativos ao comportamento mecânico de blocos cerâmicos sujeitos à EPU. Neste contexto, este trabalho objetiva estudar a influência do teor de quartzo na EPU e no comportamento mecânico de massas cerâmicas para uso em blocos furados. Para tanto, foram analisadas amostras de massas usadas na fabricação de blocos cerâmicos, oriundas de Parelhas-RN. À argila plástica foi adicionado quartzo nos teores de 10, 20 e 30%. Os corpos de prova, moldados por extrusão, queimados nas temperaturas de 850, 900 e 950º C, foram submetidos ao ensaio de aceleração de EPU por autoclavagem com pressão de 0,7 MPa por 5 h e resistência mecânica à flexão com carregamento em três pontos. A EPU foi determinada por dilatometria a 600oC. Os resultados indicam que a adição de quartzo finamente moído, nos teores especificados e nas condições estudadas, de uma forma geral, pouco influenciou nos resultados de EPU, exceto para a adição de 30%, e que a adição de quartzo fino em proporções mais elevadas reduz o comportamento mecânico dos blocos cerâmicos. / The Moisture Expansion (EPU) is the expansion experienced by some ceramic materials when in contact with water in liquid or vapor. The process developed EPU when bricks can cause the appearance of cracks in masonry or even more severe structural damage. In recent years, studies done on EPU and mechanical strength, focus on materials for ceramic tiles, with few data on the mechanical behavior of ceramic blocks subject to the EPU. In this context, this work aims at studying the influence of quartz content in the EPU and the mechanical behavior of ceramic bodies for use in blocks bored. To that end, samples were analyzed mass used in the manufacture of ceramic bricks, coming from Parelhas-RN. In plastic clay was added in the quartz contents of 10, 20 and 30%. The samples, cast extrusion, burned at temperatures of 850, 900 and 950 ° C, were tested on accelerating EPU by autoclaving at a pressure of 0.7 MPa for 5 h and flexural loading with three points. The EPU was determined by dilatometry to 600 °C. The results indicate that the addition of finely ground quartz, the levels specified under the conditions studied, in general, had little influence on the results of public schools and that the addition of fine quartz in higher rates reduces the mechanical behavior of ceramic blocks.