Este trabalho apresenta um estudo comparativo da eficiência de diferentes geossintéticos no reforço de base de pavimentos de obras viárias com ensaios de arrancamento de pequeno porte. Utilizou-se geogrelhas de polipropileno, poliéster e de fibra de vidro e geotêxtil tecido de polipropileno. Um solo com 58% de argila (subleito) e um pedregulho areno-siltoso (camada de base) foram empregados. Os ensaios de arrancamento foram executados com diferentes combinações entre solos e geossintéticos. Nestes foi utilizado um novo sistema de medida direta de deslocamentos ao longo da inclusão com sensores óticos a laser. Além de analisar os resultados com curvas força de arrancamento x deslocamentos, foi possível utilizar gráficos rigidez x deformação para determinar o melhor geossintético no reforço de base de pavimentos. Como o corpo-de-prova de geossintético é de tamanho reduzido, garante-se a mobilização completa do reforço durante o ensaio de arrancamento e assim, é possível obter a deformação do mesmo. A abertura frontal da caixa de arrancamento tem influência no valor da força máxima ao arrancamento registrada no ensaio. Os resultados mostram que a interação solo-reforço é mais importante que a rigidez não-confinada do geossintético no comportamento do material em situação de confinamento no interior do maciço de solo. Observou-se que a resistência de junta, a geometria e o agulhamento da geogrelha, além da granulometria do solo, afetam a rigidez inicial do sistema. A melhor opção para os solos e geossintéticos estudados segue a seguinte ordem: (1) geogrelha de polipropileno, (2) geogrelha de poliéster, (3) geotêxtil tecido de polipropileno e (4) geogrelha de fibra de vidro. / This work presents an evaluation of various geosynthetics efficiency in reinforced base course of road pavements using small scale pullout tests. It was used polypropylene, polyester and glass fiber geogrids and polypropylene woven geotextile. A soil with 58% of clay (subgrade), and a sandy-silty gravel (base course) were used. The pullout tests were conducted with different combinations among soils and geosynthetics. In these tests, a new system of direct measurement of inclusion displacements with laser optical sensors was used. Beyond analyzing the results with curves pullout force x displacements, it was possible to use graphics rigidity x deformation in order to determinate the best geosynthetic in base course reinforcement. As the geosynthetic specimen is of small size, the complete mobilization of the reinforcement is guaranteed and, therefore, it is possible to obtain its deformation. The frontal aperture of the pullout box influences the maximum pullout resistance. The results show that the soil-reinforcement interaction is more important than the unconfined rigidity of the geosynthetic on the material behavior in confinement situation inside the soil block. The joint resistance, the geogrid geometry and its nailing, besides the soil particles size, affect the initial system rigidity. Therefore, they are important for base course reinforcement of road pavements. The results showed that the best option for the soils and geosynthetics studied are in the following order: (1) polypropylene geogrid, (2) polyester geogrid, (3) polypropylene woven geotextile and (4) glass fiber geogrid.

Textile reinforcement concrete (TRC) is a new building material in increasing usage in modern engineering applications. The experimental investigations of TRC reveal a multiple cracking behavior which corresponds to concrete cracking and fiber pullout mechanisms. The aim of the presented research work is the mechanical analysis of the fiber pullout mechanism under dynamical loading conditions. Appropriate constitutive material models are proposed for the matrix-fiber interface taking into consideration two main mechanical characteristics, damage behavior and rate-dependent effects. These material models are the elastic damage model, the viscoelastic model and two developed viscoelastic damage material models. Moreover, an analytical model of the fiber pullout mechanism is provided, where the governing differential equation of motion is formulated and closed analytical solutions are derived under a dynamical excitation of a harmonic pullout displacement function at the fiber tip. These analytical solutions are derived for two material models of the interface, the elastic damage and the viscoelastic material models. Furthermore, the dynamical responses are also sought for the case of a linearly increasing pullout