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The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of deregulation on financial market efficiency in Sri Lanka. The concept of efficiency used here is due to Fama (1970) who defines an efficient market as one in which prices fully reflect all available information. Given the significant expansion of Sri Lanka???s financial markets in the post deregulation period, efficiency is investigated in the context of these markets. To this end, the study employs a number of standard tests for market efficiency including; the expectations hypothesis of the term structure, the Fisher hypothesis, uncovered interest parity, speculative efficiency, real interest rate equalization and tests of capital mobility. Although the overall results presented in this study suggest that Sri Lanka???s financial markets are not fully efficient, the evidence provides significant insight to the performance of these markets. The main policy lesson to be learnt from this analysis is that financial deregulation will not automatically promote market efficiency unless accompanied by positive policy action to reinforce the impact of these reforms. In conclusion therefore, the study makes a number of recommendations which could help to reinforce the impact of financial deregulation on market efficiency.

University of Macau / Faculty of Law

This thesis argues that the First Nations and their material culture have been used as tropes in the construction of national symbols on Canadian money. The twenty dollar bill from the 2004 series of Canadian banknotes, Canadian Journeys, was the impetus for this inquiry. The art of Bill Reid is featured on this banknote. Reid is an artist who identifies, on his mother's side, with the Haida First Nations and his art takes its themes and style from the Haida crest imagery. The implications of utilizing a First Nations artist on a Canadian banknote becomes problematic when considering the antagonistic historical relationship Canada has had with the First Nations and the multiplicity of unresolved land claims. Therefore, I ask, how this Bill Reid banknote should be read. In answering this question I have divided this thesis into three parts. First, I analyze a historical precedent for this contemporary banknote. The 1870 two dollar bill is useful for it both gives an example of the use of First Nations as a trope in representing the nation and it helps expose the importance of money as a national symbol at the time when Canada was struggling to come together as a modern nation. In the next section I analyze the Bill Reid bill as both a part of a symbolic construction of nation and as a material practice which has regional or territorial implications. In the final section I argue that Bill Reid utilized the language commonly used for colonial justification to elevate his own practice. While carving out a market for his work Reid helped to reify nationally accepted histories concerning the First Nations—namely that they are culturally dead.

<p>Every consumer decision incurs a cost. An hour spent researching products is an hour not spent working. Vacation days used in the winter are vacation days not used in the summer. A dollar spent on a car payment is a dollar not spent dining out. What determines the extent to which consumers consider such opportunity costs when making decisions?</p><p>Although every purchase requires an outlay cost (i.e., spending dollars in order to obtain a good), outlay costs only have economic significance because some other good or service must be given up as a result. Consumers have unlimited wants but limited resources, so satisfying one want means not satisfying another (the opportunity cost). An opportunity cost is "the evaluation placed on the most highly valued of the rejected alternatives or opportunities" (Buchanan 2008) or "the loss of other alternatives when one alternative is chosen" (Oxford English Dictionary 2010). Opportunity costs are foundational to the science of economics and, normatively, consumers should account for opportunity costs in every decision they make. I define opportunity cost consideration as "considering alternative uses for one's resources when deciding whether to spend resources on a focal option."</p><p>Because consumers face opportunity costs, every purchase decision is effectively a choice among alternative resource uses, not just a decision of whether or not to make a particular purchase. When consumers consider their opportunity costs, alternative resource uses specify the broadest form of competition that products face: each resource use competes for share-of-wallet with all other potential resource uses. Understanding when consumers consider a purchase decision as an allocation across multiple options, and what those considered options are, allows researchers and practitioners to better understand why consumers make the purchases that they do, why they restrain from making the purchases that they do not, and how to influence purchases of focal options by increasing or decreasing consideration of alternative resource uses.</p><p>What determines when consumers consider opportunity costs? In Essay 1, I propose that consumers consider opportunity costs when they perceive immediate resource constraints. In Essay 2, I propose that consumers consider opportunity costs when the resource in use increases the accessibility of alternative resource uses in memory.</p><p>Beyond addressing when consumers consider opportunity costs, I address three additional questions. First, who is more likely to consider opportunity costs? Individuals with a high propensity to plan are likely to consider opportunity costs even when they are not immediately constrained. Second, which opportunity costs are consumers more likely to consider? Consumers are more likely to consider opportunity costs that are more typical of the category of possible resource uses than opportunity costs that are less typical of the category of possible resource uses. Third, what are the consequences of opportunity cost consideration? Individuals who consider their opportunity costs are more sensitive to their value than those who do not consider them. In addition to aiding our understanding of the consumer decision process, understanding opportunity cost consideration has important implications for consumers' sensitivities to the structure of the decision environment, understanding the nature of competition and cross-price elasticities, memory for foregone options, and construction of preferences.</p> / Dissertation

