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In this Bachelor’s thesis the following question is answered: Does the inequality posed in the article Klyachko et al [2008] cover the real part of the Bloch surface of a 3D quantum system when used as in Kochen and Specker [1967]? The Klyachko inequality relies on using five measurements to show contextuality of a subset of states on the real part of the Bloch surface. These can now be used in several configurations as present in the Kochen-Specker contextuality proof, by simply rotating the measurements. We show here that these new inequalities will have subsets of violation that eventually cover the entire real part of the Bloch surface. This can be extended to show that all states of a spin 1 system are non-contextual, so that we have recovered a state-independent contextuality proof by using the Klyachko inequality several times. In the final part, an interpretation of this is given and also some recommendations for further research that should be done in the field.

Neste trabalho, estudamos alguns aspectos da física de neutrinos, usando os formalismos de vetores de estado e de matriz densidade, com o objetivo de entender a evolução dos neutrinos no universo primordial. No primeiro formalismo, analisamos o fenômeno de oscilação de neutrinos no vácuo, o potencial induzido pela matéria e sua expressão como um índice de refração, e a influência de efeitos de temperatura finita em tal índice. Iniciamos o segundo formalismo com o estudo de sistemas oscilantes de dois níveis sujeitos à colisões com o meio. Deduzimos uma equação de evolução da matriz densidade que descreve um sistema de neutrinos no universo primordial. Para tanto, usamos uma abordagem simplificada e outra baseada em primeiros princípios. / In this work, we studied some aspects of neutrino physics, using the state vector and density matrix formalisms, with the goal of understanding the neutrino evolution in the primordial universe. In the rst approach, we analysed the phenomenum of neutrino oscillation in vacuum, the induced matter potential and its expression as a refraction index, and the influence of finite temperature efects in such index. We began the second formalism with the study of oscillating two levels systems subject to collisions with media. We derived an evolution equation for the density matrix that describes a neutrino system in the primordial universe. To that end, we used one simplified approach and another based on first principles.

The dispersion relation between frequency and wavevector of atomic vibrations, or phonons, can be succinctly described by the adiabatic bond charge model, first developed by Weber. The model employs as few as four parameters to fit experiment. We investigated this model in order to better unify the description of the technologically relevant group IV elemental semiconductors (e.g. diamond, silicon, germanium, and gray tin) by replacing an ad hoc parameter introduced by Weber with one arising from quadrupolar interactions between the bond charges, and by fitting the parameters to density functional theory calculations. We also illustrate constant frequency surfaces embedded in wavevector space for the various modes of vibration for the first time. The bond charge model allows for rapid calculation of various quantities related to the interaction of phonons with electrons and photons as compared to density functional theory, especially in structures with little symmetry and for macroscopic structures, thus enabling the design of complicated electronic and photonic devices much more accurately.

The renormalisation group is a crucial tool for understanding scale-dependent quantum field theories. Renormalisation group fixed points correspond to theories where scale invariance is restored at the quantum level, and may provide high- or low-energy limits for more general quantum field theories. In particular, those reached in the ultraviolet allow theories to be defined microscopically, a scenario known as asymptotic safety. In this work I investigate fixed points of conventional four-dimensional, at-space, perturbatively renormalisable, local quantum field theories. Focusing on weakly interacting fixed points the problem becomes amenable to perturbation theory. The approach is twofold: on the one hand to understand general conditions for the existence of such fixed points, and on the other to construct theories which introduce new features compared to previous examples. To understand perturbative fixed points, general calculations for theories of this type are exploited. It is established, for gauge theories, interacting fixed points may be nonzero in gauge couplings alone, or in gauge and Yukawa couplings. Deriving novel group theory bounds it is established that only the latter may possibly be ultraviolet. Additionally it is shown that theories without gauge interactions cannot possess weakly coupled fixed points, and the connexion between this fact and the impossibility of such theories being asymptotically free is highlighted. Two explicit families of examples are presented: a theory with semisimple gauge group is analysed in detail, containing many new fixed points, a rich phase structure, and asymptotically safe regions of parameter space, and a separate supersymmetric model with an ultraviolet fixed point, providing the first known explicit example of an asymptotically safe supersymmetric gauge theory.