displacement function of a definite velocity. For the latter dynamical loads a numerical DISCRETE MODEL with an iterative solving scheme is formulated for the pullout problem to solve the corresponding nonlinear differential equation of motion. Moreover, comparisons between the obtained results regarding the different proposed material models of the interface are provided. The elastic damage model can be used with a dynamical increasing factor (DIF) on the bond strength and the stiffness of the interface with respect to the shear slip rate. On the other hand, the developed viscoelastic damage material models characterize the rate-dependent effects of the dynamical pullout through the viscous and the viscoelastic parts of the corresponding constitutive relations of these models. The second part of this doctorial thesis deals with the mechanical analysis of the uniaxial tensile behavior of TRC specimen under dynamical tensile loading. A corresponding analytical model is firstly formulated. Furthermore, a tested TRC tensile specimen and the corresponding fiber crack bridging behavior (cracked stage) are also analyzed by means of the Finite Element modeling approach by conducting 3-dimensional heterogeneous models. / Textil bewehrter Beton (Textilbeton) ist ein neues Baumaterial mit zunehmender Verwendung in modernen Ingenieuranwendungen. Die experimentellen Untersuchen an Textilbeton zeigen Mehrfachrissbildung, die zu Betonriss- und Faserauszugsmechanismen korrespondieren. Das Ziel dieser Forschungsarbeit ist die mechanische Untersuchung des Faserauszugsmechanismus unter dynamischer Belastung. Hierzu werden geeignete Materialmodelle für das Matrix-Faser-Interface vorgeschlagen, die zwei mechanische Phänomene, nämlich das Schädigungsverhalten und den Dehnraten-Effekt, berücksichtigen. Diese Materialmodelle sind das elastische Schädigungsmodell, das viskoelastische Modell und zwei entwickelte viskoelastische Schädigungsmodelle. Zudem wird ein analytisches Modell zum Faserauszugsmechanismus bereitgestellt, wobei die beschreibende Bewegungsgleichung aufgestellt und geschlossene, analytische Lösungen unter dynamischer Erregung durch eine harmonische Auszugsverschiebung am Faserende gefunden werden. Diese analytischen Lösungen werden für zwei Materialmodelle, das elastische Schädigungsmodell und das viskoelastische Modell, hergeleitet. Außerdem wird die dynamische Antwort für den Fall einer linear ansteigenden Auszugsverschiebung mit konstanter Geschwindigkeit gesucht. Zu dieser dynamischen Belastung wurde für die numerische Lösung der entsprechenden nichtlinearen Differentialgleichung ein diskretesModell (DISCRETE MODEL) entwickelt und mit einem iterativen Lösungsverfahren gelöst. Darüber hinaus wurde ein Vergleich zwischen den Ergebnissen, die bei Verwendung der unterschiedlichen vorgeschlagenen Materialgesetze für das Interface erhalten wurden, durchgeführt. Das elastische Schädigungsmodell kann zum einen mit einem von der Schlupfrate abhängigen dynamischen Vergrößerungsfaktor (DIF) für die Verbundfestigkeit bzw. die Steifigkeit des Interface verwendet werden. Zum anderen werden die Dehnraten-Effekte durch die viskosen und viskoelastischen Anteile in den entwickelten viskoelastischen Schädigungsmodellen abgebildet. Der zweite Teil dieser Dissertation behandelt die mechanische Untersuchung des uniaxialen Zugverhaltens von Textilbeton unter dynamischer Zugbelastung. Ein zugehöriges analytisches Modell wird zuerst formuliert. Zudem werden der Mehrfachrissbildungszustand und der Faserrissüberbrückungsmechanismus an einem Textilbetonprobekörper mittels einer Finite-Elemente-Analyse an einem dreidimensionalen, heterogenen Modell untersucht.

This treatise addresses the influence of the addition of short dispersed and integral fibres made of alkali-resistant glass on the fracture behaviour of textile-reinforced concrete (TRC). A series of uniaxial, deformation-controlled tension tests was performed to study the strength-, deformation-, and fracturebehaviour of thin, narrow plates made of TRC both with and without the addition of short fibres. Furthermore, uniaxial tension tests on specimens reinforced with only short fibres and single-fibre pullout tests were carried out to gain a better understanding of crack-bridging behaviour, which suppresses crack growth and widening. Various effects of the addition of short fibre on the stress-strain relationship and cracking behaviour of TRC were observed and discussed with reference to microscopic investigation of fractured surfaces.