Abstract This study is focused on the discrimination of the relationship between money ethic & perfectionism and professional commitment & organizational commitment. I intend to provide company owners useful information on management of those R&D engineers. This research targets on engineers from different areas of businesses like computer, information, communication, electronics, optotech, refined machinery, automobiles, machinery, chemical engineering, metal industry and son on, but most are on the refined machinery, automobiles, machinery and telecommunication. There are total 508 copies of valid samples received. This is to check out if there is any obvious influence that the ¡§ money ethic ¡§ & ¡§perfectionism¡¨ and ¡§professional commitment ¡¨ & ¡§organizational commitment ¡¨ by using regression. The result on research R&D engineers is as follows: 1¡BThe ¡§money ethic ¡§ & ¡§perfectionism¡¨ they behold have a great influence on professional commitment. ¡}1¡~¡BThe stronger the no intrinsic motivation is, the stronger their involvement and identification to profession will be. ¡}2¡~¡BThe stronger the no intrinsic motivation is, the weaker willingness to stay in the same profession will be. ¡}3¡~¡BThe higher their personal standard is, the stronger their involvement and identification to profession will be. ¡}4¡~¡BThe more parental criticism, the weaker their professional identification and the willingness to stay in profession will be. ¡}5¡~¡BThe higher their personal standard and the doubt about actions is, the weaker the willingness to stay in profession will be. ¡}6¡~¡BThe higher the concern over making mistakes is, the weaker their involvement and identification to profession will be. 2¡BThe ¡§money ethic ¡§ & ¡§perfectionism¡¨ they behold have a great influence on organizational commitment. ¡}1¡~¡BThe stronger they regard ¡§money is good¡BImportant¡¨ , the weaker their involvement and identification to organization will be. ¡}2¡~¡BThe stronger the no intrinsic motivation is, the stronger their identification to organization will be. ¡}3¡~¡BThe higher they consider themselves receiving a equity treatment, the stronger their involvement to organization and the willingness to stay in position will be. ¡}4¡~¡BThe more the motivators are, the stronger their involvement to organization will be. ¡}5¡~¡BThe higher the expectation from their parents is, the stronger their involvement and identification to organization and the willingness to stay in position will be. ¡}6¡~¡BThe higher the doubt about actions is, the weaker their involvement and identification to organization and the willingness to stay in position will be. ¡}7¡~¡BThe more concern over making mistakes is, the weaker their willingness to stay in position will be. ¡}8¡~¡BThe higher their personal standard is, the stronger their involvement and identification to organization and the willingness to stay in position will be. ¡}9¡~¡BThe more criticizes receiving from parents, the weaker their involvement to organization and the willingness to stay in position will be.

This research targeted on the design engineers of software industry and information/electric industries. The effects of engineer¡¦s money ethics conception on the organizational and professional commitments have been investigated in this research by the method of spot sampling. In the spot sampling process, there were 235 effective samples obtained out of 669 bulk samples. The descriptive statistics analysis, the reliability analysis, the Pearson analysis, and the blocked regression analysis for the effective samples were conducted by SPSS statistics software and resulted in the following conclusions: 1. The money ethics conception of engineer appears the significant positive relationship on the organizational identification. It means that the higher the engineer is proud of his earning power, the greater the engineer will tell others the company he work for. 2. The money ethics conception of engineer appears the significant positive relationship on the organizational involvement. It means that the higher the engineer is proud of his earning power, the greater the engineer will help company for continuous improvement and success. 3. The money ethics conception of engineer appears no significant relationship on the retention commitment. It is difficult to predict the retention commitment of engineer in terms of their money ethics conception. 4. The money ethics and saving conception of engineer appears the significant positive relationship on the professional identification. It reveals that the higher the engineer is proud of his earning power and saving willingness, the greater the engineer will tell others the field he work for. 5. The money ethics conception of engineer appears the significant positive relationship on the professional involvement. It also reveals that the higher the engineer is proud of his earning power, the greater the engineer will dedicate to enhance his own professional capability. 6. The life happiness of engineer appears the significant negative relationship on the professional involvement. The engineer with lower money expectancy and better life happiness would highly like to keep on the original field and wouldn¡¦t change job to another field

