Gesturing is a natural way of communication between people and is used in our everyday conversations. Hand gesture recognition systems are used in many applications in a wide variety of fields, such as mobile phone applications, smart TVs, video gaming, etc. With the advances in human-computer interaction technology, gesture recognition is becoming an active research area. There are two types of devices to detect gestures; contact based devices and contactless devices. Using ultrasonic waves for determining gestures is one of the ways that is employed in contactless devices. Hand gesture recognition utilizing ultrasonic waves will be the focus of this thesis work. This thesis presents a new method for detecting and classifying a predefined set of hand gestures using a single ultrasonic transmitter and a single ultrasonic receiver. This method uses a linear frequency modulated ultrasonic signal. The ultrasonic signal is designed to meet the project requirements such as the update rate, the range of detection, etc. Also, it needs to overcome hardware limitations such as the limited output power, transmitter, and receiver bandwidth, etc. The method can be adapted to other hardware setups. Gestures are identified based on two main features; range estimation of the moving hand and received signal strength (RSS). These two factors are estimated using two simple methods; channel impulse response (CIR) and cross correlation (CC) of the reflected ultrasonic signal from the gesturing hand. A customized simple hardware setup was used to classify a set of hand gestures with high accuracy. The detection and classification were done using methods of low computational cost. This makes the proposed method to have a great potential for the implementation in many devices including laptops and mobile phones. The predefined set of gestures can be used for many control applications.

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Phased array based systems have extending applications in electronic warfare, radio astronomy, civilian applications with technological advancements. The main virtue offered by these systems is the creation of agile beams with utilization of phase shifting or delay elements. In fact, the desire for flexible steering comes with a cost. Frequency Diverse Array (FDA) concept is another approach to beam steering problem. In this context, the subsequent antenna elements are fed with stepped discrete frequencies causing continuous scanning of space in time. So a range-angle dependent scanning is made possible. Also the diversity of waveforms between the antennas is another area of research especially in Moving Target Indicator (MTI) applications. Although several implementation schemes were proposed, the costs and the non-ideal behavior of building blocks make the schemes hard to implement. During this study, a new implementation scheme is proposed where a Linear Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (LFMCW, Linear FMCW) source is used for feeding a special beam forming network, where the subsequent outputs of the beam forming network have uniform delays. The dynamic behavior of the source and the uniform (or non-uniform) delay provided by the beam forming network create the required frequency steps between antenna elements as described in conventional FDA. So, the implementation of FDA concept requires just the design of the source, beam forming network and the antenna array. Throughout the study, mathematical analysis of both conventional FDA and the LFMCW based FDA is made and various implementations are realized. Justification of the mathematical derivations is made by the results of the measurements with the implemented structures. Besides, analysis and simulation of the array in a radar environment with various scenarios are performed. The drawbacks and the proposals for overcoming these drawbacks are also reported during the analysis, which will be useful for future studies on the subject.

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La première partie de la thèse étudie le balayage des gradients de conductivité électrique avec la force de Lorentz induite par ultrasons (SECG-UILF). Pour réduire la puissance de stimulation instantanée du transducteur émetteur et en même temps la pression acoustique maximale du transducteur, cette thèse propose d'appliquer l'excitation de l'impulsion ultrasonore à la modulation de fréquence linéaire ou l'excitation de l'impulsion ultrasonore à fréquence sinusoïdale dans SECG-UILF. Pour les gradients de conductivité électrique à balayage avec la force de Lorentz induite par l’ultrasons à la modulation de fréquence linéaire (SECG-LFM-UILF), un signal électrique de puissance instantanée maximale de 39,54 dBm est utilisé pour exciter le transducteur de transmission, ce qui est inférieur de 25,5 dB à la puissance instantanée maximale de l'impulsion étroite haute tension négative (65,05 dBm) adopté dans le SECG-UILF traditionnel. Et en temps, la pression acoustique d'émission maximale dans le SECG-LFM-UILF est inférieure de 0,44 MPa à celle du SECG-UILF traditionnel. Des expériences de SECG-LFM-UILF sont effectuées en utilisant des fantômes de conductivité à la gélose saline à plusieurs formes de conductivité allant de 0,2 S/m à 0,5 S/m, ce qui montre que: (1) le SECG-LFM-UILF peut détecter avec précision la distance longitudinale des gradients de conductivité électrique; (2) le rapport signal sur bruit des images de balayage B reconstituées de la distribution de gradient de conductivité électrique par le SECG-LFM-UILF est comparable à celui obtenu par le biais du SECG-UILF traditionnel; et (3) en utilisant une largeur de bande de fréquence de modulation de 2 MHz et une durée de modulation de 500 μs, une résolution longitudinale de 1 mm est obtenue. Pour balayer des gradients de conductivité électrique avec une force de Lorentz induite par ultrasons à fréquence fréquentielle (SECG-SF-UILF), le schéma de démodulation en phase présente une implémentation