A scale-linking, experimental study complemented by an analytical model was carried out to investigate the influence of fiber orientation on the crack-opening behavior of strain-hardening cement-based composites (SHCC). Three SHCC compositions were investigated with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibers in combination with normal- and high-strength matrices. The micromechanical experiments with fiber inclinations of 0◦, 30◦, 45◦, and 60◦ involved fiber embedment in plain and fiber-reinforced specimens. The experimentally derived micromechanical parameters were input into an analytical crack-bridging model to assess the upscaling accuracy of the micromechanical results by comparing the predicted crack-bridging laws to the single-crack opening behavior of equivalent miniature SHCC specimens with controlled fiber orientation. This study yields new insights into the effect of fiber orientation on the crackbridging properties of different types of SHCC, assesses the link between micromechanical and composite scale properties, offers a solid experimental basis for refining the analytical models, and developing anisotropic materials models for SHCC in dependence on fiber orientation.

No description available.

Four beam-bond test specimens, two in accordance with RILEM TC-RC5 recommendation, labelled as RILEM and two based on a modified form of the ACI 208 beam-bond test method, labelled as Notched, were tested in four-point bending to investigate the bond stress distribution and values along the bar embedment length of a 15 𝑚𝑚 nominal diameter GFRP rebar. The beams experienced failure through the rupturing of the longitudinal GFRP tensile reinforcement. In addition, two Modified and ten Standard pullout specimens were tested using the same bar. The beam-bond and the Modified pullout specimens had embedment length of 600 𝑚𝑚 while the Standard pullout specimens had, in accordance with CSA S806, 60 𝑚𝑚 embedment, or four times the bar nominal diameter. The first Modified pullout specimen experienced concrete splitting failure and as a result, the second was lightly confined and failed by GFRP bar rupture. All ten Standard pullout specimens failed due to bar pullout. It was determined that the actual bond stress distribution as a function of the embedment length is practically parabolic and can be described by the derivative of a modified form of the logistic growth function used to approximate the strain distribution along the embedment length. Furthermore, the maximum bond stress location progressively moves from the loaded-end towards the unloaded-end as the bond continues to deteriorate with increasing GFRP stress levels. The development length recommendations by ACI 440.1 and to a lesser degree, CSA S806 and CSA S6 are quite conservative compared to that which is required. It is observed that pullout tests alone cannot provide sufficient knowledge regarding the bond behaviour of FRP reinforcement; consequently, the results of beam-bond testing are more appropriate. Standard pullout tests may be incorporated into quality assurance programs with the understanding that they cannot provide valuable information regarding bond stress distribution and required development length in real structural elements with large embedment lengths. In terms of the beam-bond test method, the RILEM TC-RC5 design recommendation appears to be superior since it eschews severe stress perturbation caused by incidence of flexural cracks at beam midspan. As a result, it produces stability in the terms of the data gathered from the strain gauges placed on the GFRP bar. This benefit outweighs the ease of constructability of the Notched beams as well as their resemblance to real beams. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc) / The force that bonds a reinforcing rod to concrete is determined using three test methods. Each method is recommended by some design standards, but it is unclear how the results of these tests compare to each other. To shed light on the issue, a 15 𝑚𝑚 fibre glass rod was tested using three well-known test methods. It was discovered that two of the methods give results that are reasonably close while the third gives variable results that generally do not agree with the results of the other two. It was also discovered that the required embedment length recommended for such a bar by design codes and standards are relatively excessive because they underestimate the actual bond strength of the rod. Since sometimes it may be difficult to provide such long length in practice, it is recommended that the code requirements be revisited.

