Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1951. / Typescript. Vita. Title from PDF title page (viewed Nov. 10, 2008). Includes bibliographical references (p. 268-285). Online version of the print original.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1951. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 268-285).

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>Magister Scientiae - MSc / Nanomedicines are loosely defined as medicines that seek to apply nanotechnology. Currently, nanomedicines are available for clinical use, including treatments for cancer, high cholesterol, hepatitis, COVID-19 vaccination, among other uses (Patra et al., 2018; Gao et al., 2021). Most of the nanomedicines meet the definition of medicines according to various national legislations. Consequently, these products are regulated as medicines. Nanomedicines present major differences in biological details and increased complexity of clinical use. They integrate different technology subsets from therapeutics to imaging and integrated non-invasive diagnosis (Gaspar, 2007). These complexities require extra regulatory effort.

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Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T20:06:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 19 / Nenhuma / O acesso à atenção à saúde é um direito humano fundamental, no qual está incluído o acesso a medicamentos. No Brasil, os medicamentos essenciais são distribuídos gratuitamente pelo Sistema Único de Saúde, entretanto, quando estes não estão disponíveis devem ser adquiridos no setor privado. O mercado de medicamentos industrializados brasileiro congrega os medicamentos em três categorias: medicamentos de referência, genéricos e similares. Com a mudança no perfil epidemiológico e o envelhecimento populacional, as doenças crônicas, como hipertensão arterial sistêmica, diabetes, asma e depressão, passaram a representar uma expressiva e crescente demanda aos serviços de saúde. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o preço e a disponibilidade de medicamentos no setor público e privado e a capacidade de pagamento dos medicamentos de um trabalhador brasileiro com renda de um salário mínimo nacional. O estudo foi transversal e adotou a metodologia preconizada pela OMS/HAI para avaliação de disponibilidade, preço e / Access to health care is a fundamental human right, of which access to medicines is an essential part. In Brazil, in theory, individuals can obtain essential medicines free of charge through the public health system. However, when these are not available in the public sector, medicines need to be paid for out-of-pocket in the private sector. There are three types of medicines available in the Brazilian market: originator brands, generics and similar medicines. The ageing process and the epidemiologic transition of the Brazilian population increased the burden of chronic diseases more prevalent. These diseases are responsible for an increased demand of health services. The aim of this study was to evaluate medicine prices, their availability and affordability in Brazil, considering the differences across the three types of medicines in the market and the different types of facilities. The study was cross-sectional and used the methodology recommended by WHO/HAI for the evaluation of prices, availability and af

Problems associated with the inefficient or ineffective use of medicines at the interface between primary and secondary health care are well recognised and remain largely unresolved. Attempts to resolve difficulties at the interface have, to date, focused on national guidance with a view to improving communication between health care professionals. The research presented in this thesis examines the root causes of problems with the management of medicines with a view to reappraise traditional definitions of the interface and to learn of the perspectives of the main stakeholders - community phannacists, hospital phannacists, general medical practitioners and hospital medical consultants. The objectives of the research were: 1. To describe and categorise problems relating to the care transfer process that lead to a deterioration in medicines management, 2. To critically appraise the local interpretation and implementation of health policy, 3. To describe staff communication and decision-making processes and 4. To explore reasons why guidance is not put into practice. The research was conducted in a district general hospital whilst the researcher was employed as an Interface Phannacist. Qualitative methods of data collection were deployed as follows. First, 87 case study examples of interface issues were collected from reports made by doctors and phannacists in primary and secondary care and those identified by the researcher. A root cause analysis of each case showed how deficiencies in medicines management processes could contribute to problems and difficulties. The medicines management processes relevant when patients are transferred between primary and secondary care, together with the root causes of interface issues were mapped. The next stage ofthe research involved conducting focus group and semi-structured interviews with seven community phannacists, sixteen hospital pharmacists, nine general practitioners and two hospital medical consultants. Content analysis, based on qualitative research theory, showed participants' perspectives of medicines management across the interface. The perspectives of patients were gained through semi-structured interviews with 101 patients attending hospital outpatient clinics and eight medical inpatients. Patients were followed up after the hospital episode to detennine whether they had experienced any difficulties with their medicines. Three key outcomes emerged from the research. First, an improved understanding of the types of medicines management issues that arise when patient care is transferred across the interface. Second, four causes of sub-optimal medicines management across the interface were identified, a lack of awareness or misunderstanding of policy, inadequate inter- or intra-professional collaboration, impracticable or inflexible policy or flagrant violation of policy. Change management theory was utilised in order to confirm the presence of barriers that prevent medicines from being managed effectively at the interface and demonstrate why guidance has failed to improve the situation. Finally, this research has led to an improved understanding of the interface and its constituent dimensions which helps appreciation of the type of interventions that may be necessary in order to improve seamless care.

