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One of the major objectives at Mississippi State University’s Power and Energy Research Laboratory (PERL) is to develop an adaptive protective controller for Shipboard Power System (SPS) protection. This thesis work focuses on developing an overcurrent relay model in LabVIEW software and validating the developed model by conducting Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) tests with Real-Time Digital Simulator (RTDS) and commercial Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories (SEL)-351S directional over-current relay. Simulation results show that the developed relay model is quite flexible, efficient and can be used in real-time. Modeling efforts to establish a HIL platform using National Instruments devices have been presented here. This thesis work also proposes a high-performance and low-cost National Instruments-PXI platform for power system simulations. Two-bus, eight-bus and shipboard power system (SPS) test cases are developed using Matlab/Simulink.Software-in-the-Loop (SIL) tests are conducted for these test cases with Matlab/Simulink overcurrent relay model for several fault conditions. To determine the performance of the NI-PXI system, open loop tests are done between the NI-PXI and the SEL-351S relay and these results are compared with the results of open loop test conducted between the RTDS and SEL-351S relay. HIL tests are done between the NI-PXI system and the dSPACE relay model. HIL tests are also done between the NI-PXI and the commercial SEL-351S relay. These results show that the NI-PXI controller can be used as a power system simulator.

Fault location is very important for distribution systems, and quickly identifying the fault and restoring the system can help reduce the outage time and make the system more reliable. In this thesis, a method for locating faults on distribution systems is introduced to quickly identify the faulted feeder sections by using the overcurrent information from the switches in the system. Fuzzy logic is utilized. The proposed method can quickly and accurately locate faulted sections with different fault locations, fault types and fault resistances. The method is applicable to cases with single-faults or multi-faults, and is applicable to networks with multi-sources. The case study has demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method.

The growth of Distributed Energy Resources is accelerating, causing significant changes in utility distribution systems due to the bidirectionality of power flow. As a result, protection systems will require upgrades to operate with these new requirements. The current-only directional relay (CODR) is a novel proposal that detects the direction of fault currents without the need for new devices, but instead upgrades the software logic of existing devices, making it a cost-effective solution. This work provides a complete description of how to implement a hardware testbed to review the CODR method. Findings show that CODR performs successfully in a real environment, but its algorithm needs to be upgraded if used in distribution systems where lines have a non-negligible resistive component. / Master of Science / The use of renewable energy sources, such as solar panels and wind turbines, is growing rapidly. This is causing changes in the way electricity is distributed, as power can now flow in both directions. To keep up with these changes, the systems that protect the electricity grid need to be updated. One cost-effective solution is to use a new type of relay, called the current-only directional relay (CODR), which can detect the direction of fault currents without the need for new devices. This work describes how to test the CODR method using a hardware testbed. The results show that the CODR performs well in a real environment, but its algorithm needs to be updated for use in certain types of distribution systems.

At present, there is a widespread use of alternative measurement technologies in electrical networks that include current and voltage sensors. Their use is closely related to the use of IEC 61850-9-2 for data transfer of measured values within the substation for the purpose of protection and measurement. The use of sensors and communication standard IEC 61850 together with high-speed Ethernet will simplify the concept of the arrangement of protection terminals in substations and enable the development of a new protection system based on central protection. The dissertation is focused on protection algorithms, which use the SV according to IEC 61850-9-2, and their implementation into the central protection model. Thesis describes development in the field of protection of substations and the currently available solutions using IEC 61850-9-2 and the principle of central protection. Thesis explains algorithms for selected protection functions - overcurrent protection, negative sequence overcurrent protection, logic busbar protection and differential protection. Further, thesis deals with the programming of protection function algorithms in LabView development environment in the form of a central protection model. The model processes data from a process bus according to IEC 61850-9-2 and sends a GOOSE message over Ethernet in the event of a failure. To verify the correct function of the programmed protection algorithms, a testing procedure was developed using OMICRON 256plus, the current sensor and the merging unit. The results of the testing of the central protection model and the proposed algorithms were compared with the results of testing the currently used protections. At the end, the thesis deals with the assessment of the benefits of central protection for protecting substations and the possibility of further utilization of the central protection model. The thesis highlights a new way of protecting the electrification system using digital data from MU transferred via the process bus described in IEC 61850-9-2.