The first objective of this thesis was to determine the material properties of grade 270 and grade 300 prestressing strand of various sizes. Tension tests were performed on each type of strand. The data from these tests was used to determine modulus of elasticity, yield stress, ultimate stress, and ultimate elongation for each strand. The yield stresses and ultimate stresses for many of the strands did not meet the requirements found in ASTM A416. The ultimate elongation results far exceeded the requirements and the measured elastic moduli were near the modulus recommended by AASHTO LRFD. A secondary objective from the tension tests was to evaluate a gripping method which used aluminum tubing to cushion the strands against notching. The grips performed very well. Most of the strand breaks did not occur in the grips and when a strand did break in the grips, the failure occurred after significant post-yield elongation. The second objective was to evaluate the bond properties of grade 270 and grade 300 prestressing strands. The North American Strand Producers (NASP) Bond Test and Large Block Pullout Test (LBPT) were performed on six different strand grade and strand size combinations. Both of the tests are simple pullout tests on untensioned strand. The results for each strand type were compared to one another as well as to measured transfer and development lengths from beams using the strand from the same reel. All of the strands showed sufficient bond in the beams, but one strand type did fail both the NASP Test and the LBPT. Both pullout tests were acceptable methods to evaluate strand surface condition and the benchmarks set for 0.5 in. diameter regular strand were conservative for the strands used in this thesis. Little difference was evident in the bond performance of grade 270 and grade 300 prestressing strand. / Master of Science

[pt] A interação entre o cimento e outros constituintes desempenha um papel importante em várias aplicações de Engenharia, como nas indústrias de construçãocivil e de óleo e gás (OeG). Na indústria da construção, os compósitos cimentícios reforçados com fibras (CRF) ganharam grande destaque por suas excelentes propriedades mecânicas. As fibras podem aumentar a resistência crítica à fissuração do compósito, melhorando a durabilidade do concreto convencional e controlando a propagação de fissuras na matriz cimentícia. Além disso, as fibras desenvolvem um mecanismo de ponte de transferência de tensões na interface, alterando o comportamento pós-pico do compósito. Por outro lado, na indústria de OeG, cimento e aço são elementos estruturais essenciais que devem garantir a integridade de poços e fornecer isolamento para a passagem de fluidos, especialmente em cenários de abandono. Esse mecanismo na interface é considerado crítico, uma vez que uma interação não eficaz pode permitir a formação de caminhos de vazamento no microanular ao longo da interface cimento-aço, gerando a formação de fissuras. Neste sentido, um estudo abrangente dos mecanismos de dano desenvolvidos na interface do cimento é essencial em ambas as aplicações para entender o comportamento mecânico do material. Portanto, faz-se necessário o desenvolvimento de modelos de elementos finitos que considerem os mecanismos de pullout (descolamento, adesão e atrito) e os parâmetros de interface que governam o comportamento mecânico local do cimento. Embora existam numerosos estudos experimentais e modelos numéricos na literatura, o estado-da-arte atual carece de formulações que investiguem os mecanismos de mapeamento de dano e as interações de transferência de tensão na interface do cimento, especialmente considerando diferentes tipos de matriz de cimento e geometrias de fibra de aço.Esta tese aborda uma lacuna crítica na literatura ao propor a modelagem numérica do descolamento interfacial e mecanismos de evolução de dano para materiais cimentícios avançados e em aplicações de integridade de poços. Modelos de elementos finitos elastoplásticos, incorporando formulações coesivas baseadas em superfícies de contato, são empregados para simular o comportamento da interface do cimento. Além disso, ensaios experimentais de caracterização mecânica e análises de microtomografia são realizados para validar e apoiar os resultados do modelo numérico, avaliando a resistência ao cisalhamento e a propagação de dano na interface do cimento. Assim sendo, esta pesquisa pode oferecer contribuições para engenheiros de diferentes áreas aprimorarem o desempenho mecânico e prototipar novos materiais avançados por meio da investigação da evolução do dano. Os modelos de elementos finitos desenvolvidos emergem como ferramentas valiosas para avaliações de desempenho do cimento de maneira eficaz, simulando confiavelmente o comportamento de pullout/pushout. / [en] The interaction between cement and other constituents plays an important role in several engineering applications, such as in the construction and oil and gas (OandG) industries. In the construction industry, fiber-reinforced cementitious composites (FRC) have gained wide prominence for their excellent mechanical properties. Fibers can increase the post-cracking strength of the composite, improving concrete durability and controlling crack propagation in the cement matrix. Moreover, they perform a bridging mechanism at the interface, changing the material post-peak behavior. On the other hand, in the OandG industry, cement and steel are essential structural elements that should ensure well integrity and provide zonal isolation. This interaction is considered critical since a strong bond may prevent the generation of microannulus leakage paths along the cement and steel interface, which also can lead to crack propagation. In this sense, a comprehensive study of the damage mechanisms developed at the cement interface is essential in both applications to understand the material mechanical behavior. Therefore, it is possible to develop finite element models that consider the pullout mechanisms (debonding, adhesion, and friction) and the interface parameters that govern the local mechanical behavior of cement. While numerous experimental studies and numerical models exist, the current state-of-the-art lacks formulations investigating damage mapping and stress transfer interactions at the cement interface, particularly considering different cement matrix types and steel fiber geometries. This thesis addresses a critical gap in the literature by proposing the numerical modeling of interfacial debonding and damage evolution mechanisms for cement advanced materials and well integrity applications. Elastoplastic finite element models, incorporating surface-based cohesive formulations with contact, are employed to simulate cement interface behavior. Additionally, mechanical characterization tests and microCT analyses are conducted to validate and support the numerical model results, assessing shear strength and damage propagation at the cement interface. Therefore, this research can offer insights for engineers across disciplines to enhance mechanical performance and prototype new advanced materials by damage evolution investigation. The developed finite element models emerge as valuable tools for cost-effective evaluations of cement performance through reliably simulating pullout/pushout behavior.