The financial market in Taiwan shook away its bondage and started to move forward after the government declared the dissolution of financial policies in 1990. The approval of the installation of private banks in 1991 even flamed the competition existing in the monetary and financial market into a blaze.To make the situation even more drastic is our participation in the World Trade Organizations that international financial organizations are allowed to run their businesses here. Our local financial business did not only face the local competition, but also come across international counterparts. The keen competitionin the monetary market here is getting more and more fierce. Viewing bank clerks are the key to the success of a bank, this study aimed to find out how to inspire the employees and how to create an efficient management policy. This research also aimed at finding the relationship between ¡§monetary ethics¡¨ and ¡§professional commitment¡¨ & ¡§organizational commitment¡¨ among bank clerks. The subject of the study was bank clerks from 23 local banks throughout the island. There were total 422 copies of valid samples collected. The block regression is implied for analyzing the data. Through this research, we found bank clerks had the following responses: ¤@¡B The ¡§monetary ethics¡¨ behold have a great influence on professional commitment. 2¡B The stronger the make money is, the identification and involvement to profession will be higher. 3¡B The stronger the motivator is stronger, the identification and involvement to profession will be higher. 4¡B For those who think money can bring happiness, the involvement to profession will be higher. 5¡B The stronger the no intrinsic motivation is , the willingness to stay in the same profession will be lower. ¤G¡B The ¡§monetary ethics¡¨ behold have a great influence on organization commitment: 1¡B The weaker they regard ¡§money is good¡BImportant¡¨, the identification to organizational will be lower. 2¡B The stronger the make money is , the identification to organizational and willingness to stay in position will be higher. 3¡B The stronger the motivator is stronger is, the identification to organizational and willingness to stay in position will be higher. 4¡B The stronger the Budget Money is important, the involvement to organizational will be higher. 5¡B The stronger the rich is important, the identification to organizational will be lower.

Abstract According to the statistics of Department of Health, demand and quality of health care have been increased for the past decade in Taiwan. Not only the number of medical organizations of various categories is increasing rapidly, but also human resources and capital invested in the medical industry have been growing fast. The importance of salesman in this trade cannot be underestimated any longer. A study on the correlations among money ethic, professional commitment and organizational commitment of the salesman in the medical devices dealers was made to locate useful motivation elements and management suggestions to the salesman in this field as well as to serve as a reference for people who have been in practice or intend to join this industry. The subject of study was aimed at salesman of medical devices dealers. The structure of this study was established based on an understanding of properties of this industry and a review of documents. A sample survey was conducted and the impact of money ethic upon professional commitment and organizational commitment was examined in a statistical way of block regression. Results of this study are listed as follows: 1.The money ethic of salesman imposed significant impact upon the sub-dimensions of professional commitment. ¡]1¡^As the tendency of considering making money was important was getting stronger, professional identification became higher. ¡]2¡^As the tendency of considering making money was important was getting stronger, professional involvement became greater. ¡]3¡^As the tendency of budget emphasis was getting stronger, professional involvement became higher. ¡]4¡^As the tendency of considering money was no intrinsic motivation element was getting stronger, the willingness of staying in the same profession was getting lower. ¡]5¡^As the tendency of considering money was a motivation element was getting stronger, professional identification became higher. ¡]6¡^As the tendency of identifying money stood for power was getting stronger, the willingness of staying in the same profession ] was getting lower. 2.The money ethic of salesman imposed significant impact upon the sub-dimensions of organizational commitment. ¡]1¡^As the tendency of considering making money was important was getting stronger, professional identification became higher. ¡]2¡^As the tendency of considering money was no intrinsic motivation element was getting stronger, the willingness of staying in the same profession was getting lower. ¡]3¡^As the tendency of considering money was a motivation element was getting stronger, organizational identification became higher. ¡]4¡^As the tendency of identifying money stood for power was getting stronger, the willingness of staying in the same profession was getting lower.