matérielle plus simple que le schéma de démodulation IQ, mais ne peut détecter que la moitié de la plage longitudinale. Des expériences de SECG-SF-UILF sont effectuées sur un échantillon de feuille de cuivre à deux couches, qui démontrent qu’en utilisant une largeur de bande de fréquences de 2 MHz et 64 fréquences discrètes, la plage longitudinale de l’échantillon peut être détectée avec précision. La deuxième partie de la thèse étudie l'élastographie à base d'approche de corrélation croisée. Pour élargir la largeur de bande de fréquence du champ de déplacement de l’onde de cisaillement afin d’améliorer la qualité de la carte de vitesse de l’onde de cisaillement, cette partie étudie l’application de la force de Lorentz pour la génération de champs d’onde de cisaillement. Tout d'abord, la génération des sources des ondes de cisaillement sur la surface du support souple à travers le mécanisme de la force de Lorentz est étudiée en stimulant un anneau ou un patch conducteur non ferromagnétique avec un champ magnétique transitoire. La mesure de déplacement à l'aide d'une sonde laser interférométrique confirme les caractéristiques d'origine, de fréquence et d'amplitude de la force de Lorentz. Sous un champ magnétique transitoire dont la vitesse de changement est de 10,44 kTs-1, le patch génère une source de champ des ondes de cisaillement d'amplitude de 100 µm à la surface de l'échantillon de fantôme d'alcool polyvinylique (PVA). Ensuite, le potentiel des champs d'ondes de cisaillement générés pour la reconstruction de la vitesse des ondes de cisaillement basée sur la corrélation croisée est exploré. Sur la base de l’approche de corrélation croisée, les cartes qualitatives de la vitesse des ondes de cisaillement sont reconstruites à partir de 100 cadres des champs de déplacement, à partir desquels les interfaces ou les limites entre des régions de rigidité différente peuvent être clairement reconnues, lesquelles sont complètement dissimulées dans les images ultrasonores / The first part of the thesis studies the scanning electric conductivity gradients with ultrasonically induced Lorentz force (SECG-UILF). To reduce the instantaneous stimulation power to the transmitting transducer and at the same time the peak acoustic pressure from the transducer, this thesis proposes to apply the linearly frequency-modulated ultrasound pulse excitation or the sinusoidal step-frequency ultrasound pulse excitation in SECG-UILF. For the scanning electric conductivity gradients with linearly frequency-modulated ultrasound-induced Lorentz force (SECG-LFM-UILF), electrical signal of peak instantaneous power of 39.54 dBm is used to excite the transmitting transducer, which is 25.5 dB lower than the peak instantaneous power of the negative high-voltage narrow pulse (65.05 dBm) adopted in traditional SECG-UILF; and at the same time, the peak transmitting acoustic pressure in SECG-LFM-UILF is 0.44 MPa lower than that in traditional SECG-UILF. Experiments of SECG-LFM-UILF are done using multi-shaped saline agar phantoms of conductivity ranging from 0.2 S/m to 0.5 S/m, which show that: (1) the SECG-LFM-UILF can detect precisely the longitudinal distance of the electric conductivity gradients; (2) the signal-to-noise ratio of the reconstructed B-scan images of the electrical conductivity gradient distribution by the SECG-LFM-UILF are comparable to that obtained through the traditional SECG-UILF; and (3) using modulation frequency bandwidth of 2 MHz and modulation duration of 500 μs, a longitudinal resolution of 1 mm is achieved. For the scanning electric conductivity gradients with step-frequency ultrasound induced Lorentz force (SECG-SF-UILF), the in-phase demodulation scheme is simpler in hardware implementation than the IQ demodulation scheme but can only detect half of the longitudinal range. Experiments of SECG-SF-UILF are done on a sample of two-layer copper foil, which demonstrate that, using a frequency bandwidth of 2 MHz and 64 discrete frequencies, the longitudinal range of the sample can be detected precisely. The second part of the thesis studies the cross-correlation approach based elastography. To expand the frequency bandwidth of the shear wave displacement field so as to improve the quality of the shear wave velocity map, this part studies application of the Lorentz force for generation of shear wave fields. First, generation of shear wave sources on the soft medium surface through the mechanism of the Lorentz force is investigated by stimulating a non-ferromagnetic conductive ring or patch with a transient magnetic field. The origin and the frequency and amplitude characteristics of the Lorentz force acting on the conductive ring are confirmed by the displacement measurement using an interferometric laser probe. Under a transient magnetic field of changing rate of 10.44 kTs-1, the patch generates a shear wave field source of amplitude of 100 μm at the surface of the sample of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) phantom. The shear wave fields created and propagating in the PVA phantom by experiments agree qualitatively well with the theoretical shear wave fields calculated through the analytical Green function solution. Then, the potential of the generated shear wave fields for the cross-correlation based shear wave velocity reconstruction is explored. Based on the cross-correlation approach, the qualitative shear wave velocity maps are reconstructed from 100 frames of the displacement fields, from which the interfaces or boundaries between regions of different stiffness can be clearly recognized, which are completely concealed in the ultrasound images