O melhor comportamento de uma estrutura de solo reforçado com geossintéticos não depende só da elevada resistência à tração da inclusão, mas também da sua rigidez e do nível de carregamento sob o qual a estrutura está submetida. Dessa maneira, a interação entre o reforço e as respectivas camadas de solo ao seu redor torna-se de grande importância, pois a mobilização cisalhante combina a deformação da interface solo-reforço e o alongamento do geossintético. Sendo que a melhor forma de avaliar a interação entre o solo e a geogrelha é por meio de ensaios de arrancamento, pensa-se na realização de ensaios de arrancamento cíclico para analisar a interação dinâmica entre o solo e a inclusão quando certas estruturas são submetidas a esse tipo de solicitação. Por causa disso, o objetivo principal deste trabalho é analisar o efeito produzido por carregamentos monotônicos e cíclicos de interface numa geogrelha biaxial de polipropileno, quando inserida na interface de um solo argiloso e um solo arenoso sob diferentes tensões de confinamento. Para isso, são utilizados os equipamentos de pequenas e grandes dimensões do Laboratório de Geossintéticos da EESC-USP, visando avaliar a sua relação e a viabilidade de uso do equipamento de pequenas dimensões. Inicialmente foram realizados ensaios de arrancamento monotônico em ambos os equipamentos sob tensões de confinamento de 25, 50 e 100 kPa, sendo que as resistências obtidas com as tensões de 25 e 100 kPa permitiram definir as amplitudes do carregamento cíclico correspondentes ao 20% de tais valores. Adicionalmente, após a aplicação dos 10.000 ciclos de carga correspondentes à capacidade do equipamento, foi aplicado novamente um carregamento monotônico com o intuito de determinar o efeito do carregamento dinâmico na resistência ao arrancamento e assim poder realizar as respectivas comparações com os valores iniciais. Com base nos resultados obtidos, foi possível observar a diferença no grau de confinamento entre ambos os equipamentos, sendo maior no de grandes dimensões por causa da melhor distribuição das tensões sobre a área ocupada pela geogrelha. Adicionalmente, o grau de confinamento em ambos os equipamentos também influenciou a diferença no efeito do carregamento dinâmico, sendo de desconfinamento no de grandes dimensões e de densificação no de pequenas dimensões. / The best behavior of a reinforced soil structure with geosynthetics not only depends on the high tensile strength of the inclusion, but also on its rigidity and the loading level in which the structure is subjected. Thus, the interaction between the reinforcement and the respective layers of soil around, becomes very important because the shear mobilization combines the deformation of the soil-reinforcement interface and the lengthening of the geosynthetic. Since the best way to assess the soil-geogrid interaction is through pullout tests, it is thought in performing cyclic pullout tests to examine the dynamic soil-inclusion interaction when some structures are submitted to that kind of loads. Because of that, the main objective of this work is to analize the effect that is produced by monotonic and cyclic interface loading on a biaxial polypropylene geogrid, when it is inserted into the interface of a clayey soil and a sandy soil under different confinement stresses. For that, the small and large dimensions equipments of the Geosynthetics Laboratory at EESC-USP are used, looking to evaluate their relationship and the feasibility of using a small dimensions equipment. Initially, they were performed monotonic pullout tests in both equipments under confinement stresses of 25, 50 and 100 kPa, wherein the pullout strengths obtained with 25 and 100 kPa allowed the definition of the load cyclic amplitudes, which corresponded to 20% of such values. Additionally, after applying 10.000 load cycles, corresponding to the capacity of the equipment, it was applied a monotonic loading in order to determine the dynamic loading effect on pullout strength, being useful to compare such values with the initial response. Based on the obtained results, it was possible to observe the difference in the confinement degree between both equipments, being higher in the large one because of the better stress distribution on the geogrid area. Aditionally, the confinement degree in both equipments also influenced the difference in the dynamic loading effect, being deconfinement in the soil-geogrid interface of the large one and densification in the other one.

