Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-02-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:53:27Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 maciel_ga_me_ift.pdf: 510710 bytes, checksum: febf0f526cd25a0f287f0521556976fc (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Predação intraguilda é um tipo de interação muito comum entre as espécies e pode influenciar fortemente na composição das comunidades ecológicas. Ela ocorre quando dois consumidores que compartilham de um mesmo recurso, e portanto competem, também apresentam comportamento predatório entre si. O consumidor que preda o seu competidor é frequentemente chamado de predador intraguilda, enquanto aquele que é predado é conhecido como presa intraguilda. Nesse trabalho nós investigamos alguns aspectos teóricos sobre esse tipo de interação. Primeiramente analisamos um experimento com ácaros predadores que foi realizado para testas as predições da teoria sobre padrões de exclusão em um gradiente de produtividade. Embora esse experimento foi cuidadosamente projetado para testar afirmações da teoria, seus resultados não concordam com ela. Utilizando um modelo bem simples para predação intraguilda que serve como uma representação daquele sistema, nós mostramos que: se levarmos em conta a dinâmica durante os transientes, e não apenas os resultados no equilíbrio, em que a teoria usual se baseia, e considerarmos que quando uma população atinge níveis muito baixos corresponde a uma extinção na realidade, os resultados experimentais concordam com a teoria. Em seguida nós estudamos questões que dizem respeito a influência dos diferentes estágios de vida dos indivíduos para a dinâmica da predação intraguilda. Nós introduzimos um modelo com estrutura de estágio em ambos os consumidores e consideramos a predação ocorrendo apenas dos adultos do predador intraguilda sobre os juvenis da presa intraguilda. Tem-se acreditado que essa interação dependente de estágio pode ter grandes efeitos sobre a dinâmica, uma vez que a pressão predatória sobre a presa intraguilda é reduzida... / Intraguild predation is a widespread interaction between species and can strongly influence communities composition. It occurs when two consumers which share a common resource, and hence compete, also engage into predation. The consumer which can prey on its competitor is often referred to as the intraguild predator while the other is called intraguild prey. In this work we investigate some theoretical aspects about these interactions. First we analyse an experiment with predatory mites which was carried to test patterns of exclusion along a productivity gradient, predicted by theory. Although this experiment was carefully designed to test the theoretical assertions, their results do not agree with theory. Through a very simple model for intraguild predation which serves as a representation of that system, we show that: if the short-term dynamics is taken into account rather than only equilibrium states, in which the usual theory is based, and we consider that populations that attain levels very close to zero are extinct, experimental results meet theory. Then we study questions concerning the influence of different life stages of individuals on the dynamics of intraguild predation. We introduce a model with stage structure in both consumers and consider predation occurring only from adults of the intraguild predator on juveniles of the intraguild prey. This stage dependent interaction was believed t ohave great effects on the dynamics, once predation pressure on the intraguild prey is reduced, and has been proposed as one feature that could promote coexistence. We check the outcomes of the system along a productivity gradient and show that stage structure do not induce great qualitative changes on the dynamics and the more likely resulting dynamics continues being the extinction of one of the consumers... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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There is evidence that infaunal bivalves in New Zealand are not as abundant as they once were with overfishing and habitat modification contributing to the decline in density and health of cockles. The population biology and abundance of the bivalve Austrovenus stutchburyi (tuangi) in eight beds in four estuaries was assessed both seasonally (13 seasons) and annually (7 years) as little is known about the cockle beds in the Canterbury region of New Zealand. As with populations of similar species worldwide, there were site specific differences in population structure (density and size ranges) with the highest densities at Takamatua (>1500/m²), and the lowest at Port Levy (<350/m²). Gonad indices varied between male and female cockles. Male reproductive cycles were similar at all sites with male cockles being reproductively active year round, while females were more active in spring and summer. Temporal and spatial site specific differences occurred in cockle condition with high salinity sites having higher condition indices (CI) than low salinity sites. There were spatial and temporal variations in salinity (3-35ppt), sediment structure (fine sand through to predominantly silt), water temperature (6-20°C), nutrient supply (total volatile solids (TVS) 0.002- 0.15mg/L) and contaminant levels. Metal pollution indices (MPI) ranged between 3 and 11. Three cockle transplant trials were undertaken both within and between estuarine systems. Caged cockles survived well, and cage design needed to allow vertical movement of the bivalves within the substrate to reduce mortality. At the end of the 12 month trial, approximately 45% of the cockles remained in the plots. The condition of transplanted cockles was similar to naturally occurring cockles. Recommendations are made to optimise the success of cockle transplants. Large scale, un-caged placement of 25-30mm length cockles in the mid-low tide region of areas with stable, but not necessarily uncontaminated substrate, moderate salinity and temperature and with a reliable nutrient supply is recommended. The results from the thesis research can be applied to other infaunal bivalves in New Zealand allowing more successful restoration processes leading to increased species diversity and ecosystem functioning.

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