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Significant interior noise and vibrations in aircraft cabins are generated by the turbulent flow over the fuselage. The turbulent boundary layer (TBL) excitation is the most important noise source for jet powered aircraft during cruise flight. Reduced levels of interior noise are desirable both for comfort and health reasons. However, to efficiently design noise control systems, and to design new and optimized structures that are more efficient in the noise reduction, a clearer understanding of the sound radiation and transmission mechanisms is crucial. This task is far from being straightforward, mainly due to the complexity of the system consisted by the aircraft fuselage, and all the sound transmission mechanisms involved in a such complex environment. The present work aims to give a contribution for the understanding of these mechanisms. For that, a coupled aero-vibro-acoustic analytical model for the prediction of the TBL-induced noise and vibration in aircraft is developed. Closed form analytical expressions are obtained to predict the structural vibration levels, noise radiated from the structure and interior sound pressure levels. / Graduate

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On perçoit souvent la parole en présence de bien d’autres sons. Parfois les interférences sonores atteignent des niveaux tellement élevés que la parole devient inintelligible. Les méthodes de renforcement de la parole tentent de réduire les bruits ambiants, mais on en sait très peu sur l’effet qu’elles produisent sur l’intelligibilité de la parole. Cette thèse explore les effets des méthodes de renforcement de la parole, aussi appelées algorithmes de suppression du bruit, sur la l’intelligibilité.Après une brève introduction sur les notions de renforcement de la parole et d’intelligibilité, on présente trois études qui abordent les effets de ces méthodes d’un point de vue empirique. On démontre que le résultat de la suppression du bruit tend à réduire l’intelligibilité et que cet effet est constant pour une grande variété de niveaux sonores. Quand on fait appel à des experts pour mettre en place un système commercial de suppression du bruit dans le but d’améliorer l’intelligibilité, ils proposent des réglages qui dégradent l’intelligibilité. Les profanes perçoivent bien une amélioration de l’intelligibilité qui résulte des méthodes de renforcement de la parole.Trois autres études subséquentes tentent de préciser les propriétés du signal, qui ont des effets sur l’intelligibilité et qui sont généré par les méthodes de renforcement de la parole. Des métriques physiques basées sur différentes propriétés du signal ont été utilisées pour estimer l’intelligibilité de la parole renforcée. La plupart de ces mesures fournissent des estimations peu fiables ou biaisées de l’intelligibilité absolue. / Speech is often perceived in the presence of other sounds. At times the interfering sounds can reach such high levels that the speech becomes unintelligible. Speech enhancement methods attempt to reduce the audibility of noisy sounds, but little is known about how their influence on intelligibility. This thesis explores the effects of speech enhancement, also known as noise suppression algorithms, on speech intelligibility. After a short introduction to speech enhancement and intelligibility, three studies consider the effects from an empirical perspective. It is shown that noise suppression tends to reduce intelligibility and that its effect is mostly constant across a broad range of noise levels. When experts were asked to apply a commercial noise suppressor to optimise intelligibility, they proposed settings that degraded intelligibility. Laypeople successfully identified an increase in intelligibility resulting from speech enhancement. Three subsequent studies attempt to identify the signal properties responsible for the intelligibility effects and generated by speech enhancement.Physical metrics based on various signal properties were used to estimate the intelligibility of the speech-enhanced noisy signal. Most metrics provided unreliable or biased estimates of absolute intelligibility. Some could nevertheless be used to adjust speech enhancers such that intelligibility is optimal.

Noise reduction aims to improve the quality of noisy speech by suppressing the background noise in the signal. However, there is always a tradeoff between noise reduction and signal distortion--more noise reduction is always accompanied by more signal distortion. An evaluation of the intelligibility of speech processed by several noise reduction algorithms in [23] showed that most noise reduction algorithms were not successful in improving the intelligibility of noisy speech. In this thesis, we aim to utilize acoustic-phonetic knowledge to enhance the intelligibility of noise-reduced speech. Acoustic-phonetics studies the characteristics of speech and the acoustic cues that are important for speech intelligibility. We considered the following questions: what is the noise reduction algorithm that we should use, what are the acoustic cues that should be targeted, and how to incorporate this information into the design of the noise reduction system. A Bayesian noise reduction method similar to the one proposed by Ephraim and Malah in [16] is employed. We first evaluate the goodness-of-fit of several parametric PDF models to the empirical speech data. For classified speech, we find that the Rayleigh and Gamma. with a fixed shape parameter of 5, model the speech spectral amplitude equally well. The Gamma-MAP and Gamma-MMSE estimators are derived. The subjective and objective performances of these estimators are then compared. We also propose to apply a class-based cue-enhancement, similar to those performed in [21]. The processing directly manipulates the acoustic cues known to be important for speech intelligibility. We assume that the system has the sound class information of the input speech. The scheme aims to enhance the interclass and intraclass distinction of speech sounds. The intelligibility of speech processed by the proposed system is then compared to the intelligibility of speech processed by the Rayleigh-MMSE estimator [16] The intelligibility evaluation shows that the proposed scheme enhances the detection of plosive and fricative sounds. However, it does not help in the intraclass discrimination of plosive sounds, and more tests need to be done to evaluate whether intraclass discrimination of fricatives is improved. The proposed scheme deteriorates the detection of nasal and affricate sounds. / Thesis (Master, Electrical & Computer Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2009-08-24 21:32:48.966

Active noise reduction was first proposed as a solution for environmental noise over fifty years ago. The use of active noise reduction (ANR) systems, however, was not demonstrated until much later. Recent advances in technology have made the use of active noise reduction systems in personal hearing protection devices (HPDs) practical. Through the use of advanced electronics technology, ANR equipped devices offer the potential to provide increased low frequency attenuation for hearing conservation applications. In order to use ANR equipped devices in an Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) sanctioned hearing conservation program, a testing standard for ANR equipped HPDs needs to be developed. Existing HPD testing standards offer the most promise for developing an acceptable standard for testing ANR-equipped HPDs. The microphone in real ear (MIRE) testing method is one method that offers a practical method for determining the performance of ANR devices for use in hearing conservation programs. A modified version of this method was successfully used in this study to determine the performance profile of an open-back ANR equipped headset. The results of this and other studies that have used a modified MIRE testing method can be used to support the acceptance of this method as the basis of an approved standard for testing ANR-equipped hearing protection devices. / Master of Science

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