Smart radial distribution grids will include advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) and significant distributed generators (DGs) connected close to loads. DGs in these radial distribution systems (RDS) introduce bidirectional power flows (BPFs) and contribute to fault current. These BPFs may cause unwanted tripping of existing overcurrent (OC) protection devices and result in permanent outages for a large number of customers. This thesis presents a protection approach that modified an existing overcurrent protection scheme to reduce the number of customers affected by faults in RDS with DGs. Further, a technique is presented that utilizes customers loading information from smart meters in AMI to improve the sensitivity of substation OC relays by adaptively changing the pickup settings. The modified protection approach involves predefining zones in RDS with DGs and installing directional OC relays and circuit breakers at the zonal boundaries. Zonal boundary relays determine faulted zones by sharing information on the direction of detected faults current using binary state signals over a communication medium. The technique to adapt the substation relay pickup settings uses the demand measurements from smart meters for two 12-hour intervals from the previous day to determine the maximum diversified demand at the relay?s location. The pickup settings of the substation relay for the two 12-hour intervals during the following day for the zone supplied by the substation are adaptively set based on the current that corresponds to the maximum diversified demand from the previous day. The techniques were validated through simulations in EMTP/PSCAD using an expanded IEEE 34 node radial test feeder that included DGs and a secondary distribution level. By decentralizing the control of the zonal boundary breakers, the single point of failure was eliminated in the modified protection approach. The cases studied showed that the modified protection approach allows for selective identification and isolation of the faulted zones. Also, the sensitivity of the substation OC relay was improved by at least 24% by using the pickup settings for the two 12-hour intervals from the smart meter demand measurements compared to the pickup settings computed using the conventional methodology based on the maximum loading of the zone.

O avanço tecnológico e a modernização do sistema elétrico de potência trouxeram vários benefícios para uma operação mais robusta. Neste avanço tecnológico surgiram os relés digitais baseados em microprocessador que possuem diversas funcionalidades, dentre elas o ajuste imediato de seus parâmetros. Tal função permite adotar vários ajustes conforme alterações na rede. Porém, realizar a correção dos parâmetros do dispositivo de proteção de sobrecorrente de forma manual, não apenas torna a rede mais vulnerável a falhas humanas, diminuindo a segurança, como também pode ser inviável dependendo do tamanho do sistema. Portanto, um sistema automático seria uma solução para essa dificuldade. Desta forma, este trabalho propõe um ajuste adaptativo, por meio da Lógica Fuzzy, da corrente de pick-up do relé de sobrecorrente. Para tanto, duas variáveis foram levadas em consideração, a corrente pré-falta e a variação da corrente, onde, através da regra de inferência fuzzy, foram definidos diversos conjuntos de termos da variável corrente de pick-up (saída). A implementação e simulação deste equipamento foram realizadas no software Alternative Transients Program - The Electromagnetic Transients Program (ATP-EMTP) tendo em vista se tratar de uma plataforma computacional de livre acesso e utilização a todos aqueles que se interessem pelo tema. Neste trabalho, foram implementados os relés de sobrecorrente temporizados de tempo inverso e instantâneo, com e sem a unidade direcional. Também foi elaborado um sistema de teleproteção para realizar a coordenação dos equipamentos. Uma vez estruturados tais modelos, foram feitos estudos em sistemas teste do IEEE no sentido de demonstrar e avaliar o desempenho dos relés implementados. Os resultados obtidos mostraram as vantagens da utilização do sistema fuzzy implementado, uma vez que ele é capaz de eliminar diferentes tipos de faltas, além de aumentar a velocidade de atuação em sistemas com geração intermitente e com variação de carga. / The technological advance and modernization of the electric power system have brought several benefits for a more robust operation. In this technological advance, microprocessor-based digital relays have emerged with several functionalities, among them the real-time adjustment of their parameters. This function allows to make various adjustments according to changes in the network. However, performing the correction of the overcurrent protection device parameters manually, not only makes the network more vulnerable to human failure, but also may be unfeasible depending on the size of the system. Therefore, an automatic system would be a solution to this difficulty. In this way, this work proposes an adaptive adjustment, through the Fuzzy Logic, of the pick-up current of the overcurrent relay. For that, two variables were taken into account, the pre-fault current and the current variation, in which, through the fuzzy inference rule, several sets of terms of the current variable of pick-up (output) were defined. The implementation and simulation of this equipment was carried out in the software Alternative Transients Program - The Electromagnetic Transients Program (ATP-EMTP) in order to be a computer platform of free access and use to all those who are interested in the subject. In this work, the inverse time and instantaneous overcurrent relays were implemented, with and without the directional unit. A teleprotection system was also developed to carry out equipment coordination. Once these models were structured, studies were done on IEEE test systems in order to demonstrate and evaluate the performance of the implemented relays. The results have confirmed the advantages on the use of fuzzy system, since it was able to eliminate different types of faults, besides increasing the speed of operation in systems with intermittent generation and with variation of load.