O melhor comportamento de uma estrutura de solo reforçado com geossintéticos não depende só da elevada resistência à tração da inclusão, mas também da sua rigidez e do nível de carregamento sob o qual a estrutura está submetida. Dessa maneira, a interação entre o reforço e as respectivas camadas de solo ao seu redor torna-se de grande importância, pois a mobilização cisalhante combina a deformação da interface solo-reforço e o alongamento do geossintético. Sendo que a melhor forma de avaliar a interação entre o solo e a geogrelha é por meio de ensaios de arrancamento, pensa-se na realização de ensaios de arrancamento cíclico para analisar a interação dinâmica entre o solo e a inclusão quando certas estruturas são submetidas a esse tipo de solicitação. Por causa disso, o objetivo principal deste trabalho é analisar o efeito produzido por carregamentos monotônicos e cíclicos de interface numa geogrelha biaxial de polipropileno, quando inserida na interface de um solo argiloso e um solo arenoso sob diferentes tensões de confinamento. Para isso, são utilizados os equipamentos de pequenas e grandes dimensões do Laboratório de Geossintéticos da EESC-USP, visando avaliar a sua relação e a viabilidade de uso do equipamento de pequenas dimensões. Inicialmente foram realizados ensaios de arrancamento monotônico em ambos os equipamentos sob tensões de confinamento de 25, 50 e 100 kPa, sendo que as resistências obtidas com as tensões de 25 e 100 kPa permitiram definir as amplitudes do carregamento cíclico correspondentes ao 20% de tais valores. Adicionalmente, após a aplicação dos 10.000 ciclos de carga correspondentes à capacidade do equipamento, foi aplicado novamente um carregamento monotônico com o intuito de determinar o efeito do carregamento dinâmico na resistência ao arrancamento e assim poder realizar as respectivas comparações com os valores iniciais. Com base nos resultados obtidos, foi possível observar a diferença no grau de confinamento entre ambos os equipamentos, sendo maior no de grandes dimensões por causa da melhor distribuição das tensões sobre a área ocupada pela geogrelha. Adicionalmente, o grau de confinamento em ambos os equipamentos também influenciou a diferença no efeito do carregamento dinâmico, sendo de desconfinamento no de grandes dimensões e de densificação no de pequenas dimensões. / The best behavior of a reinforced soil structure with geosynthetics not only depends on the high tensile strength of the inclusion, but also on its rigidity and the loading level in which the structure is subjected. Thus, the interaction between the reinforcement and the respective layers of soil around, becomes very important because the shear mobilization combines the deformation of the soil-reinforcement interface and the lengthening of the geosynthetic. Since the best way to assess the soil-geogrid interaction is through pullout tests, it is thought in performing cyclic pullout tests to examine the dynamic soil-inclusion interaction when some structures are submitted to that kind of loads. Because of that, the main objective of this work is to analize the effect that is produced by monotonic and cyclic interface loading on a biaxial polypropylene geogrid, when it is inserted into the interface of a clayey soil and a sandy soil under different confinement stresses. For that, the small and large dimensions equipments of the Geosynthetics Laboratory at EESC-USP are used, looking to evaluate their relationship and the feasibility of using a small dimensions equipment. Initially, they were performed monotonic pullout tests in both equipments under confinement stresses of 25, 50 and 100 kPa, wherein the pullout strengths obtained with 25 and 100 kPa allowed the definition of the load cyclic amplitudes, which corresponded to 20% of such values. Additionally, after applying 10.000 load cycles, corresponding to the capacity of the equipment, it was applied a monotonic loading in order to determine the dynamic loading effect on pullout strength, being useful to compare such values with the initial response. Based on the obtained results, it was possible to observe the difference in the confinement degree between both equipments, being higher in the large one because of the better stress distribution on the geogrid area. Aditionally, the confinement degree in both equipments also influenced the difference in the dynamic loading effect, being deconfinement in the soil-geogrid interface of the large one and densification in the other one.