University of Macau / Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences

People increasingly face the choice of branded or generic medicines and the decision sometimes is a difficult one. This research work was designed to determine the perceived benefits of generic versus branded medicines. People’s perception of things, does affect their choices. It is almost a decade since generics were introduced to the healthcare system in South Africa and very few studies have been done to access whether the idea of having generic medicines is working. A survey was carried out and the results were analysed using a logistic regression. The results showed that females knew more about generic medicines than males. The variables of cost, safety and quality of medicines still remain a determining factor for the purchase of medicines either generic or branded. In addition, people’s income was seen to influence the type of medicines that they buy. It was seen that there was a direct relationship between the income of respondents and their preferences when it came to the purchase of medicine. Access to medical aid was confirmed to predispose people to opt for branded medicine against the cheaper generics since they are not paying directly. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted

Although it is more than 100 years since Robert Koch discovered the tubercle bacillus, and more than 40 years since effective chemotherapy became available, the incidence of tuberculosis is increasing in much of the developing world and has recently re-emerged as a public health problem in industrialized countries. This problem is compounded by the increase in host susceptibility to tuberculosis caused by co-infection with HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) and the emergence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains that are resistant to the front-line drugs. These factors highlight the urgent need for development of new drug classes to counter the threat posed by tuberculosis. The purpose of the present study was to develop a mouse model for Mycobacterium tuberculosis with the aim of determining the antimycobacterial activity of medicinal plants used by traditional doctors to treat tuberculosis in South Africa. Furthermore, the toxic effects of these medicinal plants in uninfected mice were determined. A field trip to the Northern Cape, Western Cape, Eastern Cape and Free State provinces was undertaken and medicinal plants used by traditional doctors to treat tuberculosis or its symptoms were collected, identified and examined for their therapeutic effects against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, determined using the mouse model. In addition, the effects of medicinal plants on the production of cytokines and granuloma formation in infected mice were examined. Six-to-ten week old C57BL/6 mice were infected with 107 viable Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv strain by an aerosol exposure model. Bacterial growth was monitored by sacrificing infected but untreated mice at day 1, week 2 and week 4. Treatment with medicinal plant extracts was started 2 weeks after infection and continued for 2 weeks. An INH-RIF combination was used as positive controls. The bacterial load in infected but untreated mice increased by 1 log unit each week for 2 to 3 weeks. Bacterial loads were not detected in INH-RIF treated mice after 2 weeks of treatment. Treatment of mice with high doses of plant extracts was toxic. None of the tested medicinal plant extracts showed any activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The production of IL-12 at week 4 was suppressed/ decreased when plant extract A was given at different concentrations. The bacterial loads in the lungs of the plant extract A treated mice was higher than that of the untreated mice (p < 0.005). Histological analysis of the lungs also revealed a high number of bacilli and increased size of the formed granuloma. In conclusion, the selected plant extracts obtained by water extraction exhibited no anti-tuberculosis activity in the laboratory mouse model for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Furthermore, it was also shown that some plant extracts suppressed the production of IL-12, which plays an important role in the host's defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, further work is required to test if treatment for longer periods exhibits antituberculous activity.