Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Comparative Media Studies, 2015. / Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. / Includes bibliographical references (pages 116-126). / This thesis surveys creativity in Chinese technology communities and its implication in China's development mode shift from "Made in China" to "Created in China." It discussed the history of creativity in China and how various types of creativity apply to Chinese technology communities. This thesis investigated Heike, or Chinese hackers, through archival research of Chinese hacker magazines; it explored topics discussed in Jike media, or Chinese geek media, using text mining (a type of data mining) methods including co-occurrence analysis, TF-IDF analysis and topic models (based on LDA); this thesis also includes a field study of Chuangke, seeing how Chinese Chuangke teachers build makerspaces in their schools, engage with the Chuangke education ecosystem, nurture future makers in their makerspaces, and interpret the Maker Movement in Chinese context. This thesis views Chinese hacker culture, geek culture, and maker culture under the lenses of "Ke" cultures, and it examines these cultures' relationships with technology learning, self-expression, innovation, and entrepreneurship in China. / by Yu Wang. / S.M.

Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Comparative Media Studies, 2010. / Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. / Includes bibliographical references (pages 90-94). / In the early 1990s, the Internet emerged as a commercially viable global communications medium. This study considers the role that representatives of the military-industrial research world played in the physical expansion of the Internet. It does so by examining the social practices and processes of the semi-annual "Interop" computer-networking trade show, and one affiliated "exposition." Beginning in 1987, and for nearly a decade, Interop operated as a forum that brought representatives from industry and the research and user communities into strategic alliance to tackle the practicalities of expanding the Internet's core networking protocols and assembling diverse networks into a global Internet. The period examined culminates with the Internet 1996 World Exposition. Through that event, technologist Carl Malamud drew on the rhetoric of turn-of-the-century world's fairs to demonstrate the value of faster networks but also argued for a conception of "the commons" that could ideally be served by the rapidly privatizing Internet. In the absence of a comprehensive history of the commercial expansion of the Internet, analysis of these practices provides a pioneering analytic narrative of a crucial strand of this development. This thesis moves between levels of analysis, specifically between the Interop network, the Internet 1996 Exposition event, and the perspective of Malamud himself. By highlighting these hitherto neglected practices, this examination deepens our understanding of the forces that proved critical to the Internet's commercial success. / by Colleen E. Kaman. / S.M.

Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Comparative Media Studies, 2015. / Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. / Includes bibliographical references (pages 25-30). / Life After Hate is a nonprofit organization dedicated to helping white supremacists transition out of the extremist lifestyle and to helping those outside the supremacist community understand how these groups work. Founded by ex-supremacists, the group is one of the only organizations in the country dedicated to helping those involved in the white power movement recover from racism. This thesis follows the stories of Life After Hate members and explores the science behind both everyday and organized hate. Touching on neuroscience, psychology and criminology, this thesis addresses the mechanisms that give rise to overt racists as well as those that contribute to systemic discrimination. / by Christina Couch. / S.M.

Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Comparative Media Studies, 2015. / Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. / Includes bibliographical references (pages 37-38). / As humans rebuild the world to suit our needs, many of our fellow creatures simply get out of the way-but others try their luck alongside us. Austin, Texas is home to two notable urban wildlife populations. In the early 1980s, one and a half million Mexican Free-tailed Bats moved into a bridge in the center of the city. Though initially greeted with fear and suspicion, they managed to turn their reputation around, thanks to the dedication of bat enthusiast Merlin Tuttle and their own set of helpful characteristics. Their nightly flight is now a popular tourist attraction, and the bats themselves are a beloved part of Austin's culture. Meanwhile, the rare Barton Springs Salamander, which has lived for in the same spring system for millennia, has watched Austin grow up around its home, and has watched its citizens turn that home into a popular recreational swimming area. Now, as the city's growth threatens the salamander and its habitat, environmental activists, academic scientists, and city wildlife managers do their best to save the salamander, and to leverage its rarity to save Barton Springs. The story of each species illuminates the many different ways in which we relate to the animals that live alongside us, and what those relationships say about us-our values, our goals, and how we picture the future. / by Cara J. Giaimo. / S.M.

Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Comparative Media Studies, 2015. / Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. / Includes bibliographical references (pages 31-35). / Living creatures must navigate their environments in search of food, reproductive opportunities, and better habitats, and they use many stimuli in order to do so. After centuries of skepticism, biologists in the 1960s convincingly demonstrated that the Earth's weak, omnipresent magnetic field was also detectable by animals trying to orient themselves in space, a sense dubbed magnetoreception. Long enchanted with animal migration, University of Manchester biologist Robin Baker asked a fateful question: Why not humans? From 1976 to the late 1980s, Baker amassed evidence that he claimed as proof that humans had a magnetic homing sense. When Baker's experimental subjects were blindfolded and displaced in a variety of settings, they could orient better than chance toward their original location or along assigned compass directions. Subjects wearing magnets on their heads, however, could not. Problematically for Baker, his peers were largely unable to replicate his results, leading to a passionate academic debate that lasted throughout the 1980s. His critics lambasted him over issues of experimental design, unconscious bias, and statistical false positives, while Baker accused his critics of misrepresenting their own data. Having exhausted his interest in the field-and undoubtedly weary of the challenges to his work-Baker stopped studying magnetoreception in the late 1980s, though he stands by his claims to this day. No researcher since has taken up the question of human magnetoreception with similar commitment, and Baker's results have remained controversial and largely unaccepted by the larger scientific community. Baker's case illustrates the necessity of reproducibility in science and underscores science's messy realities, a point similarly shown by controversial incidences of "pathological science," including Blondlot's discovery of N-rays, Weber's detection of gravitational waves, and Fleischmann and Pons' announcement of cold fusion. Baker's pursuit of the human magnetic sense also provides insight into the importance-and potentially self-deceiving dangers-of passion as a motivating force for scientists. / by Michael A. Greshko. / S.M.

Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Comparative Media Studies, September 2015. / Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. "September 2015." / Includes bibliographical references (pages 28-34). / Low desire is the most common sexual dysfunction in women. Pharmaceuticals are being developed to treat it, most notably Flibanserin, owned by Sprout Pharmaceuticals. Sometimes inaccurately referred to as "female Viagra," Flibanserin actually treats an entirely different problem. Viagra allows men to get an erection, meaning that it treats physical arousal problems. Flibanserin, and other drugs for low sexual desire in women, act on the brain. Women with low desire don't have a problem with physical arousal or with orgasm, but with desiring sex before it starts. Most women with low sexual desire disorder have partners with higher desire than they do. So is low desire a medical, physiological problem in the brain? Or is it a sociocultural, interpersonal issue? Some experts think that the majority of women with what has been called a "disorder" of low sexual desire have no abnormal physiological problem, but instead are living in a sociocultural and medical system that encourages them to think of themselves as broken, and may be best treated with non-pharmaceutical methods. Other experts think that low desire is a physiological problem and drugs are important to treat it. Cultural shame around communicating about sex, undervaluing of women's sexuality compared to men's, and unrealistic sexual expectations all feed into and complicate the issue. / by Anna Nowogrodzki. / S.M.

Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Comparative Media Studies, 2015. / Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. / Includes bibliographical references (pages 49-54). / In 2013, the United States Supreme Court heard the case of Association of Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics. The case asked one question: are human genes patentable? Gene patents became commonplace during the biotechnology revolution of the 1980s, but generated a complex web of moral, legal, and biological questions. While some viewed gene patents as necessary in promoting and sustaining innovation, others felt that owning the code of life was morally and legally misguided. This tension played a central role in the early years of the Human Genome Project, and continued as people experienced the challenging consequences of assigning property rights to our shared biology. Several patients with genetic diseases were forced to navigate limited or expensive testing because of a company's genetic monopoly. Some scientists worried that their research might infringe a patent. When the Supreme Court decided the Myriad trial, ruling that unaltered human genes were not patent-eligible, their decision marked a surprising and historic shift in the relationship between patent law and fundamental biology-but questions and uncertainty about a future without gene patents remain. / by Sarah L. Schwartz. / S.M.

Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Comparative Media Studies, 2015. / Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. / Flippers first, I splash into the year 2100. Graduate student Hannah Barkley and I are swimming in Nikko Bay, among the Rock Islands of Palau. Here the warm blue-green water resembles naturally what the tropical Pacific will be like by the end of the century, as carbon emissions take an ever-greater toll on the seas. It should be a window into a dire, climate-change future. But things here look fine. In Palau's Nikko Bay and a few other acidified Rock Island sites, life appears to be shrugging off a sneak preview of the coral-reef apocalypse. Now Barkley, her boss Cohen, and the rest of the team are trying to answer a few pressing questions. Are the corals really okay? And if so, how? Moreover, what does that mean? / by Joshua Sokol. / S.M.

Thesis: S.M. in Comparative Media Studies, Writing, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Humanities, 2014. / Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. / Includes bibliographical references (page 22 ). / People have taken delight in nature throughout human history, but more recently the work of the natural historian has become more like that of the scientist. Using methods and tools of science, today's naturalists can record nature with precision-and through this, learn more about it. Ecologists now pay heed to the often-forgotten sense of hearing. The Tropical Ecology Lab at University of Puerto Rico, San Piedras, blurs the lines between natural history and science. An array of remote microphones collects sounds from the forests and wetlands, and researchers use computers to analyze the soundscapes themselves. / by Abigail Stokes Nighthill. / S.M. in Comparative Media Studies, Writing

Thesis (S.M. in Science Writing)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Comparative Media Studies, 2013. / "September 2013." Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. / Includes bibliographical references (pages 23-43). / For centuries, humans killed the grey wolf (canis lupis) out of fear and misunderstanding. By the 1950s, the species had been hunted to brink of extinction within the continental United States save for a small remainder in Minnesota's heavily forested northern wilderness. Environmental studies in the 1960s demonstrated that wolves were valuable to local ecosystems, leading to a scientific and cultural reassessment. In 1974, the federal Endangered Species Act (ESA) shielded wolves from further slaughter, allowing the species to rebound and spread across the Great Lakes region. The decision to protect wolves bred resentment amongst some farmers who complained that the predators were a threat to their livelihoods. In late 2011, the government removed the grey wolf from the ESA, citing its full recovery. Just days later in January 2012, Minnesota and Wisconsin both authorized public wolf hunts to bring their respective populations back down to manageable levels. Game officials maintained that these "harvests" - the first in each state's history - were a necessary step for effective wolf management. Critics, however, protested that killing a recently threatened species in such fashion might jeopardize its long-term survival. Wolves invoke passionate sentiments that obscure rational discussion; objective analysis does not always prevail. In Minnesota, there was valid evidence for a cull. With 3,000 wolves in the forest and advanced monitoring technology available to researchers, reducing that number by 400 wolves was a calculated risk worth taking. This fact did not, however, deter conservation groups and advocacy organizations from mounting a concerted protest over the summer of 2012. In Wisconsin, the rationale for a hunt was thinner. Politicians insisted upon aggressive measures that many scientists felt would pose a legitimate danger to the Badger State's fragile contingent of 800 wolves. Input from the state's leading biologists was largely ignored during the legislative process. This is a tale of two ostensibly similar, yet ultimately divergent, wolf hunts: one that took science into account and one that shoved it aside. Both carry equally important implications for the future of grey wolf management in the Midwest. / by Trent Knoss. / S.M.in Science Writing