Nesta dissertação, discorre-se sobre manobra sincronizada de disjuntores. Entre as atividades desenvolvidas para a sua elaboração estão a análise de transitórios causados por manobras em capacitores, reatores e linhas de transmissão, estudos de sobretensão e estudos para a determinação de instantes favoráveis às manobras, sob o ponto de vista de diminuição de sobretensões. Completa a dissertação a especificação de equipamento de sincronismo que, a partir de medições em tempo real de variáveis elétricas - que interferem nas sobretensões - e de variáveis climáticas - que interferem no tempo de acionamento dos contatos dos disjuntores - calculam o tempo de atraso necessário para o fechamento elétrico em instantes mais convenientes. / The scope of this dissertation is the study of synchronized switching of circuit breakers. The transients caused by capacitor, reactor and transmission line switching are analyzed, for overvoltage evaluation and to determined the favorable time in the wave that leads to smallest overvoltages. Finally the specification of an equipment is produced. The equipment acquire, in real time, the values of electrical variables (current and voltages) the ambient temperature and oil pressure in the circuit breaker operating mechanism, voltage in the auxiliary system and assign a delay in the breaker switching time in order to control overvoltages.

O avanço tecnológico e a modernização do sistema elétrico de potência trouxeram vários benefícios para uma operação mais robusta. Neste avanço tecnológico surgiram os relés digitais baseados em microprocessador que possuem diversas funcionalidades, dentre elas o ajuste imediato de seus parâmetros. Tal função permite adotar vários ajustes conforme alterações na rede. Porém, realizar a correção dos parâmetros do dispositivo de proteção de sobrecorrente de forma manual, não apenas torna a rede mais vulnerável a falhas humanas, diminuindo a segurança, como também pode ser inviável dependendo do tamanho do sistema. Portanto, um sistema automático seria uma solução para essa dificuldade. Desta forma, este trabalho propõe um ajuste adaptativo, por meio da Lógica Fuzzy, da corrente de pick-up do relé de sobrecorrente. Para tanto, duas variáveis foram levadas em consideração, a corrente pré-falta e a variação da corrente, onde, através da regra de inferência fuzzy, foram definidos diversos conjuntos de termos da variável corrente de pick-up (saída). A implementação e simulação deste equipamento foram realizadas no software Alternative Transients Program - The Electromagnetic Transients Program (ATP-EMTP) tendo em vista se tratar de uma plataforma computacional de livre acesso e utilização a todos aqueles que se interessem pelo tema. Neste trabalho, foram implementados os relés de sobrecorrente temporizados de tempo inverso e instantâneo, com e sem a unidade direcional. Também foi elaborado um sistema de teleproteção para realizar a coordenação dos equipamentos. Uma vez estruturados tais modelos, foram feitos estudos em sistemas teste do IEEE no sentido de demonstrar e avaliar o desempenho dos relés implementados. Os resultados obtidos mostraram as vantagens da utilização do sistema fuzzy implementado, uma vez que ele é capaz de eliminar diferentes tipos de faltas, além de aumentar a velocidade de atuação em sistemas com geração intermitente e com variação de carga. / The technological advance and modernization of the electric power system have brought several benefits for a more robust operation. In this technological advance, microprocessor-based digital relays have emerged with several functionalities, among them the real-time adjustment of their parameters. This function allows to make various adjustments according to changes in the network. However, performing the correction of the overcurrent protection device parameters manually, not only makes the network more vulnerable to human failure, but also may be unfeasible depending on the size of the system. Therefore, an automatic system would be a solution to this difficulty. In this way, this work proposes an adaptive adjustment, through the Fuzzy Logic, of the pick-up current of the overcurrent relay. For that, two variables were taken into account, the pre-fault current and the current variation, in which, through the fuzzy inference rule, several sets of terms of the current variable of pick-up (output) were defined. The implementation and simulation of this equipment was carried out in the software Alternative Transients Program - The Electromagnetic Transients Program (ATP-EMTP) in order to be a computer platform of free access and use to all those who are interested in the subject. In this work, the inverse time and instantaneous overcurrent relays were implemented, with and without the directional unit. A teleprotection system was also developed to carry out equipment coordination. Once these models were structured, studies were done on IEEE test systems in order to demonstrate and evaluate the performance of the implemented relays. The results have confirmed the advantages on the use of fuzzy system, since it was able to eliminate different types of faults, besides increasing the speed of operation in systems with intermittent generation and with variation of load.