Signal processing has been playing a key role in providing solutions to key problems encountered in communications, in general, and in wireless communications, in particular. Time-Frequency Signal Processing (TFSP) provides eective tools for analyzing nonstationary signals where the frequency content of signals varies in time as well as for analyzing linear time-varying systems. This research aimed at exploiting the advantages of TFSP, in dealing with nonstationary signals, into the fundamental issues of signal processing, namely the signal estimation and signal separation. In particular, it has investigated the problems of (i) the Instantaneous Frequency (IF) estimation of Linear Frequency-Modulated (LFM) signals corrupted in complex-valued zero-mean Multiplicative Noise (MN), and (ii) the Underdetermined Blind Source Separation (UBSS) of LFM signals, while focusing onto the fast-growing area of Wireless Communications (WCom). A common problem in the issue of signal estimation is the estimation of the frequency of Frequency-Modulated signals which are seen in many engineering and real-life applications. Accurate frequency estimation leads to accurate recovery of the true information. In some applications, the random amplitude modulation shows up when the medium is dispersive and/or when the assumption of point target is not valid; the original signal is considered to be corrupted by an MN process thus seriously aecting the recovery of the information-bearing frequency. The IF estimation of nonstationary signals corrupted by complex-valued zero-mean MN was investigated in this research. We have proposed a Second-Order Statistics approach, rather than a Higher-Order Statistics approach, for IF estimation using Time-Frequency Distributions (TFDs). The main assumption was that the autocorrelation function of the MN is real-valued but not necessarily positive (i.e. the spectrum of the MN is symmetric but does not necessary has the highest peak at zero frequency). The estimation performance was analyzed in terms of bias and variance, and compared between four dierent TFDs: Wigner-Ville Distribution, Spectrogram, Choi-Williams Distribution and Modified B Distribution. To further improve the estimation, we proposed to use the Multiple Signal Classification algorithm and showed its better performance. It was shown that the Modified B Distribution performance was the best for Signal-to-Noise Ratio less than 10dB. In the issue of signal separation, a new research direction called Blind Source Separation (BSS) has emerged over the last decade. BSS is a fundamental technique in array signal processing aiming at recovering unobserved signals or sources from observed mixtures exploiting only the assumption of mutual independence between the signals. The term "blind" indicates that neither the structure of the mixtures nor the source signals are known to the receivers. Applications of BSS are seen in, for example, radar and sonar, communications, speech processing, biomedical signal processing. In the case of nonstationary signals, a TF structure forcing approach was introduced by Belouchrani and Amin by defining the Spatial Time- Frequency Distribution (STFD), which combines both TF diversity and spatial diversity. The benefit of STFD in an environment of nonstationary signals is the direct exploitation of the information brought by the nonstationarity of the signals. A drawback of most BSS algorithms is that they fail to separate sources in situations where there are more sources than sensors, referred to as UBSS. The UBSS of nonstationary signals was investigated in this research. We have presented a new approach for blind separation of nonstationary sources using their TFDs. The separation algorithm is based on a vector clustering procedure that estimates the source TFDs by grouping together the TF points corresponding to "closely spaced" spatial directions. Simulations illustrate the performances of the proposed method for the underdetermined blind separation of FM signals. The method developed in this research represents a new research direction for solving the UBSS problem. The successful results obtained in the research development of the above two problems has led to a conclusion that TFSP is useful for WCom. Future research directions were also proposed.

[pt] Este trabalho apresenta a geração de pulsos de microondas linearmente e não-linearmente modulados em frequência (LFM e NLFM) através da técnica fotônica de auto-heterodinagem. Ao utilizar eletrônica de baixa frequência para modular um diodo laser de feedback distribuído, a variação da portadora óptica no tempo (chirp) é observada, o que é causado predominantemente por efeito térmico. Este efeito, combinado com batimento auto-heteródino, foi capaz de produzir pulsos LFM com alto produto largura de banda-tempo (TBWP). Uma outra abordagem é necessária para geração de pulsos NLFM. Primeiro, é introduzida a técnica Espectroscopia Óptica Resolvida no Tempo para caracterização do chirp de um diodo laser. Em seguida, um estímulo de corrente em formato de função degrau é aplicado ao diodo laser para aquisição da função de transferência de seu chirp, H(s). Com a posse de H(s), uma simulação numérica foi usada para descobrir o estímulo necessário de corrente i(t) para obtenção de pulsos de microondas NLFM através da técnica de auto-heterodinagem. Os resultados experimentais coincidem com a simulação. / [en] This work reports the photonic generation of both linear and non-linear frequency modulation (LFM and NLFM) microwave pulses through a self-heterodyne scheme. By using low-frequency electronics to drive a distributed feedback laser diode, optical chirping is generated predominantly by thermal effect. Combining laser chirping and self-heterodyning, LFM pulses with high time-bandwidth product (TBWP) were achieved. A different approach is required for generation of NLFM microwave pulses. First, for characterization of the laser diode chirp, it is introduced a technique named Time- Resolved Optical Spectroscopy. Then, by using a step-shaped current stimulus, the laser chirp transfer function H(s) was obtained. With knowledge on H(s), a numerical simulation produced the suitable current stimulus i(t) needed to generate NLFM microwave pulses through self-heterodyning. Experimental results agreed with the numerical simulations.